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THIRD ROUND OF NEGOTIATIONS TITLE, to be decided at the end of negotiations [PART 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE 1. Hunger and malnutrition in all its forms – undernutrition, including wasting and stunting, micronutrient deficiencies, overweight, and obesity – are major challenges that countries face and are a potential result of food insecurity 1 and unhealthy diets along with many other factors and causes. Malnutrition, in at least one of its forms, affects every country in the world and most countries are affected by multiple forms. The number of people who suffer from hunger has increased in the last years, and obesity is on the rise in almost all countries 2 . The impacts of malnutrition have profound consequences on people’s health and wellbeing, physical and cognitive development, and livelihoods throughout their lifetime and across generations. (agreed ad ref) 2. Hunger and malnutrition in all its forms are major challenges to the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security and for the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). (agreed ad ref) 3. The heavy health, social and economic impacts of hunger and malnutrition in all its forms are transmitted across generations. Undernourished women are more likely to have low- birth-weight babies who are at an increased risk of becoming malnourished as children – and into adulthood - as well as overweight or obese as adults. Maternal obesity poses short- and long-term risks for maternal and child health and wellbeing including poor cognition and increased risk of neurodevelopment disorders early in life, and an increased susceptibility to overweight in school-age and pre-school age children and obesity and non- communicable diseases (NCDs) in adult life. Malnutrition in children may result in reduced stature, diminished physical and mental health, and poor school performance, reduced economic productivity in adulthood, and increased vulnerability to NCDs and other chronic diseases in all stages of life. These diseases may lead to early death and increased 1 “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, economic and social access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. FAO, 1996. Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action. 2 FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. Rome, FAO.

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Page 1: THIRD ROUND OF NEGOTIATIONS TITLE, to be decided at the ......THIRD ROUND OF NEGOTIATIONS TITLE, to be decided at the end of negotiations [PART 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND

THIRDROUNDOFNEGOTIATIONS

TITLE,tobedecidedattheendofnegotiations

[PART1-INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUNDANDRATIONALE

1.Hungerandmalnutritioninallitsforms–undernutrition,includingwastingandstunting,micronutrientdeficiencies,overweight,andobesity–aremajorchallengesthatcountriesfaceandareapotentialresultoffoodinsecurity1andunhealthydietsalongwithmanyotherfactorsandcauses.Malnutrition,inatleastoneofitsforms,affectseverycountryintheworldandmostcountriesareaffectedbymultipleforms.Thenumberofpeoplewhosufferfromhungerhasincreasedinthelastyears,andobesityisontheriseinalmostallcountries2.Theimpactsofmalnutritionhaveprofoundconsequencesonpeople’shealthandwellbeing,physicalandcognitivedevelopment,andlivelihoodsthroughouttheirlifetimeandacrossgenerations.(agreedadref)

2.Hungerandmalnutritioninallitsformsaremajorchallengestotheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurityandfortheachievementofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentanditsSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).(agreedadref)

3.Theheavyhealth,socialandeconomicimpactsofhungerandmalnutritioninallitsformsaretransmittedacrossgenerations.Undernourishedwomenaremorelikelytohavelow-birth-weightbabieswhoareatanincreasedriskofbecomingmalnourishedaschildren–andintoadulthood-aswellasoverweightorobeseasadults.Maternalobesityposesshort-andlong-termrisksformaternalandchildhealthandwellbeingincludingpoorcognitionandincreasedriskofneurodevelopmentdisordersearlyinlife,andanincreasedsusceptibilitytooverweightinschool-ageandpre-schoolagechildrenandobesityandnon-communicablediseases(NCDs)inadultlife.Malnutritioninchildrenmayresultinreducedstature,diminishedphysicalandmentalhealth,andpoorschoolperformance,reducedeconomicproductivityinadulthood,andincreasedvulnerabilitytoNCDsandotherchronicdiseasesinallstagesoflife.Thesediseasesmayleadtoearlydeathandincreased

1“Foodsecurityexistswhenallpeople,atalltimes,havephysical,economicandsocialaccesstosufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodtomeettheirdietaryneedsandfoodpreferencesforanactiveandhealthylife”.FAO,1996.RomeDeclarationonWorldFoodSecurityandWorldFoodSummitPlanofAction.2FAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFPandWHO.2020.TheStateofFoodSecurityandNutritionintheWorld2020.Transformingfoodsystemsforaffordablehealthydiets.Rome,FAO.

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morbidityanddisabilitywhichrequirehigherspendingonhealthcare,andplacesignificantburdensonnationalhealthcaresystemsandeconomies.(agreedadref)

4.Malnutritioninallitsformshasmanyinterrelatedandunderlyingcausesthatneedtobeaddressedsimultaneously.Thecausesofmalnutritionmanifestdifferentlyandaffectpeopleindifferentwaysdependingontheirgender,age,wealth,oranyothersocialfactors.Thesecausescaninclude,amongstothers,thelackofstableaccesstoadequate,safe,sufficientandnutritiousfoodandhealthydiets3,lackofinformationconcerningdietaryrecommendations,inadequateinfantandyoungchild-caringandfeedingpractices,poorsanitation,andhygieneandinsufficientaccesstosafedrinkingwater,insufficientaccesstoqualityeducationandhealthservices,lowsocio-economicstatus,genderinequality,marginalization,insufficientsupporttovulnerablelocalproducersaswellassmallholdersandfamilyfarmersaswellaslackofaccesstomarkets,trade,andinnovationsandtechnologies.Basiccausesofpoornutritionaresystemicandinterdependent,andincludetheeconomicandsocietalstructuresthatpreventtheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity4,perpetuatepovertyanddeepenalreadyexistinginequalities,andfailtomakehealthydietsreadilyaccessible,limitingordenyingtheaccesstoessentialresourcesandservicesforachievingadequatenutritionandhealth.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

5.Thosemostaffectedbymalnutritioninallitsformstypicallyincludethoselivinginpoorandmarginalizedcommunities,peoplewithincreasednutrientrequirementsandthosewhohavelesscontrolovertheirdietarychoices.Thisincludes,amongstothers,youngandschool-agedchildren,youth,pregnantandlactatingwomen,womenofreproductiveage,andadolescentgirls,theelderly,andpersonswithdisabilities,asapplicable.Inadditionindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities,seasonalinformalworkers,subsistencefarmers,peasants,urbanandruralpoor,landless,pastoralistsandfisherfolks,foodandagricultureworkers,uplandandremotecommunities,migrants,refugeesanddisplacedpeople,amongothers,areparticularlyvulnerabletomalnutritionincaseoftheirpersistentortemporarypovertyandmarginalization.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

6.Malnutritioninallitsformsareassociatedwithvariousformsofillhealthandincreasedmortality.Undernutritionisamajorcauseofdeathamongchildrenundertheageoffiveyears,andasourceofincreasedsusceptibilitytoinfectiousdiseasesandNCDsinadulthood.Wasting,alsoknownasacuteundernutrition,posesasignificantriskofincreasedmorbidityandmortalityinchildren.Stunting,largelyaresultofchronicmalnutrition,isassociatedwithdelaysinbothphysicalgrowthandcognitivedevelopment.

3Healthydietsareasdescribedinparagraphs17and18.4AsnotedintheVoluntaryGuidelinestosupporttheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity,humanrightsareuniversal,indivisible,interrelatedandinterdependent.

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Undernutrition,stuntingandwastingrepresentsignificantchallengestoachievethe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.(agreedadref)

7.Micronutrientdeficienciesrelatedtotheinadequateintakeoffoodrichiniron,vitaminA,iodine,folate,vitaminD,andzinc,andotheressentialnutrients,affectalargeproportionoftheglobalpopulationwithseriousconsequencesonhealth,well-being,anddevelopment.Nutritionalneedsvaryacrossthelifecycle.Childrenundertheageoffiveyears,youth,womenandgirls,womenofchildbearingage,andpregnantandlactatingwomenareparticularlyvulnerabletomicronutrientdeficiencies,includingamongothers,irondeficiencyanaemia,whichisoneofthemostprevalentmicronutrientdeficienciesintheworld.Alsoreferredtoas“hiddenhunger,”micronutrientdeficienciesincreaseaperson’svulnerabilitytoinfection,birthdefects,impaireddevelopment,andlowerlifeexpectancy.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

8.Overweightandobesityrepresentmajorandincreasingriskfactorsgloballyfordiet-relatedNCDssuchassomeformsofcancer,cardiovasculardisease,chronicrespiratorydiseasesanddiabetestypeII.Undernutritionandmicronutrientdeficienciesarestillthemainformsofmalnutritionamongchildrenundertheageoffiveyearsgloballybutoverweightandobesityareincreasinglyprevalentamongyoungandschool-agedchildren,adolescentsandadults,andincreasingineveryregion,withruralareascatchinguptourbansettings.Inaddition,aswithundernutrition,optimumgrowthinthefirst1,000daysisessentialtothepreventionofoverweight;childrenwhosufferedfromundernutritionaremoresusceptibletobecomeoverweightorobeselaterinlife.(agreedadref)

9.Povertyandinequalitiesattheglobal,regionalandnationallevelsareimportantunderlyingcausesofhungerandmalnutritioninallitsforms.Insecureemployment,andunderemployment,informalemployment,lowwagesandincomes,anddecreasedpurchasingpower,andlackofaccesstolandandothernaturalresourcesandassets,havenegativeconsequencesonnutritionandhealthoutcomes.International,regionalandnationalnegativeeconomictrendsandpoliticalfactorslimitthecapacityofnationalgovernmentstodeliveressentialserviceslinkedtonutrition,suchasamongstotherssocialservicesandhealthcare.Inthiscontext,inequalityinincomeandassetdistributionaswellasinaccesstonutrition-relevantservicescontributestomarginalizationandsocialexclusion,andfurtherincreasesvulnerabilitytomalnutrition.Under-resourcedandunequallydistributedfoodassistanceprogrammes,nutritionrelevantservices,andothersocialservicesandhealthcarefurthercontributetopoornutritionandhealthoutcomes.(agreedadref)

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10.Complexandprotractedcrises5alsohaveshort,mediumandlong-termadverseconsequencesonthenutritionalstatusofimpactedpopulations,particularlychildrenunderfive,pregnantandlactatingwomen,womenofreproductiveage,andadolescentgirls,asapplicable.Conflicts,fragilityandsusceptibilitytonaturaldisasters,climatechange,epidemics,pandemics,andothercyclicalhealthcrises,arealsoseriousfactorsthataffectfoodsystemspreventingtheavailabilityandaccesstonutritiousfoodsforhealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems.Atthesametime,malnutritionandfoodinsecurityinspecificcasescanbeimportantdriversofsocialunrestandmigration.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

11.Zoonoticandotherpathogenicinfectiousdiseases,andepidemicsandpandemics,suchasCOVID-19,andthestrategiesadoptedtoreducetheirtransmissioncansignificantlyworsenglobalfoodinsecurityandmalnutritionevenwhenthesearenottransmittedviafoodorfoodpackaging.Withoutmultisectoral,multilevelandevidence-basedcoordinatedactionsandpolicies,includingmitigationmeasures,inaccordancewithparagraph39,suchcriseshavethecapacitytodisruptfoodsystems,impactingallactors,especiallythemostvulnerableandfoodandeconomicallyinsecurepeople,reducingincomesamongsmall-scaleproducers,includingfamilyfarmers,negativelyimpactingfoodaccessduetolossofcriticalincomesources,lockdowns,closureofmarketsanddisruptionoffoodenvironments.Disruptiontofoodmarketsandsupplychains,canincreaseextremepricevolatility,andcreatingandincreasingmarketdistortionswhichaffectfoodsecurityandnutritionofthepoorestpopulations,causefluctuationsinhigh-valuecommoditymarketsandfoodlossandwaste.Furthermore,measureslikelockdownsandschoolandotherchildcarefacilitiesclosures,impedeaccesstoschoolmealsforchildrenandmayincreasefoodinsecurityandhungerforchildren.(agreedadref)

12.Topreventandreducenegativeimpactstofoodsystemsasaresultofacrisisorpandemic,governmentshavealeadingroleincollaborationwithprivatesector,civilsocietyandallotherrelevantstakeholders,toensurefoodsupplychainsandfoodsystemscontinuetofunction,therightsandhealthofallpeoplewithparticularfocusonfoodsystemworkersareprotected,themostvulnerablehaveaccesstosocialprotectionprogrammes,andthathumanitarianassistanceandfoodsafetyareprioritized.(agreedadref)

13.Climatechange,agriculture,foodsystems,dietsandnutritionareinterconnected.Climatechangeaffectstemperatureandprecipitation,aswellasthefrequencyandseverityofweatherevents.Increasesintemperature,heatwaves,droughts,floods,cyclones,forestfiresandlanddegradationsnegativelyimpactagriculture,includingthroughamongst5Protractedcrisissituationsare“characterizedbyrecurrentnaturaldisastersand/orconflict,longevityoffoodcrises,breakdownoflivelihoodsandinsufficientinstitutionalcapacitytoreacttocrises”.2010StateofFoodInsecurityintheWorldReport.FAO.2010

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othersdecreasedcropyieldsandlivestockproductivity,aswellasdeclinesinfisheriesandaquacultureandagroforestryproductioninareasalreadyvulnerabletofoodinsecurity.Climatechangealsoaffectsallthedimensionsoffoodsecurity,aswellasfoodquantity,quality,safetyandultimatelyfoodprices,withsignificantimplicationsfortheavailabilityofandaccesstohealthydiets.Climatechangecanalsocontributetochangingnutrientcompositionofmajorstaplecrops,includingdecreasesinproteins,andsomeessentialmineralsandvitamins.[Whileagricultureisnotthe[onlyor]preeminent[emitter][source]ofGHGemissions,]agriculturalandfoodproductionandconsumptionaswellascurrent[fashion]dietarytrends[anddistortingsubsidiesandincentivesforfoodproduction]contribute,atdifferentlevels[inaccordancewitharticle4ofPartiesAgreementandPrinciple7oftheRioDeclaration],tothetotalemissionsofgreenhousegasesandotherenvironmental[impacts,includingonwateravailabilityandqualityandbiodiversitythroughlandconversion][degradationsuchasfreshwateruseandlandusechanges].Ontheotherhand,[itisasectorthathasthepotentialtoreducesignificantlyitsemissions.]Agriculturalandforestryactivitiesof[sustainable]foodsystemscancontributetothesequestrationofcarboninthesoilandtothemaintenanceofhealthyecosystemsandbiodiversity.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALFORBRACKETEDTEXTINPARA13:WhileagricultureisnotthepreeminentemitterofGHGemissions,agricultureandfoodproductionaswellasconsumptionandcurrentdietarytrendscontribute,amongstothers,tothetotalofgreenhousegasesandotherenvironmentalimpacts,includingonwaterquality,quantityandavailability,biodiversityandlandusechanges.Agriculturalandforestryactivitiesofsustainablefoodsystemscancontributetothesequestrationofcarboninthesoilandtothemaintenanceofhealthyecosystemsandbiodiversity]

14.Agriculturalbiodiversityisimportantasasafeguardagainsthunger,asourceofnutrientsforimproveddietarydiversityandquality,andstrengtheningsustainablefoodsystems.[Inthelongterm,[Enhancingthesustainabilityoffoodsystemsandtheirresilienceisthusapreconditionforhealthydiets[forall].][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

15.Theprocesstowardsachievingsustainablefoodsystems,recallingthattransformationoffoodsystemsshouldbeencouragedinacoherentmanner,asappropriateandinaccordancewithanddependentonnationalcontextsandcapacities6,toenablehealthydietsandimprovenutritionforallshouldbeinclusive,equitable,andresilient,andshouldcontributeto,amongothers,enhancingthelivelihoodsoffarmersandfoodsystemworkers,thesustainablemanagementanduseofecosystems,naturalresources,waterandbiodiversity,andminimizefoodlossandwaste.(agreedadref)

6FAOCouncil,FinalReportofthe164thSession(2020),paragraph15k.

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16.Profounddietarychanges,bothpositiveandnegative,areoccurringduetoavarietyofsocioeconomicandenvironmentalfactors,includingpeoplemigratingtourbancenters,changingfoodsystemsandfoodenvironments,increasingpurchasingpowerandpreferencesofnewlymiddle-classconsumersandchangingconsumerchoicesandlifestyles,informedamongstotherfactorsbythelevelofnutritionknowledge.(agreedadref)

1.2 KEYCONCEPTS7(agreedadref)

17.Healthydietsarethosedietsthatareofadequatequantityandqualitytoachieveoptimalgrowthanddevelopmentofallindividualsandsupportfunctioningandphysical,mentalandsocialwellbeingatalllifestagesandphysiologicalneeds.Healthydietsaresafe,diverse,balanced,andbasedonnutritiousfoods.Theyhelptoprotectagainstmalnutritioninallitsforms,includingundernutrition,micronutrientdeficiencies,overweightandobesityandlowertheriskofdiet-relatednon-communicablediseases.Theexactmake-upofhealthydietsvariesdependingonanindividual’scharacteristics(e.g.age,gender,lifestyleanddegreeofphysicalactivity),geographical,demographical,culturalpatternsandcontexts,foodpreferences,availabilityoffoodsfromlocal,regionalandinternationalsources,anddietarycustoms.Healthydietarypracticesstartearlyinlife–breastfeedingfostershealthygrowthandimprovescognitivedevelopmentandhaslong-termhealthbenefits.WHOpublishesguidanceforhealthydiets8.Nationalhealthauthoritiesmaypublishspecificdietaryguidance[andregionalhealthorganizations,whereapplicable,maypublish[documentsinthisregard],[specificdietaryadvice][specificdietaryguidance]].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALFORBRACKETEDTEXTINPARA17:Nationalhealthauthoritiesmaypublishspecificdietaryguidanceandregionalhealthorganizations,whereapplicable,maypublishdocumentsrelatedtohealthydietsandspecificdietaryadviceaswell.]

18.Healthydietsandsustainablefoodsystemsareinterlinkedincomplexandmultidimensionalways.Thekeyconceptofhealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystemsentailsthefollowingelements.Sustainablefoodsystems9providefoodandenablehealthydiets,whileachievingthethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment,forcurrentandfuturegenerations.Sustainableproduction,includingsustainablymanagingandusingnaturalresources,biodiversityandecosystems,whileatthesametimeimprovingeconomicandsocialconditionsandlivelihoodsoffarmers,cansupportandcontributeto

7Thissectionprovidesbackgroundinformationonkeyconceptsthatappearthroughoutthedocument.Thissectiondoesnotdefinetheseconceptsandformanyofthemdifferentdefinitionshavebeenusedinternationally.8WHOguidanceforadiettobehealthyareavailableathttps://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/healthy-diet-factsheet3949Asdescribedinparagraph21.

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healthydiets.Advancinginnovativepathwaystoachievesustainableconsumptionandproduction,inaccordancewithparagraph38,significantlycontributetosustainablefoodsystems.Context-specificchanges,inlinewithnationalprioritiesandrelevantinternationalobligations,areneededacrossmultiplesectorsandpolicyareasintheprocesstowardsachievingsustainablefoodsystemsandimprovednutritionforall.(agreedadref)

19.Nutritiousfoodsaresafefoodsthatcontributeessentialnutrientssuchasvitamins[,][and]minerals(micronutrients),fibreandothercomponentstohealthydietsthatarebeneficialforgrowth,healthanddevelopment,suchasvegetables,fruits,wholegrains[includingrice,]andcerealslegumes,dairy,plantandanimal-based[and]proteinfoods.[Innutritiousfoods,thepresenceofnutrients[tolimit]ofpublic[health]concernisminimized.][theneedtocontinueresearchonunderutilizedcropsandfoods][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALFORPARA19:Nutritiousfoodsaresafefoodsthatcontributeessentialnutrientssuchasvitaminsandminerals(micronutrients),fibreandothercomponentstohealthydietsthatarebeneficialforgrowth,healthanddevelopment,suchasvegetables,fruits,wholegrainsandcereals(footnote),legumes,dairy,plantandanimal-basedproteinfoods.Innutritiousfoods,thepresenceofnutrientsofpublichealthconcernisminimized.

(footnote:grainsandcerealsincluderice)]

20.Unhealthydietsareamajorriskfactorofmultipleformsofmalnutritionandpoorhealthoutcomesglobally.Unhealthydietsincludethoseofinsufficientquantityandquality[ofnutrients]andareadriverofhunger,micronutrientdeficiencyandundernutrition.[Furthermore,unhealthydietsrelatetotheexcessiveintakeoffoodandbeverageshighinfat,[especiallysaturated10andtrans-fats,sugarsandsalt/sodium11,]whichleadtoan

10[Nutritionscienceisconstantlyevolving[,includingregardingpropertiesandrisksassociatedtosaturatedfats].[AccordingtoastudybyDebMandalandMandal[in2011],coconut,althoughrichinsaturatedfats,havehighlauricacid,amedium-chainfattyacidwhichallowstobedirect[ly]absorbedandtoberapidlymetabolizedforenergyproduction.]][alt:Itisnotedthatcoconutoil,althoughrichinsaturatedfats,hashighlauricacid,amediumchainfattyacidwhichallowstobedirectedabsorbedandtoberapidlymetabolizedforenergyproduction(DebMandalandMandal,2011)whileresultsofrecentsystematicreviewssuggestthatbothlauricacid(Mensink,2016)andcoconutoil(Neelakantanetal,2020)increaseLDLcholesterol,awell-acceptedbiomarkerforcardiovasculardiseases.][alt:Nutritionscienceisconstantlyevolving.Emergingevidencehasshownthatsaturatedfatsisnotahomogenousentity,andthatdifferentsaturatedfatscanhavedifferentialeffectsonbiomarkersassociatedwithdisease.Inaddition,thefoodsourceshouldbeconsideredwhenmakingrecommendationstolimitSFA.Amongrecentscientificstudiesinthisregard,includethere-assessmentoffood-basedrecommendationsonsaturatedfatsandhealth(ASTRUPetal,2020)andonthemedium-fattyacidcontentofcoconutoil,whichallowstobedirectlyabsorbedandtoberapidlymetabolizedforenergyproduction(DebMandalandMandal,2011).]11RomeDeclarationonNutrition,ICN2(2014)–paragraph7.

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increasedprevalenceofoverweight,andtohighersusceptibilitytoobesityanddiet-relatedNCDs.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALFORPARA20:Unhealthydietsareamajorriskfactorofmultipleformsofmalnutritionandpoorhealthoutcomesglobally.Unhealthydietsincludethoseofinsufficientquantityandqualityofnutrientsandareadriverofhunger,micronutrientdeficiencyandundernutrition.Furthermore,unhealthydietsrelatetotheexcessiveintakeoffoodandbeverageshighinfat,includingsaturated(footnote1)andtrans-fats,sugarsandsalt/sodium(footnote2),whichleadtoanincreasedprevalenceofoverweight,andtohighersusceptibilitytoobesityanddiet-relatedNCDs.

(footnote1:Nutritionscienceisconstantlyevolving,includingregardingpropertiesandrisksassociatedtosaturatedfats.)

(footnote2:RomeDeclarationonNutrition,ICN2(2014)–paragraph7.)]

21.Foodsystemsshapepeople’sdietarypatternsandnutritionalstatus.Foodsystemsarecomplexandmultidimensionalwebsofactivities,resourcesandactorsinvolvingtheproduction,processing,handling,preparation,storage,distribution,marketing,access,purchase,consumption,andlossandwasteoffood,andtheoutputsoftheseactivities,includingsocial,economicandenvironmentaloutcomes.Foodsystemsareconstantlybeingshapedbydifferentforces,driversandstructuralchangesanddecisionsbymanydifferentstakeholders.[Whenthesefactors[converge][are]infavor[ofsociety,especiallythemostvulnerable],foodsystems[areenabledtoproduce][enable]healthydietsneededforoptimalnutritionandotherpublicobjectivesoffoodsystems.]

Sustainablefoodsystemshaveafundamentalroletoplayinpromotinghealthydietsandimprovingnutrition[andenablingotherpublicobjectivesoffoodsystems].Sustainablefoodsystemsarefoodsystemsthatenablefoodsafety,foodsecurityandnutritionforcurrentandfuturegenerationsinaccordancewiththethreedimensions(economic,socialandenvironmental)ofsustainabledevelopment.Sustainablefoodsystemsmustbeinclusive,equitableandresilient.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[[Someofthe]current[global]foodsystems,characterizedby[unhealthydiets,][longdistributionchains,and][useofchemicalproducts,][excessiveconsumption][foodloss]andwaste[patterns][foodsupplychains,foodenvironments,andconsumerbehaviour],areunsustainable.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALFORPARA21:Foodsystemsshapepeople’sdietarypatternsandnutritionalstatus.Foodsystemsarecomplexandmultidimensionalwebsofactivities,resourcesandactorsinvolvingtheproduction,processing,handling,preparation,storage,distribution,marketing,access,purchase,consumption,andlossandwasteoffood,andthe

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outputsoftheseactivities,includingsocial,economicandenvironmentaloutcomes.Foodsystemsareconstantlybeingshapedbydifferentforces,driversandstructuralchangesanddecisionsbymanydifferentstakeholdersthatcouldaffecttheirsustainability.Sustainablefoodsystemshaveafundamentalroletoplayinpromotinghealthydietsandimprovingnutritionandenablingotherpublicobjectivesoffoodsystems.Sustainablefoodsystemsarefoodsystemsthatenablefoodsafety,foodsecurityandnutritionforcurrentandfuturegenerationsinaccordancewiththethreedimensions(economic,socialandenvironmental)ofsustainabledevelopment.Sustainablefoodsystemsmustbeinclusive,equitableandresilient.]

22.Agricultureincludescrops,forestry,fisheries,livestockandaquaculture12.Agricultureandfoodsystemsencompasstheentirerangeofactivitiesinvolvedintheproduction,processing,storage,marketing,retail,consumption,anddisposalofgoodsthatoriginatefromagriculture,includingfoodandnon-foodproducts,livestock,pastoralism,fisheriesincludingaquaculture,andforestry;andtheinputsneededandtheoutputsgeneratedateachofthesesteps13.(agreedadref)

23.Thefunctionalityoffoodsystemsandtheirabilitytodeliverhealthydietsisinfluencedbyanumberofdriverswhichindicatethat,inordertoensurefoodsecurityandimprovenutrition,contextspecificchangesareneedednotonlyinagricultureandfoodpolicies,butalsoacrossmultiplesectorsandpolicyareasthataddress,forexample,nationaldevelopmentpriorities,economicpolicies,andsocialnorms14.Thesecontextspecificchangesmayrequiretailoringapproachestoaddressthedifferentdriversofpovertyandinequitiesacrosspopulations.(agreedadref)

24.Theprocesstowardsachievingsustainablefoodsystemsthatmeetthedietaryneedsofpopulations,recallingthattransformationoffoodsystemsshouldbeencouragedinacoherentmanner,asappropriateandinaccordancewithanddependentonnationalcontextsandcapacities,requirepolicy,institutionalandbehaviouralchangeswhicharecontext-specificamongfoodsystemactors.Foodsystem-relatedpoliciesshouldfocusontheirdirectandindirecteconomic,social,environmental,cultural,nutritional,andhealthimpacts,payingspecialattentiontothepoorestandmostvulnerabletoallformsofmalnutritionandaddressingbarrierstheyfaceinaccessingfoodforhealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems.[InformallyagreedbyFoC]

25.Changesareneededwithinandacrossfoodsystems,andtheirconstituentelements-foodsupplychains,foodenvironments,consumerbehaviour-togeneratepositive

12UNGAResolutionA/RES/74/242.Paragraph2013CFSPrinciplesforResponsibleInvestmentinAgricultureandFoodSystems(CFSRAI),2014.Paragraph214HLPE.2017.

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outcomesalongthethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment–social,economic,andenvironmental,withinclusiveapproachesforallrelevantstakeholders.(agreedadref)

26.Coordinatedpoliciesandprocessesarerequiredtoenhancepolicycoherenceandcoordinationinaddressingpolicyfragmentationacrosssectorssuchashealth,agriculture,education,environment,water,sanitation,gender,socialprotection,trade,employment,andfinance–allofwhichimpactonfoodsystemsandnutritionoutcomes,alongthethreepillarsofsustainabledevelopment.(agreedadref)

27.TheCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurity(CFS)hasundertakenapolicyprocesstoproduceVoluntaryGuidelinesonFoodSystemsforNutrition*(VGFSyN).ThepreparationoftheVGFSyNisinformedbytheHighLevelPanelofExpertsonFoodSecurityandNutrition’s(HLPE)15ReportonNutritionandFoodSystems,additionalliteratureaswellasaninclusiveconsultationprocessthattookplacebetweenMayandNovember2019whichinvolvedtheparticipationofCFSstakeholders16.(agreedadref)

28.Foodsystemsandnutritionarereceivingincreasedattentionfromtheglobalcommunity,includingtheUnitedNations(UN)anditsMemberStates,andarerecognizedasessentialco-determinantsforachievingthegoalsofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.In2014,attheSecondInternationalConferenceonNutrition(ICN2),membersoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)committedtoendinghungerandmalnutritioninallitsforms17.In2016,theGeneralAssemblyoftheUN(UNGA)proclaimedtheUNDecadeofActiononNutrition(2016-2025)18andcalleduponFAOandWHOtoleaditsimplementation,incollaborationwiththeWorldFoodProgramme(WFP),theInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment(IFAD),andtheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF),usingcoordinatedmechanismssuchasUNNutritionandmultistakeholderplatformssuchastheCFSinlinewithitsmandate.In2017,theUNGAproclaimedtheUnitedNationsDecadeofFamilyFarming(2019-2028)19.SpecificattentiontonutritionhasbeengivenbyanumberofUNGAResolutions20,theUNEconomicandSocialCouncil(ECOSOC)21,theUNEnvironmentAssembly22,theWorldHealthAssembly(WHA)23,theCODEXStrategicPlan

15TheHLPEisthescience-policyinterfaceofCFSandprovidesastructuredevidencebasetoinformCFSpolicydiscussionsdrawingonexistingresearchandknowledge,experiences,andpoliciesatdifferentscalesandindifferentcontexts.16WithmeetingsinItaly,Ethiopia,Thailand,Hungary,Egypt,Panama,andtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,aswellasthroughanelectronicconsultation.17FAO/WHO.2014.ICN2,RomeDeclarationonNutrition.18UNGAResolutionA/RES/70/259-TheWorkProgrammeoftheUNDecadeofActiononNutrition19UNGAResolutionA/RES/72/239.20UNGAResolutions,onthepreventionandcontrolofnon-communicablediseasesA/RES/73/2,onglobalhealthandforeignpolicyA/RES/73/132,andonagriculturedevelopment,foodsecurityandnutritionA/RES/73/253.21MinisterialDeclarationofthe2018High-LevelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopment22MinisterialDeclarationofthe2019UnitedNationsEnvironmentAssembly

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2020-202524,andtheUNSpecialRapporteurontheRighttoFood25,UNGAResolutiononthePreventionandcontrolofnon-communicablediseases(A/RES/73/2,October2018).(agreedadref)

[NEWPARA28.bis]In2021theUNFoodSystemsSummitwillprovideanopportunityforallstakeholderstodiscussmoreinclusiveandsustainablefoodsystemsforhealthydietsforall.Likewise,the2021TokyoNutritionforGrowthSummitwillrepresentanopportunitytodiscusshowtostrengthenthelinkbetweendiets,foodsystemsandhealth.(agreedadref)

29.TheVGFSyNareexpectedtocontributetoandcomplementtheseinternationalinitiativeswithaviewtopromotingpolicycoherence,coordinationandconvergenceacrossdifferentdomains.Theyprovidescienceandevidence-basedguidancetohelpcountriesandotherrelevantstakeholdersoperationalizeICN2’sFrameworkforAction26recommendationsinsupportoftheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity,[therightofeveryonetotheenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofphysicalandmentalhealth27],[rightofdevelopment[footnote:UNGAResolution41/28(1986),]andtoachievethe2030AgendaonSustainableDevelopment.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALISTODELETETEXTINBRACKETS]

PART2–OBJECTIVESANDGUIDINGPRINCIPLES

2.1 –OBJECTIVESANDPURPOSE

30.TheobjectiveoftheVGFSyNistocontributetotheprocesstowardsachievingsustainablefoodsystemsandimprovednutrition,recallingthattransformationoffoodsystemsshouldbeencouragedinacoherentmanner,asappropriateandinaccordancewithanddependentonnationalcontextsandcapacities,inaccordancewiththethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment.Theaimisalsotopresentasetofguidelinesthathelpensurethatdietsneededforadequatenutritionareaccessible,available,affordable,safeandofadequatequalityandquantity,conformingwithbeliefs,cultureandtraditions,dietaryhabits,andpreferencesofindividuals,inaccordancewithnationaland

23TheWorldHealthAssemblyhasendorsedtheComprehensiveimplementationplanformaternal,infantandyoungchildnutrition,andtheWHOGlobalactionplanforthepreventionandcontrolofnoncommunicablediseases2013-2020,whichdelineatepolicyoptionsforthepreventionofmalnutritioninallitsformsandthepromotionofhealthydiets.24CodexStrategicPlan2020-2025,CodexAlimentarius-FAO,WHO25A/71/282“InterimreportoftheSpecialRapporteurontherighttofood”andA/RES/74/149“TheRighttoFood”.26FAO/WHO.2014.ICN2,FrameworkforAction.27GeneralCommnentN.14oftheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(2000).

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internationallawsandobligations28.TheVGFSyNareintendedtoprovideguidancemainlytogovernmentsaswellasspecializedinstitutionsandotherstakeholdersonappropriatepolicies,responsibleinvestmentsandinstitutionalarrangementsneededtoaddressthekeycausesofmalnutritioninallitsformsfromafoodsystemsperspective.TheVGFSyNcontributetotheimplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentanditsSustainableDevelopmentGoals,aswellastheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurityforall,particularlyforthemostvulnerableandaffectedgroups.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

31.TheVGFSyNpresentacomprehensive,systemic,andscienceandevidence-basedapproachtoachievinghealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystemsbyaddressingpolicyfragmentationwithaspecialemphasisonthefood,agriculture,andnutritionsectors,whilealsoaddressingeconomic,socialandenvironmentalsustainabilityissuesanddirectandindirectimpacts.TheVGFSyNconsiderthediversityandcomplexityoffoodsystemswiththeaimofpromotingpolicycoherenceandcoordination,consideringbenefits,costsandtrade-offs,whilerecognizingnationalcapacitiesandpriorities,andfosteringandguidinganinclusivedialogueamongdifferentinstitutions,sectorsandallrelevantstakeholdersinthefoodsystem.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

32.TheVGFSyNareintendedtobeglobalinscopeandtoprovideguidancetogovernmentsandrelevantstakeholderswhendesigningcontext-specificpolicies,laws,regulatoryframeworks,strategies,plansandprogrammes.Theytakeintoconsiderationdifferentnationalrealities,capacities,andlevelsofdevelopment,aswellasdifferenttypesoffoodsystemsandthemanydriversimpactingthem.(agreedadref)

33.TheVGFSyNrecognizethatshocks,economic,socialandenvironmentalcrisesandpandemicspresentstrongchallengestothefunctioningoffoodsystems,andemphasizetheimportanceofsustainableandresilientfoodsystems[,forexamplethrough[arangeofsustainable,innovativeapproachesincludingagroecology,sustainableintensification,non-tillfarmingandallotherinnovationsandtechnologiestopromotesustainablefoodsystems[CL/164,Rev,para15.h]][agroecologicalandotherinnovativeapproaches]].TheVGFSyNprovideguidancetominimizepotentialnegativeimpactsonfoodsystemsandfoodsecurityandnutrition.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSAL:thereferenceto‘includingagroecologicalandotherinnovativeapproaches’ismentionedinthreeparagraphs,thisone,3.2.1.band3.2.2.c.

Internationallywehave3setsofagreedlanguagesreferringtoagroecology:-agroecologicalandotherinnovativeapproaches(CFS)-arangeofsustainable,innovativeapproachesincludingagroecology,sustainable

28FAO/WHO.2014.ICN2,RomeDeclarationonNutrition.Paragraph5.b.

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intensification,non-tillfarmingandallotherinnovationsandtechnologiestopromotesustainablefoodsystems(FAO:CL/164,Rev,para15.h)-includingagroforestry,agroecology,conservationagriculture,watermanagementschemes,drought-andflood-resistantseedsandsustainablelivestockmanagement(UNGAResolutionA/c.2/75/L.31,November2020)]

34.TheVGFSyNtakeevidencefromarangeofrigorousstudies,basedonscientific,interdisciplinary,traditional,indigenousandlocalknowledge,sustainablepracticesandexperience,includingthoseresultingfromdialoguesondifferentformsofknowledge-atglobal,regionalandnationallevels-andapplytheevidencethroughabroadlens.29MuchoftheevidenceintheVGFSyNcomesfromtheHLPE2017report,variousUNtechnicaldocuments,andpeer-reviewedscientificliterature.(agreedadref)

2.2–NATURE,SCOPEANDINTENDEDUSERS

35.TheVGFSyNarevoluntaryandnon-binding.(agreedadref)

36.TheVGFSyNareintendedtobeinterpretedandappliedconsistentlywithexistingobligationsunderrelevantnationalandinternationallaw,withdueregardtovoluntarycommitmentsunderapplicableinternationalandregionalinstruments.NothingintheVGFSyNshouldbereadaslimitingorundermininganylegalobligationstowhichStatesmaybesubjectunderinternationallaw30.(agreedadref)

37.TheVGFSyNareintendedtobeinterpretedandappliedinaccordancewithnationallegalsystemsandtheirinstitutions.Theyshouldbeimplementedwithincountriesandatregionalandgloballevels,takingintoaccountdifferentnationalrealities,capacitiesandlevelsofdevelopmentandrespectingnationalpoliciesandpriorities31.(agreedadref)

38.TheVGFSyNareintendedtobuilduponandcomplementtheworkandmandateofotherinternationalbodies,andrelatedguidancecontainedinotherpolicyproductsdevelopedbyCFSaswellasbyotherinstitutions,including:

• Agenda2030forSustainableDevelopment(2015);• UnitedNationsRioDeclarationontheEnvironmentandDevelopment(1992);• VoluntaryGuidelinestosupporttheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequate

foodinthecontextofthenationalfoodsecurity(2004);

29Becausesituationscanvarywidely,thegeneralizabilityofevidencetoothersituationsisoftenimportant,butnotalwaysavailable,forfoodsystemactionsthataddressdietsandnutrition.Additionalresearchisneededtocontributetotheevidence-baseofpolicymaking.TheVGFSyNbringtogetherevidencefromdifferentmethodologies:someofwhichisexperientialthatholdspromiseforreal-worldrelevance,somecomesfromtheevaluationofprogrammesandpoliciesthatprovideguidanceonimplementationinspecificsettingsandcontexts.30CFSRAI,paragraph1331CFSRAI,paragraph14,and2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,paragraph21.

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• CFSVoluntaryGuidelinesontheresponsiblegovernanceoftenureofland,fisheriesandforestsinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity–VGGT(2012);

• CFSGlobalStrategicFrameworkforFoodSecurityandNutrition-GSF(201[7]);• WHASixGlobalNutritionTargetsfor2025(2012);• CFSPolicyRecommendationsonInvestinginSmallholderAgricultureforFood

Security(2013);[[FAO/WHO]InternationalCodeofConductonPesticidesManagement2013);]

• CFSPrinciplesforresponsibleinvestmentinagricultureandfoodsystems–RAI(2014);

• CFSPolicyRecommendationsonFoodlossesandwasteinthecontextofsustainablefoodsystems(2014);

• CFSPolicyRecommendationsonSustainablefisheriesandaquacultureforfoodsecurityandnutrition(2014);

• FAO/WHOSecondInternationalConferenceonNutrition(ICN2),RomeDeclarationonNutrition(2014);

• FAO/WHOSecondInternationalConferenceonNutrition(ICN2),FrameworkforAction(2014);

• FAOVoluntaryGuidelinesforSecuringSustainableSmall-ScaleFisheriesinthecontextofFoodSecurityandPovertyEradication(2014);

• CFSFrameworkforActionforfoodsecurityandnutritioninprotractedcrises–FFA(2015);

• CFSPolicyRecommendationsonWaterforfoodsecurityandnutrition(2015);• CFSPolicyRecommendationsonConnectingsmallholderstomarkets(2016);• CFSPolicyRecommendationsonSustainableagriculturaldevelopmentforfood

securityandnutrition:whatrolesforlivestock?(2016);• FAOVoluntaryGuidelinesforSustainableSoilManagement(2017);• PoliticalDeclarationontheThirdHighLevelmeetingoftheUnitedNationsGeneral

AssemblyonthePreventionandControlofNon-CommunicableDiseases(2018);• WHOGlobalActionPlanforthePreventionandControlofNon-Communicable

Diseases2013-2020;• FAOTenElementsofAgroecology(2019);• [FAO]InternationalCodeofConductfortheSustainableUseandManagementof

Fertilizers(2019);• UnitedNationsEnvironmentAssemblyMinisterialDeclarationonInnovative

SolutionsforEnvironmentalChallengesandSustainableConsumptionandProduction(4,19).(agreedadref)

39.TheVGFSyNareintendedtobeapplied,inaccordancewiththefollowinginstruments[asfaraseachoftheseinstrumentsarerelevanttoandbindingfortheirrespective

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parties:][asfaraseachoftheseinstrumentsarerelevantandapplicabletotheirrespectiveparties:]

• UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights–adoptedbytheUNGeneralAssemblyin1948andhumanrightstreatieswhicharebindingfortherespectiveStateParties;

• InternationalCovenantonSocial,EconomicandCulturalRights;• UnitedNationsDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples(UNDRIP);• [UnitedNationsDeclarationontheRightsofPeasantsandotherPeopleWorkingin

RuralAreas(UNDROP);]UnitedNationsDeclarationontheRighttoDevelopment;• ILODeclarationonFundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWork;• UnitedNationsConventionontheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities(CRPD);• ConventiononBiologicalDiversity;• UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange;• InternationalPlantProtectionConvention;• InternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture;• FAO/WHOInternationalCodeofConductonPesticidesManagement;• Standards,guidelinesandrecommendationsadoptedbytheCodexAlimentarius,

WorldOrganizationforAnimalHealth,OIEandtheIPPC;• Relevantinternationalmultilateraltradeinstruments,includingWTOagreements

suchasWTOTechnicalBarrierstoTradeagreement(TBT)andWTOAgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures(SPS).[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

40.TheVGFSyNareintendedtosupportgovernments,includingrelevantministriesandnational,sub-national,andlocalinstitutionsandauthorities,andparliamentarians,todevelopprocessesforthedesignandimplementationofholistic,multisectoral,scienceandevidence-basedandinclusivepublicpoliciesaswellastobeusedinpolicydiscussionsandimplementationprocessesbyrelevantstakeholderssuchas:

a) Intergovernmentalandregionalorganizations,includingspecializedUNagencies;b) Civilsocietyandnon-governmentalorganizations,[including]indigenouspeoples

andlocalcommunities,vulnerablegroups,ruralwomenandyoungpeople,smallholders32[/peasants],familyfarmers,fisherfolks,pastoralists,landlessandfoodsystemworkers33;

c) Farmers,rangers,pastoralistandfisherfolksaswellastheirorganizations,cooperativesandnetworks;

32“Smallholders,includingthosethatarefamilyfarmers–womenandmen–includethosethataresmall-scaleproducersandprocessors,pastoralists,artisans,fishers,communitycloselydependantonforests,indigenouspeoplesandagriculturalworkers”,CFSpolicyrecommendationsonConnectingSmallholderstoMarkets(2016).33Smallholders,fisherfolks,pastoralistsareincludedinthecivilsocietywhentheyretainthecomplexstatusasfoodproducers,workersandconsumers

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d) Privatesectororganizations,includingbutnotlimitedtosmallandmediumenterprises,agribusiness,foodandbeveragemanufacturers,foodretailersincludingsupermarkets,foodserviceproviders,industrytradeassociations,foodwholesalers,fooddistributors,traders,andtheadvertisingandmarketingsector34;

e) Researchorganizations,academicinstitutions,anduniversities;f) Developmentpartners,includinginternationalfinancialinstitutions;g) Privatedonors,foundations,andfunds;h) Consumerassociations.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

41.TheVGFSyNsupportStates’obligationsregardingtheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity,andallintendedusers’responsibilitytorespecthumanrights35.[InformallyagreedbyFoC]

42.InimplementingtheVGFSyNgovernmentsareurgedtorefrainfrompromulgatingandapplyinganyunilateraleconomic,financialortrademeasuresnotinaccordancewithinternationallawandtheCharteroftheUnitedNationsthatimpedethefullachievementofeconomicandsocialdevelopment,particularlyindevelopingcountries36.(agreedadref)

43.InimplementingtheVGFSyNgovernmentsareurgedtocorrectandpreventtraderestrictionsanddistortionsinworldagriculturalmarkets,includingthroughtheparalleleliminationofallformsofagriculturalexportsubsidiesandallexportmeasureswithequivalenteffect,inaccordancewiththemandateoftheDohaDevelopmentRound37.[pendingclearance]

2.3–GUIDINGPRINCIPLES

44.TheVGFSyNincludesixguidingprinciples38thatemergedfromtheconsultationprocessasfoundationalwhenconsideringthedifferentactionsthatshouldbefollowedtocontributetotheprocesstowardsachievingsustainablefoodsystemsandimprovednutritionforall.(agreedadref)

45.Foodsystemsserveandsupportmultipleobjectiveswithinthethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment.Whilefoodsystemsmightdiffergreatly,theyofferdifferentopportunitiesforpublicpolicies,mechanisms,instrumentsandinvestmentsthataimtoachievethe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.(agreedadref)

34Theprivatesectorismadeupofmanydifferenttypesofcompanieswithawiderangeofsizes,scales,humanandfinancialresources,aswellasvaryingreachintolocal,domesticandinternationalmarkets.35CFSRAI,paragraph21.362030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,paragraph30.UNGAResolutionA/RES/70/1(2015).372030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,paragraph2.b38Theseguidingprinciplesareconsistentwithalreadyagreedinternationaldocumentsandtools,suchastheRomeDeclarationonNutritionandtheFrameworkforActionofICN2andthe1996WorldFoodSummitDeclaration.

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46.Theseprinciplesdrawontheneedtoensurehumandignity,equality,non-discrimination,participation,accountability,transparency,empowerment,andtheruleoflawinordertocontributetotheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity.(agreedadref)

a) Systemic,multisectoral,science-andevidence-basedapproach.Promoteasystemic,multisectoral,andscienceandevidence-basedapproachthatconsidersfoodsystemsintheirtotalityandvariedculturaldimensions,appropriatelyintegratesindigenousandtraditionalformsofknowledge,seekstomaximizeoutcomesacrossallsustainabledevelopmentdimensions,andlooksatthemultidimensionalcausesofmalnutritioninallitsforms.(agreedadref)

b) Coherent,coordinated,context-specificandinclusivepolicies.Contributetotheformulationandimplementationofcoherent,coordinated,context-specificandinclusivepoliciesandrelatedresponsibleinvestmentthroughcoordinatedactionsamongdifferentactorsandacrossallrelevantsectorsatinternational,regional,national,subnational,andlocallevels.(agreedadref)

c) Accountability,transparencyandparticipation.Supporteffortsinstrengtheninggovernance,includingaccountabilitymechanisms,fosteringcitizenandstakeholderparticipationinnationaldebatesonfoodsecurityandnutritionandonfoodsystems,andtransparentandinclusivedecision-makingprocesses,whicharebasedontransparentrulesofengagementincludingsafeguardsfortheidentificationandmanagementofpotentialconflictsofinterest.(agreedadref)

d) Healthyandprosperouspeople,healthyplanet.Promotepoliciesandactionsthatenhancethelivelihoods,health,andwell-beingofthepopulation,aswellassustainablefoodproductionandresponsibleconsumptionofsafe,diverseandnutritiousfoodstoenablehealthydietsandtoprotectandpromotesustainableuseofnaturalresources,biodiversityandecosystems,andsupportmitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange,asappropriate.(agreedadref)

e) Genderequalityandwomen’sempowerment.Promoteequitableaccesstosufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodsthatmeetdietaryneedsandfoodpreferencesforanactiveandhealthylifeindependentoftheirsocialordemographicfactorssuchasrace,gender,incomeorgeographicregion.Promotegenderequalityandwomen’sandgirls’empowerment,andrespect,protectandfulfilltheirrightsinthecontextoffoodsecurityandnutrition,creatingtheconditionsforwomen’sinvolvementindecision-makingaswellastheirparticipationinalleconomic,politicalandsocialsectorsandstrongengagementinshapingsustainablefoodsystemsthatimprovenutrition,recognizingtheircriticalroleincare,education,agriculture,healthpromotionandfoodproductionandconsumption.Thismayentailtargeted

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strategiestosupportwomenintheirexistingrolesinareassuchascare,education,agriculture,healthpromotionandfoodpreparation,production,consumptionandpreservationofindigenous,traditionalandlocalknowledge.However,italsorequireschangesinbusinessasusualtoactivelyengagemenandboystopromotenutritionasajointhouseholdresponsibility.[pendingclearance]

f) Youthempowermentandengagement.Promotestrategies,policiesandinvestmentsaimingatstrengtheningeducationandcapacitybuildingprogrammesforyouth,enablingtheirautonomy,decision-makingandempowerment,increasingtheiraccesstodecentworkopportunitiesincludinginruralareas,livingwagesandsocialprotection,andinnovativepracticesaswellprotectingthemfromhazardousandinappropriatework,aswaystostimulatetheirrolesaschangeagentstowardssustainablefoodsystemsforcurrentandfuturegenerations.(agreedadref)

PART3–THEVOLUNTARYGUIDELINESONFOODSYSTEMSFORNUTRITION

47.WiththeaimoffosteringtheachievementoftheAgenda2030forSustainableDevelopmentanditsSustainableDevelopmentGoals,theVGFSyNprovideaframeworktopromotepolicycoherenceandcoordinationandtobringvariousstakeholderswhoareinvolvedinfoodsystemstoworktogethertoachievehealthydietsforeveryonethroughsustainablefoodsystems.(agreedadref)

48.Toachievethe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,anditsSustainableDevelopmentGoals,[andtakingintoaccountrelevantWorldHealthAssembly(WHA)resolutionsanddecisions,]aswellastofulfilnationalcommitmentstoendmalnutritioninallitsforms[whilerespectingplanetaryboundaries,][inaccordancewiththethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment,][,whilesafeguardinglimitednaturalresources,]a[sustainable]foodsystemsapproachisneededthatrecognizesthatthevariouspartsthatmakeupfoodsystemsareinterconnected;thatanyactionordecisiontoaddressoneaspectofafoodsystemwilllikelyimpactotheraspects,andthatfoodsystemsrespondandareimpactedbyothersystems,situations,andcontexts.[Thinkingsystematicallyandinterdisciplinarilyabout[thetransformationofunsustainablefoodsystemsandachievementofsustainablefoodsystems][theprocesstowardsachievingsustainablefoodsystems,recallingthattransformationoffoodsystemsshouldbeencouragedinacoherentmanner,asappropriateandinaccordancewithanddependentonnationalcontextsandcapacities]]canfosterthatchallengesaretackledfrommultipleperspectives.Thus,theVGFSyNprovideguidanceonamixofscienceandevidence-basedpolicyactionsspanningthediversityoffoodsupplychains,foodenvironmentand[consumerbehavior]

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[responsibleconsumption],aswellasthedriversandpeoplethatshapethoseactions.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALFORPARA48:Toachievethe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,anditsSustainableDevelopmentGoals,takingintoaccountotherinternationalobligationsandcommitments,amongstothersrelevantWorldHealthAssembly(WHA)resolutionsanddecisions,aswellastofulfillnationalcommitmentstoendmalnutritioninallitsforms,inaccordancewiththethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment,afoodsystemsapproachisneededthatrecognizesthatthevariouspartsthatmakeupfoodsystemsareinterconnected;thatanyactionordecisiontoaddressoneaspectofafoodsystemwilllikelyimpactotheraspects,andthatfoodsystemsrespondandareimpactedbyothersystems,situations,andcontexts.Thinkingsystematicallyandinterdisciplinarilyabouttheprocesstowardsachievingsustainablefoodsystems,recallingthattransformationoffoodsystemsshouldbeencouragedinacoherentmanner,asappropriateandinaccordancewithanddependentonnationalcontextsandcapacities,canfosterthatchallengesaretackledfrommultipleperspectives.Thus,theVGFSyNprovideguidanceonamixofscienceandevidence-basedpolicyactionsspanningthediversityoffoodsupplychains,foodenvironmentandresponsibleconsumption,aswellasthedriversandpeoplethatshapethoseactions.]

49.Duringtheconsultationprocess,CFSstakeholdersidentifiedanumberofcross-cuttingfactorsthatarerelevantforimprovingdietsandnutritionthatdeterminedthesevenfocusareasaroundwhichtheVGFSyNarestructured:i)transparent,democraticandaccountablegovernance;ii)sustainablefoodsupplychainstoachievehealthydiets[andinthecontextofclimatechange[,biodiversitylossandenvironmentaldegradation]];iii)[Equalandequitable]accesstohealthydiets[throughsustainablefoodsystems];iv)foodsafetyacrosssustainablefoodsystems;v)people-centerednutritionknowledge,educationandinformation;vi)genderequalityandwomen’sempowermentacrossfoodsystems;andvii)resilientfoodsystemsinhumanitariancontexts.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

50.Thefirstfocusarea,thegovernanceoffoodsystems,whichestablishesthefoundationoftheremainingpolicyrecommendationsoftheVGFSyN,isinterwovenacrossthesixotherareas.Threefocusareas(ii,iii,andv)coverthemaincomponentsoffoodsystemswhileanadditionalarea(iv)isbasedontherecognitionoftheincreasedimportanceofcollectiveactioninaddressingfoodsafety.Specialattentionisfocusedonwomenbecauseofthevitalroletheyplayinfoodsystems(focusareavi).Thehumanitariancontextservesasastandalonefocusarea(vii)becauseitwillcontinuetobeasignificantglobalissueinthecontextofclimatechange,protractedcrises,conflictandmigration.(agreedadref)

51.Theguidanceisprincipallyaddressedtogovernmentswhoshouldconsideritinrelationtonationalandsub-nationalpriorities,needsandconditions,andassessthe

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relevanceofthepolicyineachfoodsystemcontexts,payingdueattentiontoalldirectandindirectcostsorbenefitsofeconomic,socialandenvironmentalimpacts.Itisimportantforcountriestoimplementadiagnosticlenstotheirfoodsystemsinasystematicandholisticway.Thiswouldentail,amongstothers,understandingthetypesoffoodsystemsthatexist,themake-upandcomplexityoftheirfoodsystems,andthemajordriversforchange,disruption,exclusion/inclusionandgrowth.WiththeaimtoachievesustainablefoodsystemsandhealthydietsinaccordancewiththeAgenda2030,Governmentsareencouragedtosystemicallyanalyzeandmonitorcosts,benefits,trade-offs,andimpactsoftheiractions,acrosssectorsandactorswithintheirowncontextofeconomic,socio-culturalandenvironmentalconditionsandobjectives.[pendingclearance]

3.1–TRANSPARENT,DEMOCRATICANDACCOUNTABLEGOVERNANCE

52.Thissectionlaysouttheimportanceofgovernancemechanisms,leadershipandaccountabilityacrosstherangeofactors,atglobal,regional,nationalandlocallevels,withinfoodsystems.Governmentsareresponsiblefordevelopingsound,scienceandevidence-based,coherentandcoordinated,context-specificpublicpolicies,andregulatoryandlegislativeframeworksthatgovernfoodsystems,promoteawareness,andsetprioritiesforimpactfulaction.Governmentsalsoshoulddeveloptransparentmechanismsformonitoringandevaluatingthedistributionoftransitioncosts,costandbenefitsofpolicyactionsacrosssectorsandactors,manageconflictsofinterests,safeguardsagainstpowerimbalances,andothersafeguardstoputpublicinterestsbeforeotherinterests.(agreedadref)

3.1.1Promotingpolicycoordinationandcoherencebyintegratingfoodsystemsandnutritionintolocal,nationalandregionaldevelopment:a) Governmentsshouldfosterpolicycoordinationandcoherenceacrosssectorsand

agenciestoreduceallformsofmalnutritionfromafoodsystemsperspective.Thesesectorsandagenciesmayincludethoseimpactinghealth,agriculture,education,environment,water,sanitation,genderequality,socialprotection,trade,employment,andfinance.Governmentsshouldincludethesustainabilityoffoodsystemsasapriorityinordertoeffectivelyalignrelevantsectorsaroundacommonsetofgoals.(agreedadref)

b) Governmentsshouldintegratesustainablefoodsystemstrategiesthatenablehealthydiets[*]andimprovednutritionintonationalandlocaldevelopment,health,economic,agricultural,climate/environment,anddisasterriskandpandemicdiseasesreductionpolicies.Governmentsshouldconsiderincreasedandimprovedbudgetaryallocations,whereappropriate,tofoodsystemactivities,assessingandtakingintoaccountallpositiveandnegativeenvironmental,economicandsocialimpactsofthevariousfoodsystems[activities],[includingexternalities,unintendedconsequencesandhiddencosts,][includingdirectandindirect]considering,asappropriate,indicatorsofthe

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2030Agenda,withclearandtransparentobjectivesofimprovingdietsandnutrition,[withdisaggregatedindicatorstotrackandassess[directandindirect]impactsofmeasurestaken]toaddressmalnutritioninallitsforms,[includingitseconomic,socialandenvironmentalimpacts][,aswellastoaddressinequalities].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

c) Acknowledgingthatauniversal,rules-based,open,non-discriminatoryandequitable,multilateraltradingsystemwillpromoteagricultureandruraldevelopmentindevelopingcountriesandcontributetoachievingfoodsecurityandimprovingnutrition39.Also,governments,intergovernmentalandregionalorganizationsshouldimplementnational,regionalandinternationalstrategiestopromotetheinclusiveparticipationoffarmersandfishersandfishworkers,includingsmall-scalefarmers,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities,peasantsandothersmall-scalefoodproducers,foodsystemsworkers,includingwomen,incommunity,national,regionalandinternationalmarkets40.[pendingclearance]

d) Governmentsshouldidentifyopportunitieswithinfoodsystemstoachievenationalandglobalfoodsecurityandnutritiongoals,monitorandmeasureprogressagainsttargets,andindicatorssetoutbythe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment41andtheWHO2025GlobalNutritiontargets42.(agreedadref)

3.1.2Strengtheningmultisectoral,multistakeholderandmultilevelcoordinationandactions:a) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizationsanddevelopmentpartners,across

sectorsatalllevels,shouldworktoenablehealthydietsandimprovednutritionthroughsustainablefoodsystems,strengthenedpolicyandlegalframeworksandinstitutionalcapacitiesthataddressthemultiplecausesandconsequencesofmalnutritioninallitsformsandfood-relatedeconomic,socialandenvironmentalchallenges.Thiscoordinationshouldestablishand/orstrengthenmultisectoral,multilevelandmultistakeholdermechanisms43thatoverseethedesignandimplementationofevidence-andscience-based,contextspecificpolicies,strategies,andinterventionsrespectingculturaldiversitythatcontributetoimprovednutritionoutcomesatnational,sub-nationalandlocallevels.(agreedadref)

b) Governmentsandintergovernmentalactorsshouldfacilitateaninclusiveandtransparentdialogueensuringtheparticipationofallrelevantstakeholdersandactorsinthefoodsystem,givingspecialattentiontosmall-mediumenterprisesand

392030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,paragraph17.1040UNGAresolutionA/c.2/75/i.23,paragraph31.41https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E42https://www.who.int/nutrition/global-target-2025/en/43FurtherinformationaboutmultistakeholderpartnershipscanbefoundinexpertpublicationHLPEreportonMultistakeholderpartnershipstofinanceandimprovefoodsecurityandnutritionintheframeworkofthe2030Agenda(2018).

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smallholderproducersandtothemostaffectedbyhungerandmalnutritioninallitsforms.Thisdialogueshouldincludealldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentinfoodsystems.(agreedadref)

c) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,andcivilsocietyorganizations,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesshouldencourageincreasedcommitmenttoactionwithresponsibleinvestment44fromthepublicandprivatesectors,anddonorstosupportsustainablefoodsystemsthatenablehealthydiets,whileconsideringsynergiesandtrade-offswithotherpolicypriorities.(agreedadref)

3.1.3Creatingaccountabilitymechanismsandtoolsfor,monitoringandevaluation:a) Governmentsshouldestablishorstrengthenscience-andevidence-based,regulatory

andcontext-specificpolicyframeworkstoguideprivateandpublicsectoractivitiesrelatedtofoodsystemsandnutrition.Theyshouldinstituteeffective,inclusiveandtransparentaccountabilitymechanismsthatpromotegoodgovernance,publicdeliberation,independentbodiesthatmonitorcomplianceandperformance,individualcomplaintprocedures,actionstoimproveaccountability,identifyandmanageconflictsofinterestandvestedinterests,safeguardsagainstpowerimbalances,andcapacitytosettleandremediatedisputesthatmayunderminepublichealthandwellbeing.Governmentalactorsshouldensurethatdialoguewithallstakeholdersistransparentandfollowsclearrolesandresponsibilitiesforengagementtosafeguardthepublicinterest.(agreedadref)

b) Governments,alsoinpartnershipwithresearchorganizationsandintergovernmentalorganizations,withincreasingresearchprojects,whereappropriate,shouldworktostrengthenexistingnationalstatisticalandmonitoringsystemsthatcapture,harmonizeanddisaggregatedatabykeysociodemographiccharacteristics,andwherepossibleuse,andimprovetheavailabilityandqualityofexistingindicators,includingwithinSDGs,acrossallaspectsoffoodsystemsandoutcomesrelatedtofoodsecurity,diets45,foodcomposition,foodsafety,nutritionalstatus46,andgenderandotherrelevantsocialfactors,forimprovedpolicydevelopmentandaccountability,andbettertargetingofpublicprogrammes.Governmentsandotherstakeholdersshouldproperlysafeguardpersonalandcollectivedataonfoodsystems.(agreedadref)

c) Governmentsshouldinvestinresearchandsharingofknowledgeontheinterconnectionsbetweenfood,nutritional,behavioral,economic,social,andenvironmentaldimensionsandmarketdynamics,tobetterenabletheassessmentofthecross-sectionalimpactsofthepoliciesandprogrammesimplementedandthecomplexityoftheinteractionsbetweensupplyanddemandatdifferentscalesthroughoutthewholesupplychain.(agreedadref)

44InlinewiththeCFSPrinciplesforresponsibleinvestmentinagricultureandfoodsystems,RAI(2014).45Particularlydietaryintake,dietarydiversityanddietaryquality.46Includingthemeasurementofmicronutrientdeficiencystatusandanthropometry.

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d) Governments,withthesupportofallrelevantstakeholdersincludingintergovernmentalorganizations,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities,asappropriate,shouldpromoteinvestmentinhuman,system,andinstitutionalcapacitytoanalyzefoodsysteminformationinacomprehensivemannertosupporttheplanning,implementation,monitoring,andevaluationofprogrammaticactions,takingintoaccounttheneedofdevelopinginterdisciplinaryapproachesembracingtechnical,economicandsocialissues.(agreedadref)

3.1.4Strengtheningparticipationandinclusionofindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesinfoodsystems:a) Governmentsandrelevantstakeholdersshouldstrengthenfullandeffective

participationofindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities,inparticularwomen,girls,marginalizedgroupsandpeopleswithdisabilities,inthegovernanceoffoodsystemsandnutritionbymeansofdialogue,throughtheirownrepresentativeinstitutionsinordertoobtaintheirfree,priorandinformedconsentundertheUnitedNationsDeclarationofRightsofIndigenousPeoples,asappropriate,consultation,andbystrengtheningcommunitymechanismsforinclusiveparticipationatlocal,sub-national,nationalandregionallevel.(agreedadref)

b) Governmentsandrelevantstakeholdersshouldsupportcapacitybuildingandstrengthencapacitiesincludingthoseofindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiessothattheycanfullyandeffectivelyparticipateinformulatingpoliciesandstrategiesregardingfoodsystems.(agreedadref)

3.2SUSTAINABLEFOODSUPPLYCHAINS47TOACHIEVEHEALTHYDIETS[INTHECONTEXTOFCLIMATECHANGE][BIODIVERSITYLOSSANDENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATION][ANDSOCIALANDECONOMIC[ANDENVIRONMENTAL]SUSTAINABILITY][ALT:ANDSOCIALANDECONOMICSUSTAINABILITY][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

53.[Foodsupplychainsplayacrucialandstructuralroleinhealth[,environmentalsustainability,][,resilienceandregeneration[offoodsystems][aswellassocialandeconomicsustainability][social,economicand]environmentalsustainability.][Foodsupplychainsplayacrucialandstructuralrolein[health,]social,economicandenvironmentalsustainabilityandresilience[andecosystemregeneration].]Foodsupplychains-fromproduction,storageandpost-harvesthandling,processingandpackaging,distribution,andmarketing[andconsumption][andmarketaccess]-operateatmultipleandassortedscales,structures,andlevels,fromsimpletohighlycomplex,fromlocaltoglobal,involvingmanyfoodsystemactors.Thedecisionsmadebytheactorsatanystage47Asdescribedinparagraphs17and18.

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haveimplicationsontheavailability,affordability,accessibility,acceptabilityandsafetyofnutritiousfoodforhealthydiets48.ThissectioncomplementsthegoalsoutlinedintheUNDecadeofFamilyFarmingandhighlightstheimportanceofpromotingnutritionacrossthefoodsupplychain,andsuggestswaystocreatesustainableandresilientfoodsupplychainsandsustainableconsumptionandproductioninthemidstofclimatechangeandnaturalresourcedegradation,recallingtheneedtosimultaneouslytakeintoaccounttheeconomic,environmental,andsocialdimensionsofsustainabilityandthehealthofindividuals,animals,plantsandecosystemsinaOneHealthApproach.[TheVGFSyNshould[providetoolsto]strengthentheinvolvementofvulnerablelocalproducersaswellassmallholdersandfamilyfarmersinthefoodsupplychainandwheneverappropriateandpossible.][TheVGFSyNshould[servethepurposeof]strengthen[ing]vulnerablelocalproducersaswellassmallholdersandfamilyfarmers,wheneverappropriateandpossible.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.2.1Mainstreamingclimateadaptationandmitigationacrosssustainablefoodsupplychains:a) Governments,developmentpartners,civilsocietyandnon-governmentalorganizations

andprivatesectorshouldcollaboratewithfoodproducersandtheirorganizationsforthemtoachievedecentlivelihoodsandtoenhancetheresilienceoffoodsupplychainstoclimatechangeimpactsbymanagingriskandbuildingpreparednessandresilienceandbymitigatingfoodsupplychainsnegativeimpactsontheenvironment.Thiscanincludebuildingonlocalknowledgeandinnovationandincreasingaccesstofinance,extensionservices,insurance,weatherforecasting,earlywarningsystems,capacitydevelopment,knowledgesharingandinformationdisseminationandassistancethroughserviceapplication.Itcouldalsoincludeprotectingcrops,livestock,andfisheriesandoverallproductionsystems,intermsofnutritionalcontentandproductivityfromtheanticipatedimpactsofclimatechangeintheformofpests,diseases,andweather-relatedshocks.Thiscouldentaildisseminatinggoodpracticesofresilientfarmingandlocallyadoptingvarietiesresistanttodrought,frost,heat,pests,ordiseasescausedorexacerbatedbyclimatechangeaswellasreducingpost-harvestandotherfoodlossesanddevelopingproductive-assetcreationinitiatives.(agreedadref)

b) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,privatesector,civilsocietyandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromotesustainableagriculture[,agroecologyandotherinnovativeapproaches]atdifferentscales[intheprocesstowardsachieving][inordertoachieve]sustainablefoodsystemsthatenhancefoodsecurityandnutrition.Theyalsoshouldcollaboratewithandsupportfarmersandotherfoodproducerstoreducetheenvironmentalimpactoffoodsystems,enhancingalsobiodiversityandrecognizing

48Asdescribedinparagraphs17and18.

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thepositiveeffortsoffarmersthatadoptsustainablepractices.Thiscouldbedonebyfosteringtheadoptionofappropriatesustainabletechnologyandon-farmmanagementpracticestooptimizetheefficiencyofcropproductionyieldsandto[promoteresponsibleandsustainable][reducethe]useofpesticidesand[chemical]fertilizers.Governmentsshouldpromoteoptimizationofagriculturaloutputsperunitofwater,soil,energy,laborandland,andreducegreenhousegasemissions,biodiversityloss,andnaturalresourcedegradation(includingdeforestation),inaccordancewiththeirNationallyDeterminedContributiontotheParisAgreement,andotherrelevantnationalplanninginstruments.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

c) Governmentsshouldinstitute,whereappropriate,monitoringsystems(includingearlywarningsystems),qualityindices(e.g.integrateddiversificationandagro-biodiversitytargets,soilhealth,waterquality,farmincomeandfoodprice)andotherfoodsystemanddietarymetricsaspartoftheenvironmentandclimate-relatedtargetsettingpoliciestomonitorchangingconditionsandtheeffectivenessofpolicyresponses.(agreedadref)

d) Governments,researchorganizations,academicinstitutions,anduniversitiesshouldpromotethegenerationanduseofscienceandevidence-basedknowledge,includingindigenous,andtraditionalandlocalknowledge,thatdemonstrateclimatechangemitigation,adaptationandresiliencestrategiesforsustainablefoodsystemsandenablinghealthydiets[and,wherepossible,researchshouldavoidconflictsofinterests].Researchshould[beindependent,neutral,balancedandscienceandevidence-based][includingthroughsafeguardsfortheidentificationandmanagementofpossibleconflictsofinterest][andopentolocalandtraditionalknowledge][avoidpossibleconflictsofinterestand]focusonpotentialinterventionsandpolicyentrypointstoensuresustainableagriculturalproductionandproductivity[intermsofyieldsandnutrition][intermsofnutritionalimpacts],includingpracticesthatenhancetheresilienceoffoodsupplychains,improvelivelihoodsandpromotecarbonsequestration,livestock,fisheriesandaquaculture,processingandpackaging,retailandmarkets,[[non-discriminatory]marketaccess]andresponsibleconsumption,contributeto[mitigateandareadaptableto]climatechange,[disastersandotherdisruptions][mitigationandadaptation][aswellaspotentialinterventionsandpolicyentrypoints],[aswellastoreduceenvironmental[footprint][impact]andprotect,conserve,sustainablymanageandusenaturalresources.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.2.2Promotingsustainableuseandmanagementofnaturalresourcesinfoodproduction:a) Governments,farmersandtheirorganizations,privatesectorandotherrelevant

stakeholdersshouldaddresssoilhealthascentraltoagriculturalproductionsystems,withdueattentiontotheFAOVoluntaryGuidelinesforSustainableSoilManagement.Governmentsshouldencouragetheuseofintegratedsoilfertilityandnutrients

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managementpracticesaswellasecosystemservicesproductivityforsustainableproduction,andpromotetheuseofsustainablelandmanagementservicesandagriculturalpracticestomaintainsoilbiodiversityandnutrientbalance,reducesoilerosion,improvewatermanagement,andpromotecarbonstorageandsequestration.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

b) Governmentsshouldpromoteandimprovethesustainablemanagementandsustainableuseofwaterresourcesforagricultureandfoodproductionthrough,whereappropriate,improvedregulation,integratedwaterresourcemanagementatwatershedscale,inclusiveandparticipatoryapproaches,andenhancedwatercooperationapproachesthatinvolvecivilsocietyorganizations,farmerorganizations,peasantsandothersmall-scalefoodproducers,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities,privatesector,andotherrelevantstakeholders,thattakeintoaccountthevarietyofwaterneedsacrossdifferentsectors.Theseapproachesshouldfosterirrigationsystemsthatusewaterresourcessustainably,thereductionofwaterwastage,supportthesystematicuseofappropriatewatersavingtechnologies,minimizewaterpollutionstemmingfromagriculture,promotethemultiplesafeandenvironmentally-soundusesandre-useofwaterfordomesticandproductivepurposeswithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffarmersandfoodproducerstogrowsufficientnutritiousfoods,whilerecognizingthecrucialimportanceofaccesstowaterforallpeoplelivingandworkinginruralareasforpersonalanddomesticuse].[informallyagreedbyFoC]

c) Governmentsandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldprotect,conserveandsustainablyusebiodiversityforfoodandagriculture.Thisshouldbecomplementedthroughtheadoptionandapplicationofsustainablefoodproductionandnaturalresourcemanagementpractices[suchasorganicagricultureaswellasagroecologicalandotherinnovativeapproaches].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

d) Governmentsshouldrecognizeandrespectalllegitimatetenurerightholdersandtheirrightsincluding,asappropriateandinlinewithnationallegislation,thelegitimatetenurerightsofindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitieswithcustomarytenuresystemsthatexerciseself-governanceofland,fisheriesandforests,withspecialattentiontotheprovisionofequitableaccessforwomen,inlinewiththeCFSVGGT49.Thetraditional,collectiveknowledgeandpracticesoftheserightholdersshouldberespected,theirtraditionaldietsshouldbeprotected,andtheirnutritionandwellbeingshouldbeapriority.(agreedadref)

e) Governmentsshouldrecognizetheimportanceofpastoralistsandsustainablerangelandsmanagementandgrazingsystemsfornutrition,healthyecosystems,rurallivelihoodsandresilientfoodsupplychainsaswellasencouragelowinputspastoral

49Inparticularwithparagraphs3.1.1,9.2and9.4.

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systemstoproducehealthyanimalsourcefoodthatcontributetoreducingpovertyandhunger.[informallyagreedbyFoC]

3.2.3Promotingnutritionwithinagricultureandfoodsupplychains:a) Governmentsshould,whereappropriate,budgetforandintegratenutritionobjectives

intotheirnationalagriculturalandotherrelevantpoliciestoachievehealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems.(agreedadref)

b) Governmentsandprivatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldencourageandpromoteresponsibleagriculturalinvestment50,andsupportfoodproducersintheadoptionofsustainableproductionpracticesandintheproductionofdiversefoodthatcontributestohealthydiets,whileensuringadecentincome,livelihoodsandresilienceforfishers,farmers,particularlysmallholdersand/orfamilyfarms,andfarmworkers.Thisshouldincludesupportingandencouragingsustainablecropproductionpractices,livestock,agroforestry,animalandfisherysystems(includingartisanalfisheriesandaquaculture).(agreedadref)

c) Governmentsshould,whereappropriateintegrateurbanandperi-urbanagricultureandlanduseintonationalandlocalfoodsystemsandnutritiondevelopmentstrategiesandprogrammes,aswellasurbanandterritorialplanning,asaviableinputintoenablinghealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystemsandsupportstablesupplyofsafeandnutritiousfood.(agreedadref)

d) Governments,privatesector,researchcentersanduniversitiesandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromoteenablingenvironmentstoassistandfacilitatefoodproducers‘accesstoaffordable,innovativetechnologiesandpractices,includingtraditionalknowledge,technicalassistance,skilltraining,inclusiveandsustainablebusinessmodelsadaptedtolocalneedsandpriorities,andinformationaboutnutritionandhealthydiets[throughsustainablefoodsystems]withinagricultureandotherextensiontechnicalservices/programmes,toenablethemtopromotesustainableproduction,protectbiodiversity,ensurefoodsafety,andimprovethenutritionalqualityoffoodsformarkets.(agreedadref)

e) [Attachingparticularimportancetolocalandterritorialmarkets,]Governmentsshouldsupportmarketinformationsystemsthatprovidetimely,[accessible,]transparentinformationaboutfood-relatedmarkettransactions,includingenhancedtrackingofcurrentandfuturesupplystocksandpricedata[accessibletoallmarketparticipants].Governmentsshouldsupportagriculturaleconomicresearchontopicswhichmayincludetradeandimpactsofgovernmentpolicies.[Furthermonitoringandmarketstudiesonunderreportedcommoditiesincludingthosewithamajorimpactonnutritionandneglectedandunderutilizedcropsshouldalsobedeveloped].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

50InlinewiththeCFSPrinciplesforResponsibleInvestmentinAgricultureandFoodSystemsandCFSPolicyRecommendationsonInvestinginSmallholderAgriculture.

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f) Governments,privatesector,donorsandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldinvestinresearch,knowledgetransferandinnovationforproducingdiversifiednutritiouscrops[footnote;],suchaswholegrains,[includingrice,rootsandtubercrops,wheatandrye][biofortifiedcropsincludinghighyieldandpestresistantvarieties,]fruit,vegetables,nutsandseeds,legumes,including[,whereappropriate,][throughon-farm][conventionalbreedingof]nutrient-enrichedstaplesorcropsanddiverseanimal-sourcefoods[andbreeding](e.g.dairyproducts,fish,eggs,andmeat).[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

g) [Governmentsshouldpromotestrategies,guidelines[and][or][incentives][instruments]andsupportappropriatemeasuresto[promotenutritionwithinagricultureandfoodsupplychains.][:• achieve[energybalanceand]ahealthyweight;• limit[excessive]energyintakefromtotalfatsandshiftfatconsumptionawayfromsaturatedfatstounsaturatedfatsandtowardstheeliminationoftrans-fattyacids[ofindustrialorigin];

• increaseconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables,andlegumes,wholegrainsandnuts;• limitthe[excessive]intakeoffreesugars;• limitsalt(sodium)consumptionfromallsourcesandensurethatsaltisiodized[inadequateconcentration]51.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[CHAIR’SPROPOSALFORPARA3.2.3.g:Governmentsshouldpromotestrategies,guidelinesorinstrumentsthatsupportappropriatemeasurestoenablehealthydiets,inaccordancewithparagraph17,andpromotenutritionwithinagricultureandfoodsupplychainsinlinewithWHAResolutions57.17(footnote),paragraph22,and66.10(footnote).

Footnote1:ResolutionWHA57.17https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA57/A57_R17-en.pdfFootnote2:ResolutionWHA66.10.https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA66/A66_R10-en.pdf?ua=1]

3.2.4Improvingfoodstorage,processing,packaging,transformationandreformulation:a) Governments,privatesector,andotherstakeholdersshould,whereappropriate,invest

ininfrastructure(e.g.storagefacilities,transportinfrastructure,physicalmarketsandmarketinformationsystems)andlogisticalsupporttopreventpostharvestlossandwasteandsupporttheabilityoffoodproducers,includingsmallholdersandmicro,smallandmedium-sizeenterprisestodeliverdiverse,perishableandsafefoodtolocal,regional,internationalmarketsinsustainableways,inaccordancewithparagraph39,43and3.1.1c.(agreedadref)

b) Governments,privatesector,andfarmersandotherproducersandtheirassociationsshouldpromoteminimizingfoodlossandwasteonfarms,duringpost-harveststorage,

51WorldHealthAssembly(WHA)Resolutions57.17,paragraph22,and66.10

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andthroughoutprocessing,transportation,andretail.Thisincludesdemand-driventrainingandcapacitytoimprovemanagementpracticesandfostertheadoptionofappropriatetechnologies52.Theyshouldintensifyeffortstoquantifyandinvestigatehowtolessenfoodlossinthefoodstorage,processing,transformationandreformulationstagesandfoodwasteinretailandconsumerstagesinordertohaltthedecreaseoffoodqualityandquantityandeconomicloss,butalsocouldleadtoamoreefficientuseofnaturalresourceswithpositiveimpactonclimatechange.(agreedadref)

c) Governments,privatesectorandresearchcentersshouldsupportresearch,developmentandscalinguptheuseofinnovativeprocessingtechnologiesandpracticesinaccordancewiththethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentthatcanretainthenutrientcontentoffood,minimizepost-harvestnutrientlosses,create,whereappropriate,newvalueaddedproductsfromfoodprocessingby-products,andpromotelonger-termstorageoffood,particularlyduringperiodsofdrought,flooding,andinsufficientproduction.[Governmentsshouldalsopromote[,inaccordancewithnationallegislationsandcapacities,][theimportanceofprocessingforfoodsafetyandproductreformulation.][[guidelinesto[regulateand][monitorthelevelofprocessingoffood.][foodprocessing]][[Largescale]foodfortification[programmes][,asandwhenappropriate,][should][could]bepartofcriticalnutrition-specificactions[onlyinlimitedtimesandplaces][,whennecessary,]toaddressmicronutrientgapsofpublichealthconcern.[Theseshouldbeinlinewithnationalfortificationstrategiesorguidelines.]][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

d) Governmentsshould[promote][adopt]strategies,guidelines,[sustainability-sensitive][regulatoryinstrumentsand][or][non-tradedistortive][incentives][forlocalproduction][forfoodreformulation]andsupportappropriate[complementary][evidenceandscience-based]measures[suchas[interpretive]front-of-packlabels(FOPL),providing][toprovide]accurate,standardizedandcomprehensibleinformation,includingonkeynutritionalaspects,[suchasservingsizesandnutritionalcontentinthecontextofhealthydiets]tohelpconsumerstomakeinformedandhealthychoices53.[Alsomeasuresshouldbeadoptedtoreducetheoverallimpactonchildrenofmarketingof[ultra-processedfoodsand]foodshighinenergy,saturatedfats[footnote],trans-fats,sugarorsalt.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

e) Privatesectorshouldcontribute[understatecontrol]topublichealthgoalsincludingthosesetoutinthe2030Agendaalignedwithnational[legislations,regulations,][legislativeandregulatory]prioritiesandwithnationalfood-baseddietaryguidelinesbyproducingandpromotingnutritiousfoods[andsafefoodproducts]that[contributetoahealthydietand]areproducedsustainably[andcontributetoahealthydiet],

52Technologiesincludecoldchambersstorageunits,solarwalk-ins,refrigerators,drystorage,storagedrumsanddryingfacilities.53WorldHealthAssembly(WHA)Resolution57.17,paragraphs40.4and61,andWHAResolution66.10.

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[increasingandpreservingnutrientcontent][andshouldmakeeffortstoreformulatefoods,whennecessary,byreducingthecontentofsodium,sugarandsaturatedfats[footnote],[inaccordancewithparagraph3.2.4.d].[Governments[,whereappropriate,]shouldincentivize[national]privatesectorfoodactorsto[worktowardsmore][explore]sustainableandsafepackagingofproductssuchasnanotechnology,waxing[and],plant-basedwrapping[andbiodegradableplastics]].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.2.5Improvingnutritionandhealthoffarmandfoodsystemworkers:a) Governmentsshouldensurethattherighttowork54isrespected,protectedand

fulfilledforallfarmersandotherfoodproducersandworkers(includingmigrantsandundocumentedworkers),thatthesepopulationsareprotectedandsafe,andthatthereisnounnecessaryburdenwhichcouldnegativelyimpacttheirhealthstatus,includinginvolvementofchildreninharmfultasks(e.g.childlabour).(agreedadref)

b) Governmentsshouldprovide,andintergovernmentalorganizations,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromote,whereapplicable,socialprotectiontofoodproducersandworkershelpingthemtobefoodsecure,havedecentincomeandwagesandsufficientlivelihoods,andaccessandaffordhealthydietsandadequatehealthservices.[pendingclearance]

c) Privatesectorshouldimprovethenutritionalstatusofitsworkersandensuretheiraccesstosafeandcleandrinkingwaterandsanitationandtonutritiousfoodsintheworkplace,facilitateaccesstonutrition-relatedhealthservicesandencouragetheestablishmentoffacilitiesforbreastfeeding.(agreedadref)

d) Governments,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromotethehealthandwellbeingoffoodsystemworkers,includingseasonalandmigrantworkers,andadoptmeasures,includingearlywarningsystems,topreventspreadingofinfectiousdiseases,includingprovidingprotectiveequipmentbyensuringappropriateworkingconditionsand,whereappropriate,livingconditionsincludingforseasonalandmigrantworkers.Workersshouldbetrainedonhowinfectiousdiseasespreadsandhowtheycanprotectthemselvesandtheircoworkersandthefoodandthematerialstheyhandle.[Governmentsandprivatesector,inaccordancewithrelevantnationalandinternationallaws,shouldrecognize[therolethatfarmerandworkerorganizations,[,includingorganizationsofpeasantsandtradeunionsofworkers,]playandpromotingthehealthandwellbeingoffarmandfoodsystemworkers.][thatorganizationofpeasantsandtradeunionsofworkersinfarmsandinfoodsystemshaveacrucialroletoplayinensuringthehealthandwellbeingoffarmandfoodsystemworkers].][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.2.6Empoweringyouthacrossfoodsystems:54UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(1948)-articles23and24.

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a) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldengage,encourageandempoweryouth,acknowledgingtheirdiversity,tobeactivelyinvolvedinfoodsystemsbyenhancingtheiraccesstoland,naturalresources,inputs,tools,information,extensionandadvisoryservices,financialservices,education,training,markets,andpromotetheirinclusionindecision-makingprocessesinaccordancewithnationallegislationandregulations.(agreedadref)

b) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,privatesector,non-governmentalorganizations,andcommunitiesshouldinvestinappropriatevocationalandskilltrainings,formaleducation,andmentorshipprogrammesforyouthtoincreasetheircapacityandaccesstodecentwork,employmentandentrepreneurshipopportunities,aswellasindemandsideenablingpoliciesandinstrumentstocreatedecentworkopportunities,tostimulateandbedriverstowardsustainablefoodsystemsforthenextgeneration.Investmentscouldalsoincluderesearchandactionstosupportyouthinaddressingtheirownnutritionalneedsandstrengthentheroleofyouthplayaschangeagentsinfluencingtheconsumptionofhealthydietswithinsocietiesbothascontributorsinfoodsystemsandasinfluencersinthehouseholdsandcommunities.(agreedadref)

c) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizationsandprivatesectorshouldpromotedevelopment,rural-urbanlinkages,andaccesstoinformation,socialinnovations,resourcehubs,andnewtechnologiesandpracticesforyouthalongfoodsupplychainsthatenhancethesustainabilityoffoodsystems,improvenutritionandsupportsocialenterprisesandofyouthentrepreneurship(particularlyincountriesexperiencinghighratesofyouthinternalandexternalmigration).Governments,intergovernmentalorganizationsandprivatesectorshould,inaccordancetonationallegislations,enableyouthactiveengagementandparticipationinpolicy-makingacrosssectorsandsupporttheindividualandcollectivecapacitiestoshapefoodsystemsbyrecognizingtheiragency.(agreedadref)

3.3[EQUAL[RIGHTS]AND]EQUITABLEACCESSTOHEALTHYDIETS[THROUGHSUSTAINABLEFOODSYSTEMS][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

54.Foodenvironmentscomprisefoodsavailableandaccessibletopeopleintheirsurroundingsandthenutritionalquality,safety,price,convenience,labellingandpromotionofthesefoods.Theseenvironmentsshouldensurethatpeoplehaveequalandequitableaccesstosufficient,affordable,safeandnutritiousfoodsthatmeetdietaryneedsandfoodpreferencesforanactiveandhealthylife55,consideringthevariousphysical,social,economic,cultural,andpoliticalfactorsthatinfluencethataccess.Formanypeople,accesstohealthydietscanbeproblematicastheymaynotbeavailable,accessible,or

55FAO.2004.VoluntaryGuidelinestosupporttheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity.Paragraph15.

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affordableforavarietyofreasons.Thissectionoutlinessomepotentialpolicyentrypointstoimprovephysicalandeconomicaccess,andavailabilityofhealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystemsintheplaceswherepeopleshop,choose,andeatfood.(agreedadref)

3.3.1Improvingaccesstofoodthatcontributestohealthydiets:a) Governmentsshouldimprovetheavailabilityofandaccesstosafeandnutritiousfood

thatcontributestohealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems,[basedon][includingthroughtradethatshouldbeinaccordancewith]auniversal,rules-based,open,non-discriminatoryandequitable,multilateraltradingsystem[,andensurethatthesedonothaveanegativeimpactontheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity56.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

b) GovernmentsshouldtakeintoconsiderationtheguidancedevelopedbyFAOandWHOtoensurethatintimesofcrisis(e.g.pandemics),theintegrityandresilienceoffoodsystemsaremaintained,andadequateandsafefoodsuppliesareavailableandaccessibleforallpeople.Governmentsshouldrecognizetheimportanceoflocalsmallholdersandfamilyfarmersinthisrespect.(agreedadref)

c) Intimesofcrisis,governmentsshould[recognizetheessentialnature[andurgencyofactionfor][of][declare]foodproduction,distribution,processing[andmarketing][essentialservices][everywhere][and]tokeep[localandinformalmarketsand]tradecorridorsopen[,includingavoiding[export][trade]restrictions,][withinandamongnations][,whileconsideringthenationalfoodsecuritycircumstancesaswellassanitary,phytosanitaryandepidemiologicalsituations,][ensuringworkersrights][inorder]toensure[theprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurityand][the]continuousfunctioningofcriticalaspectsoffoodsystemsinallcountries[aswellassupporting[transitiontomore][theprocesstowardsachieving]sustainablefoodsystemsthat[areinbetterbalancewithnatureandthatsupport][cancontributeto]healthydietsforall]57.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

d) Governmentsshouldtakeequityandequalityintoconsiderationwhenactingtoaddressfoodenvironmentsandensuremembersofvulnerablecommunities,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities,peasants,pastoralists,small-scalefisherfolks,agriculturalandfoodworkers,ruralandurbanwomenandyouth,peoplewithdisabilities,andpeoplefacingconstraintsduetoageandillness,havesufficientaccesstodiversefoodthatcontributetohealthydiets.(agreedadref)

56FAO.2004.VoluntaryGuidelinestosupporttheprogressiverealizationoftherighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity.57PolicyBrief:TheImpactofCOVID-19onFoodSecurityandNutrition.June2020.UnitedNations,NewYork

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e) Governmentsshouldminimizebarrierssothatpeoplecangrow,transport,preserve,purchase,orderorotherwiseaccessdiversetypesoffoods,includingfreshandseasonalfoods,thatcontributetohealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystemsinagivenfoodenvironment.Thiscanbedoneby,interalia,institutingruralandurbanplanningpolicies,facilitatinginternetaccessandinnovativeservicedelivery,,policiesandinstrumentsthatencourageretailoutletsandlocal[andinformal],streetandwetmarketstosellavarietyofsafe,affordablenutritiousfoodsthatcontributetohealthydiets[throughsustainablefoodsystems],andthatpromote,asandwhenappropriate,localproduction,includinghome,community,andschoolfoodproductionandgardens,aswellasnationalandinternationalmarketswhereappropriate.[Evidenceandthecost-effectivenessofsuchpoliciesinthecontextoflocalsocio-economicandmarketconditionsshouldbeconsidered.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

f) Governmentsshouldexaminemeasurestoencouragefarmersandfishersmarkets,mobilefoodretailers,streetfoodvendorsandotherretailersthatsellavarietyoffoods,bothlocallygrownandgloballysourced,thatcontributetohealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems.(agreedadref)

g) Governments,inconsultationwithconsumerassociationsandlocalresidents,canpromotelocalfoodretailersandmarketstoincreasethenumber,variety,andsaleofsustainablyproducedsafeandnutritiousfoods,bothlocallygrownandgloballysourced,thatcontributetohealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems.Thiscanbedonebycreatinglocalfoodpolicycouncilstogiveresidentsavoiceinhowbesttoimproveavailability,accessandaffordabilityofhealthydietsintheircommunities,givingspecialattentiontothosepeoplethataremostaffectedbyhungerandmalnutritioninallitsforms.(agreedadref)

3.3.2Improvingtheavailabilityandaffordabilityoffoodthatcontributestohealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems:[InformallyagreedbyFoC]a) Governments[should][may][consider][,whereappropriatetonational

circumstances,][take][active][legislative]measures[includingpoliciesandinstruments,][tosupportconsumers]andvoluntaryinitiatives,[includingwhereappropriate,[fiscalpolicies][andeconomictools][taxation]]toimprovetheaffordability[andaccessibility]ofhealthydiets[throughsustainablefoodsystems][andpromotethepurchaseofnutritiousfoodsandbeverages][.][andatthesametimedisincentivizetheconsumptionofsugarandsweetenedbeveragesandunhealthy[highlyprocessed]food][promotepoliciesandprogrammeaimingatpreventingorreducingoverweightandobesity].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

b) Governments,withthesupportofintergovernmentalorganizations,theprivatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholders,shouldstrengthenpublicprocurementsystemsbyensuringhealthydietsareavailable,accessible,affordableandconvenientinpublicsettingsandinstitutions,includingkindergartensandotherchildcarefacilities,schools,

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hospitals,foodbanks,governmentofficesandworkplaces,militarybasesandprisons,nursinghomes,andcaresettings,inlinewithnationalfood-baseddietaryguidelines,andengagingwith,whereavailable,smallholdersandfamilyfarmersandvulnerablelocalfoodproducers.[agreedadref]

c) Governmentsshouldlinktheprovisionofhealthyschoolmealsthroughsustainablefoodsystemswithclearnutritionalobjectives,alignedwithnationalfood-baseddietaryguidelinesandadaptedtotheneedsofdifferentagegroups,withspecialattentiontothosemostaffectedbyhungerandmalnutrition.[agreedadref]

d) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldconsiderpromotinghomegrownschoolmeals,wherefoodservedinschoolsandotherchildcarefacilitiesisprocured,whereappropriate,fromsmallholderand/orfamilyfarmerstosupportlocalcommunitiesandprovideeducationalopportunitiesforstudents.[agreedadref]

e) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldfacilitatetheaffordabilityofhealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystemsforpoorhouseholdsthroughsocialprotectionprogrammes,suchasvouchersfornutritiousfoods,cashtransfers,schoolfeedingprogrammesorothercommunitymealsprogrammes.Theseshouldbelinkedtoclearnutritionaloutcomes,alignedwithnationalfood-baseddietaryguidelinesandadaptedtotheneedsofdifferentagegroups.[agreedadref]

f) Governmentalactorsandintergovernmentalorganizationsshouldpromotethereadinessandresilienceofsocialprotectionprogrammestocopewithpandemicsandothersystemicshocksthatnegativelyimpactfoodsecurityandnutrition.[agreedadref]

g) Governments,consumers,farmersandotherfoodproducersorganizationsshouldpromotetheavailabilityofsafeandnutritiousandsustainablyproducedfoodthatcontributestohealthydietsincludingnutritiousandsustainablyproducedfoodfromsmallholdersandfamilyfarmersandfishersmarkets,socialorganizationsandothercommunity-buildingeffortsthatengagepeoplearoundlocalfoodcultures.[agreedadref]

3.3.3Monitoringnewtechnologiesandpromotingtrendsforhealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystems:a) Governmentsshouldacknowledgeandmonitortheinfluentialrolesoftheinternet,

socialmedia,andonlinemarketingoffoods,andshouldencouragemediacompaniestopromotenutritious,safeandsustainablyproducedfoodsthatcontributetohealthydietsonsocialmediaspheres.[agreedadref]

b) Governmentsshouldrecognizethegrowingtrendoffoodpurchasedonlineandconsumedawayfromhome(includingstreetfood)andcould,asappropriatetonationalcircumstances,promotepoliciestoencouragerestaurantsandonlineoutlets

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toofferprepareddishesmadefromnutritious,safeandsustainablyproducedfoodsthatcontributetohealthydiets,displayinformationaboutfoodonmenus(i.e.calories,productcomposition,andothernutritionalcontentaswellasotherrelevant[scienceandevidence-based]informationsuchasrelatedtosustainableproductionandconsumption[,[basedon][considering,whereappropriate,]indicatorsof2030Agenda]),avoidfoodlossandwaste,andrespect[anyrelevant]foodsafetyregulations.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.4 FOODSAFETYACROSSSUSTAINABLEFOODSYSTEMS

55.Foodsafetyisfoundationaltoallpartsofthefoodsystemandiscriticaltopreventfood-bornepathogens,[toprevent]hazardsandillness,[suchasfood-bornepathogens,naturallyoccurringtoxinsandcontaminants,pesticidesresidues,[antibiotics],residuesofveterinarydrugs[,[including]antimicrobials]andheavymetals]aswellasnaturallyoccurringtoxinsandcontaminants,residuesofpesticides,[antibiotics,antimicrobials][veterinarydrugs[,antimicrobials][residuesofpesticidesandveterinarydrugsincludingantimicrobials][andheavymetals].Animalandplantdiseasesarelikewisethreatstothesafetyandresilienceoffoodsystemsandtohumanhealthandnutrition.Foodcannotbeconsiderednutritiousifitisnotsafe,andpoorfoodsafetyhinderstheadoptionofhealthydiets.[Ontheotherhand,foodprocessingtohelpensuresafeandshelfstablefoodhasthepotentialtorenderfoodlessnutritiousduetotheadditionofsodium,sugarsandremovalofmicronutrients.Acarefulbalanceandapplicationoffoodsafetyprincipleswhileretainingnutritionalqualitiesisimportant.][Thus,measurestoachievefoodsafetyshouldbebasedonscienceandevidence-basedassessmentsoftherisks,inaccordancewithmultilaterallyagreedrules.]Thereisanincreasedurgencytoimprovetheabilitytotrackfoodsafetyto[helpmonitorthefoodsupplyflow,betterconnectproducerstoconsumers,and]facilitatefoodrecallsacrosscoordinatednetworks.Thissectionhighlightstheneedfor[global][international]andnationalcooperationonfoodsafety[andforeverystakeholdertoberesponsibleandaccountableforthesourcing,handling,andqualitycontroloffoodbecauseofthepotentialspreadoffoodborneillness].[Foodsafetyshouldbepromotedthrougheffectiverisksassessmentsleadingtocontrolsystemsthatareappropriatefordifferentscales,contextsandmodesofproductionandmarketing.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.4.1Strengtheningnationalandinternationalcooperationonfoodsafety:a) Governmentsshouldpromotefoodsafetywithintheirfoodsystemspoliciesand

developscience-basedandcontext-specificfoodsafetypoliciesandprogrammesthatconsideractionsacrosstheentirefoodsystems-concerningproduction,processing,handling,preparation,storage,anddistributionoffood.[agreedadref]

b) Governmentsshoulddevelop,establish,strengthenandenforce,asappropriate,foodsafetycontrolsystems,includingreviewing,adopting,updatingandenforcingnationalfoodsafetylegislationandregulationstoensurethatfoodproducersandsuppliers

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throughoutthefoodsupplychainoperatesafely.Governmentsshouldimplement,asappropriate,andwiththesupportofintergovernmentalorganizations,internationallyadoptedstandards,inaccordancewithparagraph39oftheVGFSyN.[agreedadref]

c) GovernmentsandtheFAO/WHOInternationalFoodSafetyAuthoritiesNetwork(INFOSAN)shouldparticipatein,shareandcontribute,asappropriate,dataandevidencetoofficialinternationalnetworksthatexchangefoodsafetyinformation,includingthesurveillanceoffoodbornehazardsanddiseaseoutbreaksandmanagementofemergenciestoimprovefoodsafetyacrossarangeofissuessuchaswaterquality,pesticideresidues,[veterinarydrugresidues][antimicrobialresidues,]residuesofveterinaryorphytosanitarymedicalproducts,[endocrinedisrupters,][chemicalcontaminantsandnaturallyoccurringtoxins,][useofunauthorizedandunsafe]foodadditives,pathogenicbacteria,viruses,toxins,parasites,zoonoses,andfraud/adulterationoffoodproducts.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.4.2Ensuringfoodsafetyacrossfoodproductionsystems:a) Governments,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldimplementaOne

HealthApproach58to[foodsafety][food-bornediseases]alongtheentirefoodandfeedsupplychain,whereappropriaterecognizingtheinterconnectionbetweenfoodsafetyandhuman,plant,animalandenvironmentalhealthparticularlytopreventandmitigatefuturetransmissionofzoonoticandotheremerginginfectiousdiseaseswithpandemicpotential.[pendingclearance]

b) Governments,incollaborationwithintergovernmentalorganizations,shoulddevelopandimplementscienceandrisk-basednationalplanstocombatAntimicrobialResistanceinlivestock,aquaculture,andinplants,includinginfeedproduction,thattakeintoaccountinternationalstandards,guidelinesandrecommendations,adoptedbytheinternationalstandardsettingbodiesrecognizedbytheWTO/SPSagreement,topromoteandsupportprudentandappropriateuseofantimicrobials59,including,whereappropriate,phasingouttheuseof[medicallyimportant]antimicrobialsasgrowthpromoters60[intheabsenceofriskanalysis][GlobalActionPlanonAntimicrobialResistance].[AcollaborativeOneHealthapproachisnecessarytoreduceAMR,includingawarenessraisingaswellasdevelopingthecapacityofmonitoringAMRandAMU(AntimicrobialUse)infoodandagriculture.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.4.3Protectingconsumersfromfoodsafetyrisksinfoodsupplies:

58OneHealthisanapproachtodesigningandimplementingprogrammes,policies,legislationandresearchinwhichmultiplesectors(suchaspublichealth,animalhealth,planthealthandtheenvironment)communicateandworktogethertoachievebetterpublichealthoutcomes.Reference:https://www.who.int/features/qa/one-health/en/ 59FAOConference,FinalReportofthe41thSession(2019),AppendixC.Paragraph7.60FAOConferenceResolution4/2015onAntimicrobialResistance.Paragraphsaandd.

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a) Governments,privatesector,intergovernmentalorganizations,developmentpartnersandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromoteandenhancetraceabilityinfoodsupplychains,earlycontaminationdetection,andleveragetheopportunitiesthatnewtechnologiesofferfortraceabilitysolutions.[agreedadref]

b) Investmentbygovernments,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldsupporttrainingforfoodproducers,handlersandprocessorstoimplementnational,scienceandevidence-based,risk-basedmeasuresthatcanprovidesafefoodwhileretainingtheirnutrientcontent.[agreedadref]

c) Governments[should][areinvitedto]acknowledge,andadaptlegislations,regulationsandguidelines,toassessandmanageemergingandpotentialhealth[risks][implications[aswellas]possiblebenefits[inconsiderationoftheirpossibleuse][andconsiderpossiblecontributionto]forfoodsecurityandnutrition][andmanage][of]newfoodproductscreatedbyemergingtechnologies(e.g.labgrownmeats,andgene[edited][editingandmodernbiotechnology]products,etc.)asappropriatetakingintoaccountscientificriskassessmentsandCodexstandards,whereavailable,aswithanynewfoodproduct[ininternationalregulatoryframeworks[aswellaslegitimatefactorsotherthanscience(forinstanceconsumerpreferences]].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.5 PEOPLE-CENTEREDNUTRITIONKNOWLEDGEEDUCATIONANDINFORMATION

56.Itisimportanttoconsider,establish,maintainandprotecttherangeanddiversityoffoodcultures,socialnorms,relations,andtraditionsthatcontributetohealthydietsthroughsustainablefoodsystemswithoutunderminingprogressingenderequality.Thissectionoutlinesthepolicyentrypointstopromotehealthydietsthroughsupportingpeopletoimprovetheirknowledge,awareness,education,andthequalityofinformationavailable,motivations,skillsandsustainablepracticesempoweringkeyactors.Context-specificprogrammesandpromotionofthehealthyaspectsoftraditionaldietsandknowledgeoriginatingfromdiversefoodsystemsarevitaltoensuringequal,positiveandsustainableimpactsonnutritionandtheenvironment.Socialandbehaviorchangecanalsoshiftpatternsaroundfoodandfoodconsumptionandempowerpeopletomakebetterchoicesforthemselvesandtheirfamiliesand[thethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment(environmental,socialandeconomic)][environmental,economicandsocialdimensions[ofsustainabledevelopment].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.5.1Utilizingpoliciesandtoolstoprovideeducationandinformationonhealthydiets[throughsustainablefoodsystems]:[pendingbracketstobediscussed]a) Governments,incooperationwithscientificinstitutions,shouldsupportanddevelop,

whereappropriate,evidence-basedfood-baseddietaryguidelinesfordifferentagegroupsandpeoplewithspecialdietaryrequirementsthatdefinecontext-specifichealthydietsbytakingintoaccountsocial,cultural,ancestral,scientific,economic,

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traditional,ecological,geographicalandenvironmentaldrivers.Itisalsoimportanttoinvest,whereappropriate,inpublichealthnutritiontoolstoimprovenutritioneducationand[inorderto]promotehealthydiets[andsustainablefoodsystems][throughsustainablefoodsystems].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

b) Governmentsshoulddevelop,asappropriate,scienceandevidence-basednutritionstandardsasabasisto[restrict][regulate][examine][considerpoliciestoreducetheimpactof]marketing[acrossallcommunicationchannels][,promotionandsponsorshipsexposure]offoodshighinenergydensitywith[minimal][low]nutritionalvaluetochildren](includingdigitalmarketing[,productpackaging),promotionandsponsorshipsexposure,especiallyofminors,to[ultra-processed]foodsandbeverages[highin[calories,]fat,especiallysaturated[footnote]andtrans-fats,sugarsandsalt/sodium],inaccordancewithmultilaterallyagreedrulesandnationallegislation,whereapplicable.Suchmeasurescouldinclude,whereappropriate,[prohibition][regulation]tosellandadvertisesuchfood[inpublicplacesor]nearschools,includingchild-carefacilities,wherenecessary.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

c) Governments[andotherstakeholders]should[protect,]promote[andsupport][exclusive]breastfeeding[forthefirstsixmonths][anduntiltotwoyears][,encouragetheestablishmentofmilkbanksandprotectandsupportbreastfeedingforworkingmothers][newpara:[andsubsequentlysupportedbyadequateandtimelycomplementaryfeeding]andregulate[theapplicationoftheInternationalCodeofMarketingofBreast-MilkSubstitutes],[whereappropriate,themarketingofcommercialinfantformula[andothercomplementaryproductstoensureproperfoodsafetyandessentialnutrientcompositionneedsforinfantandyoungchildren.Labellingshouldbeclearanddiscernibletoallowconsumerspurchasingtheseproductstoidentifythoseappropriatefortheageoftheirinfantsandyoungchild][andotherbreast-milksubstitutesandimplementtheInternationalCodeofMarketingofBreast-MilkSubstitutes61andsubsequentrelevantWHAresolutions,takingintoaccounttheirnationalcontexts.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

d) Governmentsshouldpromoteandsupportnutritionallabelling[and][includingconsiderationof][voluntary][interpretive]front-of-packlabelling(FOPL)[systems,suchaswarninglabels]tosupporthealthydiets[throughsustainablefoodsystems].TheFOPLsystemshouldbe[basedonscientificevidenceandfreefromconflictofinterestand]alignedwithnationalpublichealthandnutritionpoliciesandfoodregulations[basedonsoundscientificbasistoallowinformedchoicesinthecontextoftheoverallbalanceofahealthydietandtakingintoconsiderationrelevantWHOguidanceandCODEXguidelines].[TheFOPLsystemshouldcompriseanunderpinningnutrientprofilemodel[basedonscientificevidenceandfreeofconflictofinterest]that

61InternationalCodeofMarketingofBreast-MilkSubstitutes.WHO,1981.Geneva.

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considerstheoverallnutritionqualityoftheproductorthenutrientsofconcernfor[NCDs[(orboth)]][diet-relateddiseases.][Theregulatoryobjectivesofthelabellingsystemwhichallowtheconsumerstoidentifyproductscorrectly,quicklyandeasilywhentheycontainexcessiveamountofsugar,totalfats,saturatedfats,transfatsandsodium].][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

e) Governmentsshould[,asappropriate,][provideincentives][developpoliciesto][encourage][to]privatesector[actors]to[producemorenutritiousfoodand][designfoodoutlet,includingmarkets,restaurants,andotherplaceswherefoodissoldorservedthat]encouragetheplacement[andpromotion]of[safeandnutritious][andsustainablyproduced]foods[thatarepreferablesustainablyproduced]thatcontributetohealthydiets.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

f) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,[privatesector,]civilsocietyandnon-governmentalorganizationsandotherrelevantstakeholders,including[medicaland]health[care]practitioners,shouldpromotetheintegrationofnutritioneducationandcounselingpractices[indifferentsettings,[whilesafeguardingagainstpotentialconflictofinterest,]includingforpopulationsparticipatinginmaternalandchildnutritionprogrammes][andinformation,[interventions][programmes]basedonfood-baseddietaryguidelines,otherpoliciesrelatedtofoodsystems.Theinclusionofnutritioneducationandinformationwithinagricultureextensiontechnicalpackagesasawaytosupportproducersinincreasingtheproductionofhighnutrientdensitycropsandcropdiversificationshouldbeconsidered].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

g) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,[privatesector,]civilsocietyandnon-governmentalorganizationsandotherrelevantstakeholders,includingmedicalandhealthpractitioners,shouldpromotearangeof[behaviorchange][informedconsumerchoice]activitiessuchassocialandbehaviorchangecommunication(SBCC),foodandnutritioneducation[,interpersonalcommunicationandcommunitydialogues,]andsocialmarketing[initiativestopromotebreastfeeding,indigenousandtraditionalfoodcultures]asawaytopositivelyinfluenceknowledge,attitudesandsocialnorms,andcoordinatemessagingonnutrition[andsustainableconsumption]acrossavarietyofcommunicationchannelstoreachmultiplelevelsofsociety(e.g.massmediacampaigns).[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

h) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,civilsociety,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldsupporttheeducationofallfoodsystemactorstoprioritizethereductionoffoodlossandwaste.Actionscouldincludeawarenesscampaignsatnational,regionalandgloballevels,fooddatelabelling,andmonitoringoffoodlossandwaste.(agreedadref)

3.5.2Encouraginglocalfoodknowledgeandculture:a) Governments,civilsocietyorganizations,[privatesector,]intergovernmental

organizations,academiaandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldusescienceand

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evidence-basedaswellascultural,traditionalandancestralknowledgeresourcestopromoteandsupporteducationandknowledgeofhealthydiets[throughsustainablefoodsystems],nutrition,physicalactivity,[diversifiedproductionsystems,]foodlossandwasteprevention,intrahouseholdfooddistribution,foodsafety,optimalbreastfeedingand,whereneeded,complementaryfeeding,takingintoconsiderationculturalandsocialnormsandadaptingtodifferentaudiencesandcontexts.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

b) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,civilsocietyorganizations,privatesector,communityleaders,socialworkers,healthprofessionals,academiaandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldencouragefoodcultures,culinaryskillsandnutritioneducationandrecognizetheimportanceoffoodinculturalheritageacrosscommunitiesThiscanbedonethroughcommunityandconsumerassociationsandeducationalinstitutions,targetingmenandwomen.(agreedadref)

c) Governmentsshould,appropriately,protectandpromotetheknowledgethatindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitieshavewithregardtolocaltraditions,ancestralcustomsandmethodsof[sustainably]producing[food],preparing,andpreservinglocalandtraditionalfoodthathasnutritional[andenvironmental]benefits,andthatpromotesfoodsafety[andsustainablefoodproduction].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.5.3Promoting“hubs”forfoodandnutritionknowledge,educationandinformation:a) Universities,schools,technicalandvocationaleducationandtrainingcentresaswellas

teachingschoolsshouldinstitutenutritioneducationcurriculaforstudentsontheareasoffoodstudiesincludingfoodtechnology,healthandagricultureduringtheirtraining.(agreedadref)

b) Governments,civilsocietyorganizations,[privatesector,]intergovernmentalorganizations,universities,schools,organizationsofsmall-scaleproducersandworkers,communicationmediaandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromotenutritionknowledgeandculinaryskillsamongschool-agechildren,youthandadults(includingpromotingcommunalmealtimes,socializingaroundfood,consuminghealthydiets,andreducingfoodwaste)inavarietyofsettings.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

c) Governments,withthesupportofintergovernmentalorganizationsuponrequest,should,asappropriate,implementcomprehensiveschoolandpre-schoolfoodandnutritionpolicies,revieweducationcurriculatoincorporatenutritionand[sustainability]principles][and][sustainable]practices],involvecommunities[,especiallylocalcommunities[including,wherepossible,small-scalefoodproducersandworkersandtheirorganizations],]inpromotingandcreatinghealthyfoodenvironments[,sustainablefoodsystems]andhealthydiets[throughsustainablefood

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systems]inschools,kindergartensandotherchildcarefacilities,andsupportschoolhealthandnutritionservices.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

d) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,privatesector,civilsocietyandnon-governmentalorganizations,small-scalefoodproducersandworkersandtheirorganizations,andotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldsupportfoodandnutritiondialogueswithindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities,farmerfieldschoolsandagricultureextensionservicesbysharingtheknowledge,experienceandinsightsofindividualswhoarenotusuallyregardedasmembersofthenutritioncommunity(e.g.communityandreligiousleaders,chefs,[foodsystemssuppliers,retailersandconsumers],youthleaders,farmersandfoodproducers,youngentrepreneurs,[small-scalefoodproducersandworkersandtheirorganizations,][healthcareworkers,]mayorsandlocalcommunities).[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.6 GENDEREQUALITYANDWOMEN’SEMPOWERMENT[ANDAUTONOMY]ACROSSFOODSYSTEMS[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

57.Genderrelationsandculturalnormsareamongthemostsignificantdriversof[hunger,undernutritionandmalnutritionofwomenandgirls][healthydietsandnutritionoutcomes].Inmanycountries,womenandgirlsproducefood,makedecisionsaboutthehousehold’sdietandinfluencethenutritionalstatusofhouseholdmembers.Womenareimportantagentsforsustainabledevelopmentasfoodsystemactors,butalsoasactorsintheirhouseholds,communitiesandcountries.Atthesametime,womenandgirlsare[unequallyburdenedwith]assignedresponsibilitiesforunpaidcareanddomesticworkandoftenface[significantly]higherlevelsoffoodinsecurityandworsenutritionoutcomes[thanmen].[Thismaybeexacerbatedforthosefacingmultipleexclusionsonthebasisoftheirdisability,age,ethnicity,religiousbelief,sexuality,locationandothercharacteristics;orsimplybecausetheyaretheverypoorestinsociety.]Women’sandgirl’sempowerment[andensuringwomen’srights]throughredistributionofsuchunpaidwork,education,andaccesstoinformation,resourcesandservicesareneededtoimprovingnutrition.Thissectionhighlightstheimportanceofimprovingwomen’swellbeing,ensuringdirectaccesstofinancial,technicalandbiophysicalresources,[improvingagency][enablingagency]andparticipationindecision-making,[voiceandstatus,]and[challenging][balancing]thepowerrelationshipsand[overcoming]legalimpedimentsthatlimitequalityandchoices.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.6.1Empoweringwomen:a) Governmentsshould[ensureequalopportunitiesand]promoteequalparticipation

betweenwomenandmeninpolicydecision-making,supportingwomenespeciallyinruralcontext,andensuringgenderequalityinleadershiprolesindecisionmakingbodies–parliaments,ministriesandlocalauthoritiesatdistrictandcommunitylevels.[Governmentsandother[agencies][stakeholders]should[embarkon][foster]

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behaviorchange[strategies]toengagewithmenandboystosupportwomenandgirlsinnutritionasajointresponsibility.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

b) Governmentsshouldpromoteanenablingenvironmenttogenerate[socio-cultural][social,economicandcultural]changestowardsgenderequality[andgenderresponsive-approach]withspecific[genderresponsive]policies,programmes,institutionsandadvocacycampaignstodealwiththevariousformsofdiscriminationandviolencewomen[andgirls]face[,particularlyinruralareas].[This[should][could]includeengagingwithmentominimizeanybacklashandadapting[extensionandadvisory][public]servicesto[facilitate][support]women.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

c) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,privatesector,civilsociety[,particularlywomen’sorganizations]andotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromoteadolescentgirls’[,asapplicable,]andwomen’s[humancapital][capacity]developmentbysupportingaccesstoeducation,[recognizingevery[childrenincluding]girls’rightto[12yearsofquality][primaryandsecondary]education,]literacyprogrammes,health[includingsexualreproductivehealth]andothersocialservicestoincreasehouseholdnutritionalstatus.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.6.2Promotingandacknowledgingwomenasfoodsystem[entrepreneurs][keyagents]:[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

[Newpara:Governmentsandotherstakeholdersshouldattachagreatimportancetocreationofconditionsforwomentofullyrealizetheirpotentialthroughtheoptimalcombinationoffamilyandprofessionallifebyincludingeconomicempowermentofwomen,socialprotectionschemes,childandfamilysupportpayments,establishmentofminimumwagesandpensions.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

a) Governments,inaccordancewithnationallegislations,shouldensurewomen’sequaltenurerightsandpromotetheirequalaccesstoandcontroloverproductiveland,naturalresources,inputs,productivetools,andaccesstoeducation,training,markets,andinformationinlinewiththeCFSVGGT.(agreedadref)

b) Governments,privatesector,intergovernmentalorganizationsandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldenhancewomen’srolesinagriculturebypromotingandsupportingthatwomen[have][contributeto]decision-making[power]overwhatandhowtheychoosetoproducecrops/food.Womenshouldbeofferedequalaccesstoextensionandadvisoryservicesforcropsandanimalproductsthattheyproduceorprocess,capacity-buildingtoengagewithtraders,financialservices(e.g.creditandsavingsmechanisms),andentrepreneurialopportunitiesacrossfoodsystems.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

c) Governments,non-governmentalorganizations,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldpromoteandincreaseaccessofwomentotimesaving

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technologies[whichallowforabetteruseoftime]62thatcouldhelpimprovetheirlivelihoods.[pendingbracketstobediscussed][Newpara:Governmentsshouldpromotethedesignofcontext-specificpoliciestoreducedigitalgapsamongruralwomenandpromotecooperationschemestofacilitateruralwomen’saccesstotheapplicationofdigitaltoolsandtechnologicalsolutionstoimprovetheirproductiveactivities.][pendingbracketstobediscussed]

d) Governments,privatesector,civilsocietyandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldfacilitatewomen’sequalaccesstoentrepreneurshipandemploymentopportunitiesacrossfoodsystemsandrelatedactivities,leveragingexistingbusinessplatformstogenerateadequateincome,aswellasincreasewomen’sparticipationindecision-makingontheuseofhouseholdincome[.][andopportunitiestobuildandmanagesavings].This[would][could]includebusinessmanagementtraining,decision-makingskilldevelopment,scalingoffinancialservicesandproductsbothaccessibleandrelevanttowomen’sneeds,andtoolstohelpmenandwomenstrengthentheirintra-householdcommunication.[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.6.3 Recognizingandaddressingwomen’snutritionalstatusanddeprivation:a) Governments,intergovernmentalorganizations,non-governmentalorganizations,

developmentpartnersandotherrelevantstakeholdersshouldacknowledgeandadvancethenutritionalwell-beingofadolescentgirls[,asapplicable,]andwomenincludingthroughtheprovisionofhealthandnutritionalservicesthroughvarioussectors.Thiscanbedonebypromotingandsupportingthatnationaldevelopmentstrategiesareinformedbyparticipatorygenderandageanalyses,andthatwomenandadolescentgirls[,asapplicable,]withcompromisednutritionalstatusandhigherlevelsofdeprivation,accessgender-responsivesocialprotection[schemes][programmesandbenefits].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

b) Acknowledgingthesignificanttimeandworkburdenofwomeninthepreparationof[nutritious]meals,andtheirrolesinagricultureandfoodproduction,governmentsshouldacknowledgeandvaluetheimportanceof[unpaid]careanddomestic[,agricultural][andacrossthefood[chains][systems]]workatthehouseholdlevelthroughtheeffectiveimplementationof[protective]policies,socialprotectionprogrammes,andotherbenefits,andshouldpromotegender-equalandequitabledistributionofcarework.Theequalparticipationofmenin[unpaid][domestic]workshouldbepromoted,especiallywherewomenarealsoactivein[productivelabour][thelabourmarket].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

c) Governmentsshouldcreateanenablingpolicyframework,asappropriate,andsupportivepracticestoprotectandsupportbreastfeeding,ensuringthatdecisionsto

62Theseincludefoodpreservationandprocessingequipment,coldstorage,heatandthermalprocessing,grinding/blendingdevices,energysavingstoves,andmodernfarmequipmentforploughing,cultivatingandharvestingnutritiouscrops/foodandraisingsmallruminantsandpoultry.

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breastfeeddonotresultinwomenlosingtheireconomicsecurityoranyoftheirrights.Thisshouldincludeimplementingmaternityprotectionlegislation[preferablyforatleastsixmonths][forformalandinformalwomenworkers],including[entitlementtopublicly-fundedpaid[maternity]][parental][equalpaternity]leave[(orpaternityleave)],andremovingworkplace-relatedbarrierstobreastfeeding(lackofbreaks,facilities,andservices).[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.7 RESILIENTFOODSYSTEMSINHUMANITARIANCONTEXTS

58.Linkingfoodsecurityandnutrition[interventions]duringhumanitariancrises(humaninduced[andclimatechange-related[andnatural]disasters][disastersincludingthoseinducedbyclimatechange],epidemics/pandemics)withlonger-termstrategies[[thatalign][inaccordance]with[internationalhumanrightsand]humanitarianlaw]isessentialtostrengthentheresilienceoffoodsystems.Shortorprotractedcrisesdisplacemillions,andincreasetheirriskoffoodinsecurityandmalnutrition.Thecriticalfocusin[this]contexts][thesecrises]isidentify[ing]thebalancebetweenimmediatefoodsecurityandnutritionneedsandimpact[of]response[interventions]mayhaveonthesystem.Consideringtheimportanceofresilientfoodsystems,thissectionhighlightstheimportanceofstrengtheningthe[nexusbetween[humanrights,]][thecontinuumof]humanitarian[principles]anddevelopmentprogramming[andpeacebuilding][andbuildsuponthe11principlesintheCFSFrameworkforActionforFoodSecurityandNutritioninProtractedCrises(FFA)63[,theguidingprinciplesforimplementationoffoodassistanceprogrammeslaidoutintheFoodAssistanceConvention,andshouldbeconsistentwiththeworkoftheFoodSecurityCluster.].[pendingbracketstobediscussed]

3.7.1Protectingthemostvulnerabletomalnutritioninhumanitariancontexts:a) Governmentsandintergovernmentalorganizationsshouldpayparticularattention,

protection,andfacilitateaccesstosustainablyproduced,safeandnutritiousfoodandnutritionalsupporttomostvulnerablegroups.

b) Governmentsandpartiesinvolvedinconflictsshouldfacilitateaccessofallmembersofaffectedandat-riskpopulationstofoodsecurityandnutritionassistance,inbothacuteandprotractedcrises,consistentwithinternationallyrecognizedhumanitarianprinciples,asanchoredinGenevaConventionof1949andotherUNGAResolutionsafter1949.

c) Governments,withthesupportofintergovernmentalorganizationsandinternationalassistanceandcooperationwhereappropriate,shouldensureaccesstonutritiousfoodandnutritionalsupportforrefugees,internallydisplacedpeopleandasylumseekersintheirterritory,inaccordancewithgovernments’obligationsunderrelevantinternationalmutuallyagreedinstruments.Governmentalactors

63CFSFrameworkforActionforFoodSecurityandNutritioninProtractedCrises

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shouldhave,whereappropriate,contingencyplansinplacetoensurefoodsecurityandnutritionofthemostvulnerablegroupsduringcrisessuchasepidemicsandpandemics.

3.7.2Improvingthequalityoffoodandnutritionassistance:a) Governments,allpartiesinvolvedinconflicts,climate-relateddisasters,epidemics

andpandemics,andfoodassistance,includingintergovernmentalorganizations,shouldunderlineandsupportthatfoodsecurityandnutritionassessmentsandanalysesareundertakentoinformthefoodandnutritionresponseaswellasanycomponentsofthelocalfoodsystemrequiringrehabilitation.

b) Governmentsshouldacknowledgenutritionasanessentialneedandhumanitarianassistanceshouldaimtomeetandmonitornutritionalrequirementsoftheaffectedpopulation,particularlythemostvulnerabletomalnutrition.Anyfooditemsprovidedshouldbeofappropriatenutritionalqualityandquantity,besafeandacceptable,andnotharmlocalmarkets.Foodshouldconformtothefoodstandardsofthehostcountry’sgovernment,inaccordancewithpara33oftheVGFSyN.

c) Governmentsandintergovernmentalorganizationsshouldsupportsocialprotectionmechanismsandacutemalnutritionmanagementprogrammespurchasinglocallyproducedfoodandpromoteandsupportadequatecoverageduringtimesofcrisis.Fortificationshouldbeusedonlyinlimitedtimesandplacesandshouldnotdisruptlocalmarketandaccessibilityofnutritiousfoodinthelongerterm.

d) Governmentsshould,asappropriate,implementpoliciesoninfantandyoungchildfeeding(IYCF)inemergenciesand,togetherwithintergovernmentalorganizationsandnon-governmentalorganizations,andshouldsupportthatsuchpoliciesonIYCFpracticesarecoordinated,andpromotedduringhumanitariancrises.

e) Governmentsandintergovernmentalorganizationsshouldsupportthatwhenimplementingcashandvoucherassistance,theminimumexpenditurebasketandtransfervalueispromotingsustainablyproduced,nutritiousandsafefoodthatislocallyavailableandsufficienttoprovideahealthydietforallstagesofthelifecycle.

3.7.3Ensuringfoodsystemsareresilientinhumanitariancontexts:a) Governmentsinpartnershipwithintergovernmentalandotherrelevant

organizationsshould,whereappropriate,undertakefoodsystemanalysis,developanduseearlywarningsystems,climateinformationservices,andfoodandagricultureinformationsystems,includingfoodpricemonitoringsystems,thatdetectandmonitorthreatstofoodproduction,availabilityandaccessaswellasfoodsafetyhazardsandtampering.Theseearlywarningsystemsshouldbeintegratedintobroaderfoodanalysissystemsincludingthemonitoringoftheavailabilityandaffordabilityofnutritiousfoodsthatcontributetohealthydietsatthelocallevel.

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b) Governmentsandintergovernmentalorganizationsshould,asappropriate,investindisasterriskreductionmeasuresthatbenefitthosemostatrisk/need.Inparticular,productiveassetsshouldbeprotectedfromsevereweatherandclimateimpactsandotherdisastersinawaythatstrengthenstheresilienceofaffectedpopulationsandtheirabilitytocopewithshocksduetoconflictsandclimatechange-relateddisastersaswellaseconomicshocks.Measuresincludesocialsafetynets,investmentinprotectingfragilelivelihoods,emergencyfiscalandfoodreserves,reductionoftransactioncosts,andidentificationofplatformforintegratedinterventions.Governmentsshouldaimtorestorelocalfoodproductionandmarketaccessibilityasrapidlyaspossible.

c) Intergovernmentalorganizationsanddevelopmentpartnersshouldinvolvelocalnon-governmentalorganizations,privatesectorandotherrelevantstakeholdersintheimplementationofhumanitarianfoodassistanceandlivelihoodprogrammestosupporteconomicrecoveryanddevelopment,strengthensustainablelocalfoodsystemsandfostertheabilityofsmallholdersand/orfamilyfarmerstoaccessresourcestobolsterproductionandmarkets.

PART4-IMPLEMENTATIONANDMONITORINGOFTHEUSEANDAPPLICATIONOFTHEVOLUNTARYGUIDELINES

4.1POLICYFORMULATIONANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEVGFSyN

59.AllCFSMembersandstakeholdersareencouragedtosupportandpromoteatalllevelswithintheirconstituencies,andincollaborationwithotherrelevantinitiativesandplatforms,thedissemination,useandapplicationoftheVGFSyNtosupportthedevelopmentandimplementationofcoordinatedandmultisectoralnationalpolicies,laws,programmesandinvestmentplanstoachievesustainablefoodsystemsthatdeliverhealthydietsandimprovenutrition.

60.TheVGFSyNareintendedtosupporttheimplementationoftheUNDecadeofActiononNutrition2016-2025withtheobjectiveofincreasingthevisibility,coordinationandeffectivenessofnutritionactionsatalllevels,askeyaspectstowardtheachievementofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.

61.GovernmentsareinvitedtousetheVGFSyNasatooltoundertakenewinitiativestowardthetransformationoffoodsystemstomakethemmoresustainableandcapableofdeliveringhealthydiets.Theseincludeidentifyingpolicyopportunities,fosteringatransparentandopendialogue,promotingcoordinationmechanisms,andestablishingorstrengtheningexisting,multistakeholderplatforms,partnerships,processesand

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frameworks,promotingandsupportingtheinvolvementandengagementofallrelevantstakeholders,includingrepresentativesofmostvulnerablegroups.

62.Parliamentariansandtheirnational,regionalandsub-regionalalliancesplayakeyroleinpromotingtheadoptionofpolicies,establishingappropriatelegislativeandregulatoryframeworks,raisingawarenessandpromotingdialogueamongrelevantstakeholders,andallocatingresourcesfortheimplementationofpoliciesandprogrammesdealingwithfoodsystemsandnutrition.

4.2BUILDINGANDSTRENGTHENINGCAPACITYFORIMPLEMENTATION

63.Governmentsneedtomobilize,asappropriate,adequatefinancial,technicalandhumanresources,andencourageinternationalcooperation,toincreasethehumanandinstitutionalcapacityofcountriestoimplementtheVGFSyNandtoidentifyprioritiestowardtheiroperationalizationandmonitoringatthenationalandlocallevels.TechnicalagenciesoftheUN,bilateralcooperationagenciesandotherdevelopmentpartnerscanassistinthisregard.Theorganizationofmultistakeholderworkshopsandtraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofuser-friendlyandtechnicalguides,deployedviaextensionservicesanddigitalmeans,areimportanttocontextualizeandadapttolocalcontexts.

64.Theprocessofacceleratetheshifttowardssustainablefoodsystems64shouldincludemechanismstofinanciallysupportandfacilitateknowledgeandtechnologytransferschemestodevelopingcountries,inlinewithprinciple7oftheRioDeclaration.

65.Developedcountriesshouldmobilizeresourcestohelpdevelopingcountriestocopewiththeirresponsibilities,mainlybymultilateralfinancialmechanisms.

66.Donors,financinginstitutions,intergovernmentalorganizationsandotherfundingentitiesareencouragedtoapplytheVGFSyNwhenformulatingtheirpoliciesforloans,grantsandprogrammestosupportbothrightsholders’anddutybearers’endeavors.TheVGFSyNshouldcontributetothedesignofresponsibleinvestmentsthataimtoincreasetheproduction,affordability,andaccesstodiverse,nutritiousandsustainablyproducedfood,aswellastopromotetheintegrationofnutritionandhealthdimensionsintoagricultureandfoodsectorinvestmentplans,aswellastopromotetheintegrationofsustainableagricultureandfoodsystemdimensionsintonutritionandhealthinvestmentplans.

67.Developmentpartners,intergovernmentalorganizations,includingtheRome-basedAgencies,andregionalorganizations,privatesector,civilsocietyandotherrelevantstakeholdersareencouragedtosupport,withintheirexistingresourcesandmandates,effortsbygovernmentstoimplementtheVGFSyN.Suchsupportcouldincluderesearchandtechnicalcooperation,financialassistance,theprovisionofevidence-basedpolicyadvice,64UNGAResolutionA/RES/74/242.Paragraph5

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institutionalcapacitydevelopment,developmentofmonitoringframeworks,knowledgesharingandexchangeofexperiences,andassistanceindevelopingnationalandregionalpolicies.Actionsshouldbetakentoimprovepartners’capacitytodesign,manageandparticipateinmultistakeholderpartnerships,toensuretransparencyandaccountabilityandpromotegoodgovernanceforeffectiveresults.Moreover,UNinteragencycoordinationmechanismsfornutritioncouldbeleveragedtosupporttheuptakeoftheVGFSyNatcountrylevel.

68.Nationalandinternationalresearchorganizations,intergovernmentalorganizations,universitiesandotheracademicinstitutions,shouldsupporttheavailabilityandaccessibilityofknowledge,includingindigenous,traditionalandlocalknowledge,innovation,scienceandevidenceonalldimensionsoffoodsystems(includingcitizen/consumerdemandandbehaviourchange)toenablegovernmentsandotherfoodsystemstakeholderstodevelopmonitoringframeworks,examinetheevidence,prioritizeissuestobeconsidered,evaluateimpacts,andaddresspotentialsynergiesandtrade-offs.

69.ThedisseminationanduptakeoftheVGFSyNcanbefacilitatedthroughtheidentificationof“champions”and“changeagents”,especiallyamongcivilsociety,thatcouldraiseawarenessandorganizeadvocacycampaignsacrosssectorsanddifferentgovernmentallevels.

4.3MONITORINGUSEANDAPPLICATIONOFTHEVGFSyN

70.Governments,inconsultationwithrelevantstakeholders,should,whereappropriate,definenationalpolicyprioritiesandrelatedindicators,mobilizeregionalandlocalstructurestoreportontheseindicators,andestablishorstrengthen,whereappropriate,existingmonitoringandreportingsystemsinordertoassesstheefficiencyoflaws,policiesandregulations,andimplementappropriateremedialactionsincaseofnegativeimpactsorgaps.

71.ByapplyingtheVGFSyN,governmentsareexpectedtocontributetotheachievementofthesixGlobalNutritionTargets(2025)endorsedbytheWHAin201265anditsdietrelatedNCDtargets66.TheVGFSyNshouldsupportcountriesindefiningpriorityactionsandformulatingspecific,measurable,achievable,relevantandtime-boundcommitments67inordertoachievenutrition,healthandenvironmentalobjectivestoaccelerateandaligneffortslinkedtotheNutritionDecadeandthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Thiscanbedonethroughadvocatingforpoliciesandlegislation,allowingtheexchangeof

65https://www.who.int/nutrition/global-target-2025/en/66https://www.who.int/beat-ncds/take-action/targets/en/67InthecontextoftheUNDecadeofActiononNutritionandICN2follow-upprocess,countrycommitmentsforactionshouldbespecific,measurable,achievable,relevantandtime-bound.https://www.who.int/nutrition/decade-of-action/smart_commitments/en/

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bestpracticesandexperiences,highlightingsuccessesandlessonslearned,andprovidingmutualsupporttoaccelerateimplementation.

72.CFSshouldincludetheVGFSyNinitsongoingworkonmonitoring,relyingasmuchaspossibleonexistingmechanismsandresources,aswellasmakingreferencetothefiveprinciplesonmonitoringandaccountabilitysystems,asdefinedintheCFSGlobalStrategicFrameworkforFoodSecurityandNutrition(GSF).]


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