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46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)

Recent Trends in NanotechnologyP.V.Mulik1, T. S. Jangam2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, T. K. I. E. T. Warananagar.2 Department of Applied Science , T. K. I. E. T. Warananagar.

1 [email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT - Nanotechnology is the design, modeling and fabrication of molecular machines, molecular devices and software issues to design that kind of devices and machines. While the ultimate objective must be clearly economical fabrication, present capabilities, preclude the manufacture of any but the most basic molecular structures. The design and modeling of molecular machines is however quiet feasible with present technology. More to the point such modeling is cheap and easy way to explore the truly wide range of molecular machines that are possible, allowing the rapid evaluation and elimination of obvious dead ends and the retention and more intensive analysis of more promising designs. It is clear that the right computational support will substantially reduced the development time. With appropriate molecular computer aided design software, molecular modeling software and related tools we can plan the development of molecular manufacturing systems on the computer. The current nano design software architecture is set of C++ classes with TCL frontend for interactive molecular gear design. We envision future architecture centered around and object oriented data base of molecular machine components and systems with distributed access via CORBA from the user interface based on a WWW universal client to eventually enable widely disbursed group to develop complex simulated molecular machines.

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of nanotechnology is to build the future, molecule by molecule. Mechanical devices allowed us to reach beyond our physical strength and advance into technical civilization. Nanoscience and nanoscale manufacturing will allow us to reach beyond our natural size limitation and work directly at the building blocks of matter where properties are defined and can be changed.This technology will spawn a new kind of industrial revolution in the coming decades. Nanotechnology holds the promise of scientific breakthroughs in a wide range of fields, has an immense potential for industry and the overall economy, for better health care and for a sustainable environment.Because of the high risk/high return and interdisciplinary nature of the research and development and potential social implications the National Nanotechnology Initiative has received the government's support. The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at the

atomic, molecular and supramolecular levels, in a scale of about 1 to 100 nanometers, in order to create manipulate and use materials devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of the small scale of their structures. All materials and systems establish their foundation at nanoscale. A water molecule is about 1 nm in diameter; a single-wall nanotube is 1.2 nm in diameter; a molecular device may be in the range of few nanometers; a quantum dot germanium on a silicon substrate is about 10 nm wide and the smallest transistors measure about 20 nm. DNA molecules are about 2.5 nm wide a typical protein between 1 and 20 nm and an ATP biochemical motor about 10 nm in diameter.Since all objects establish their foundation at the nanoscale, and their properties could be tailored at that scale for given purposes, nanotechnology may revolutionize production of almost all manmade objects. The broader perspective of the qualitative changes nanotechnology will bring to society cannot be underestimated; some changes

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are unpredictable. There has been an explosion of discoveries in the last few years and development is expected to accelerate in the next decade. Many scientific advancements exceed the projections made just one year ago, in areas such as molecular electronics, guided self-assembly, medicine and DNA processing.Nanoscale science and engineering promise to restructure almost all industries towards the next industrial revolution and to assure the quality of life in an increasingly crowded planet with shrinking energy and materials resources and less environmental endurance. The blossom of two flag technologies information and bio would be severely hampered without the concepts tools materials systems and synergism provided by further nanotechnology growth.Educational programs will be refocused from microanalysis to nanoscale understanding and creative manipulation of matter. Biomedical sensors and nanodevices may enhance the performance of the human body and prolong its life. Innovation in nano engineering new products in an interconnected world could become the key factor in the progress of humanity.

HISTORYThe idea of molecular nanotechnology like most ideas, has roots stretching far back in time. In ancient GREECE, Democritus, suggested that the world was built of durable, invisible particles atoms , the building blocks of solid objects, liquids and gases. In last hundred years scientists have learnt more and more ways to combine them to make new things. Decades ago biologists found molecules that do complex things and they termed them "molecular machines".Physicist Richard Feynman was visionary of miniaturization who pointed towards something like molecular nanotechnology on December 29,1959 at annual meeting of American physical society, he proposed that large machines could be used to make smaller machine, which could

make still smaller ones. At the end of his talk, he painted a vision of moving individual pointing out "the principles of physics, as far I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom". He pictured making molecules, pointing clearly in the direction taken by the modern nanotechnology.

THE SCALE:Nanometer is One-billionth of a meter. A nanometer is about the width of six bonded carbon atoms, and for comparison purposes, considers that the. width of human hair is approximately 80,000 nanometers. A nanometer-sized particle also is smaller than a living cell and can be seen only with the most powerful microscopes available today. Human height is in the order of metres.If we shrink from; a micrometre to a thousandth of that, we arrive at nanometre, we've reached the scale where atoms become tangible objects. Another atom unit is mole. 6.022 x 1023 atoms is equal to one mole. 10-3 moles is a milli mole, if 10-6 moles is a micro mole, 10-9 is a "guacamole".A one-nanometre cube of diamond has 176 atoms in it. Designing at this scale is working in a world where physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering become unified into an integrated field.

1 inch 25,400,000 nanometers

Red blood cells -7,000 nm diameter and ~2000nm in height

White blood cells -10,000 nm in diameter

A virus -100 nm

A hydrogen atom 0.1 nm

Nanoparticles range from 1 to 100 nm

DNA (width) 2 nm

Proteins range from 5 to 50 nm

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Viruses range from 75 to 100 nm

Bacteria range range 1,000 to 10,000 nm

Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny machines—the projected ability to make things from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to place every atom and molecule in a desired place. Shortly after this envisioned molecular machinery is created, it will result in a manufacturing revolution, probably causing severe disruption. It also has serious economic, social, environmental, and military implications.Nanotechnology deals with manufactured products made from atoms. Nanotechnology is an emerging, interdisciplinary field combining principles of chemistry and physics with the engineering principles of mechanical design, structural analysis, computer science, electrical engineering, and systems engineering. Built to atomic specification the products would exhibit order-of-magnitude improvements in strength, toughness, speed, and efficiency, and be of high quality and low cost. Nanotechnology is the technology of preference to make things small, light and cheapNanotechnology based manufacturing is a method conceived for the processing and rearrangement of atoms to fabricate custom products. It would rely on the use of a large number of molecular electromechanical subsystems working in parallel and using commonly available chemicals. The properties of those products created out of this technology depend on how those atoms are arranged.If we rearrange the atoms in coal we can make diamond. If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a few other trace elements) we can make

computer chips. If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we can make required vegetables.Current century belongs to Gene technology and Nanotechnology. It would not be out of place to mention that Nanotechnology has been introduced as a subject in some of the developed countries, as it is seen future of science and technology growth. A new opened Unit for Nanoscopic Characterization atb the Hebrew Universityin Jerusalem will contribute to Israei’s ability to play a major role in the world scientific arena.

WHAT TO EXPECT FROM NANOTECHNOLOGY?

The new technology has the potential to significantly change a large cross – section of the economy in the coming decades in industrialized countries. Here are several examples at the promise of Nanotechnology on research in progress or envisioned by the private sector:• The nanometer scale is expected to become a h

highly efficient scale for manufacturing. Materials with high performance, and unique properties and functions will be produced that traditional chemistry could not create.

• Nanotechnology is projected to yield annual production about $300 billion for the semiconductor industry and $900 million for global integrated circuits sales wit bin 1 0 to 15 years.

• Nanotechnology will improve health care, help extend the life span, improve its quality, and extend human physical capabilities.

• Approximately half of all the production of pharmaceuticals in 10 to 15 years could be dependent on nanotechnology-affecting over $180 billion per year.

• Nanostructured catalysts have applications in the petroleum and chemical processing industries, with an estimated annual impact of $100 billion in 10 to 15 years.

• Nanotechnology will improve agricultural 3


What is Nanotechnology?


yields for an increased population, provide more economical water filtration and desalination, and improve renewable energy sources, such as solar energy conversion. A recently tested flow-through capacitor with aligned carbon nanotube electrodes can desalt seawater with 10 times less energy than state-of-the-art reverse osmosis.

NANOROBOTSNANOROBOTS MEDICINE OF THE FUTURELiving organisms are naturally existing fabulously complex system of molecular nanotechnology " - Dr. Gregory Fahy. The above statement raises interesting possibility that machine constructed at the molecular level (nanomachines) may be used to cure the human body of its various ills. This application of Nanotechnology to the field is commonly called as Nan medicine.Another example, we can consider if you thought the 1966 movie fantastic voyage where a surgical team miniaturised and injected into the blood stream of dying man in a daring attempt to save his life, or the 80's classic innerspace about a test pilot shrunk to microscopic size injected into the body of life long loser, were sci-fi, you are mistaken. The realm of Nanotechnology is all set about an army of microscopic robots paramedics right inside your body fighting diseases and ensuring good health.NANOROBOTS : WHY ARE THEY?Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3 microns and will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 manometers. The main element used will be carbon in the form of diamond/ fullerene nanocomposites because of the strength and chemical inertness of these forms. Many other light elements such as oxygen and Nitrogen can be used special purpose. To avoid being attacked the hosts imune system the best choice for the exterior coating is a passive diamond coating.

The smoother and more flawless the coating the less the reaction from the body's immune system. Such devices have been designed in recent years hut no working model has been so far.A navigational network may be installed in the body, with station keeping navigational elements providing high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots that interrogate them, waiting to know their location. This will unable the physician to keep track of the various devices in the body. These nanorobots will be able to distinguish between different cell types by checking their surface antigens. This is accomplished by tie use of chemotactic sensors keyed to the specific antigens on the target cells.NANOTUBES When people talk about nanotubes they usually mean carbon nanotubesbut there are a few other varieties, made of boron nitride or from biologicalmaterial such as pesticides. Carbon nanotubes have remarkable strength, can be electrical conductors or semiconductors and are excellent conductors of heat. Given the wide variety of potential applications, such as super strong composites nanoelectronics and field emission devices for displays, sensors, super strong textiles and nanofiltration, many have jumped on to the production of nanotubes.MECHANICAL MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL CARBON NANOTUBES USING MEMS AND S100 MANIPULATURINTRODUCTION Carbon nanotubes' (CNTs) unique physical properties of high strength, low thermal and electrical conductivity, and high surface area have made them a primary focus of nanotechnology research, But before CNTs can i engineering systems, their fundamental material properties must be well understood. Previously, nanotubes have been mechanically i as bulk bundles, or as composites with polymers. With the SI00 nanomanipulator System and custom designed micro electromechanical iMS) test structures, mechanical

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investigation of individual CNTs is possible . Nanotubes can be manipulated in 3D, attached to MEMS devices, tested in -situ using the S100 system and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). MATERIALSMany possibilities exist for measuring the mechanical response of CNTs. For this application note, multi-walled nanotubes were manipulated with tungsten probes and attached to surface micromachined polysilicon MEMS devices. Multy walled CNTs Nanotubes were received in suspension from theuniversity of Kentucky. To provide accessible free ends, the CNTs were rinsed using detergent andstored in high-purity methanol. A drop of the methanol / CNT mixture was placed on a glass slide, and allowed to dry. A separate glass slide with a small amount of carbon tape adhesive at its edge was prepared and dragged over the dried CNTs, creating available tubes as shown in fig. 1

TUNGUSTON PROBESStandard microelectronic testing probes were installed as end-effectors on the S100 nanomanipulator System. However, finer tipped Zyvex NanoSharp™ probes will enhance dexterity for CNT samples that are densely packed.

POLY SILICONS MEMS DEVICESMany types of MEMS test structures can be used for characterizing CNTs. A simple approach is to use calibrated atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever beams. In this custom application, commercially fabricated poly MUMPs devices were used. A 3D model of one such tensile testing devices shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1 Multi – walled CNTs extendind over the edge of a glass slide, with a probe

approaching at the bottom

Figure 2. Three – dimentional model of a thermally actuated MEMS device for tensile

testing of CNTs

Current supplied through the connection pads created differential, resistive heating in the thermal actuator. Thermal expansion caused the released actuator the right of the image. With a CNT connected between the movable gauge flexure, relative displacements of the tube ends ?were measuerd in the SEM against the stationary deflection metric. The 3 D nature of this application requires that the installation and setup of the S100 system, CNT sample, and MEMS device be considered carefully. The nanomanupulator's large sample area allows great flexibility in mounting the CNT and MEMS samples. A standard SEM stub may be modified to provide acess to both samples by simply filing one edge of the stub at 45 degrees. The nano tube

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sample may be bonded to the top of the stub using carbon tape or epoxy and allowed to extend over the filed edge. The MEMS sample can then to the inclined surface, directly below the overhanging CNTs. Silver field epoxy may be used at the corners to ground samples to the stub.

CNT attachment, Manipulation, and Characterization

Using s100 System, it was possible to select an individual CNT from the prepared sample, attach it to the probe using electron beam induced deposition (EBID), remove that tube from the sample, and attach it to a tensile testing structure.

ATTACHMENTTrace gases present in the SEM vacuum chamber can be deposited onto surfaces being struck with the electron beam. The tungsten tip was positioned against an exposed CNT end and the electron beam was focused, in spot mode, at the point where the tube and tip meet. Electron beam deposits "welded" the CNT rigidly to the probe. The tube was then pulled from the CNT sample and manipulated freely in three dimensions. The Zyvex application note "Attaching a Nanotube to a Zyvex SI00 Nanomanipulator End Effector" provides an excellent, detailed description of this process. An example of a tube being extracted from a CNT sample using the S100 is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Tungsten probe end-effector for the SiGG, used to pull a single tube from the CNT

sample

The image has been color inverted for clarity. Figure 4 shows a close-up image of a nanotube that has been EBID-welded onto a tungsten probe.

Figure 4. Image of the electon beam we!d used to attach a CNT to a tungsten probe

MS MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUES

The nanostructure discussed in this note is an individual MWNT. There are many suppliers and manufacturers of nanotubes. Unless the nanotubes are in aligned arrays, they will usually need to undergo some processing to loosen and untangle them prior to manipulation and testing. Many processes exist to unbundle tubes, such as sonication and treatment with surfactants, but these processes will not be discussed. See references eight and nine for additional information.

The nanotubes should be on a wire or flat surface. It is important that the lon£ axes of the nanotubes protrude from the surface into free space and be orthogonal to the electron beam of the microscope. This allows the probe to gain access to the nanotubes, and it will also help the user to image the tubes under the SEM (Figure 1). A

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good candidate nanotube tends to be long, relatively thin, and disentangled from bundles or neighboring tubes under the SEM (Fig. 1). A good candidate nanotube tends to be long, relatively thin, and disentangled from bundles or neighboring tubes.

Figure 5 - Multiwalled carbon nanotubesMOLECULAR MACHINE SYSTEMBUILDING MOLECULAR MACHINE SYSTEMSCompare to conventional technologies, many natural molecular machines system display enormous abilities. Molecular machinery in green plants converts more energy and synthesizes a greater tonnage of organic compounds than does the chemical industry, and does so cleanly using cheap raw materials, with a megabyte or so per genome, the digital storage capacity of the millions of bacteria in the dirt on a typical computer far exceeds that of the advertised components. . While we spend billions of dollars on dense digital storage systems nature places far denser systems in the same boxes free of charge, but unintended and unusable.From megaton-per-year product streams to megabyte-per-cubic-micron storage system natural molecular machinery has outperformed anything we now to build. Perhaps, then, we should learn to build molecular machine system of our own design, aiming to make a wider range of products, including computer components that we can actually use.This is the first in a series of articles organized around the theme of nanotechnology. Other authors will describe a range of micro- and nanoscale system- -some useful today, others demonstrating components and techniques with promise for the

future. This article outlines how these trends can build toward a molecular machine technology delivering (and even exceeding) the technological promise demonstrated by the molecular machinery of nature.As is so often the case in technology, engineering design and analysis can describe least some of the possibilities. As one might expect, however, the easiest systems to analyze aren't the easiest to synthesize. Biological systems and modern synthetic techniques can most easily make polymeric structures, but these must fold if they are to form compact, stable molecular objects. Designing and modeling polymers that fold and function in solution, however, presents severe challenges. Flexibility multiplies possible configurations beyond any hope of an exhaustive analysis, and (with help from the solvent) ensures the driving forces for molecular interactions depend strongly on entropy components of the free energy. NANOGEAR WORKING

Researchers have simulated attaching benzene molecules to the outside of a nanotube to form gear teeth. Nanotubes are molecular sized pipes made of carbon atoms. The cooling system is also needed for gears. They used a super computer to simulate successful cooling of molecular sized gears with He and Ne gases. To drive these gears the computers simulated a laser that served as a motor. The laser creates an electric field around the nanotube. They put positively charged atom on one side of the nanotube and a negatively chargedatom on another side. The electric field drags the nanotube around like a shaft turning. Thease gears would rotate best at about 100 billion turns per second or 6 trillion rotations per minute. The gears simulated are one nanometer across.

CARBON WITH BENZYNE TEETHOne approach researchers are taking in computational simulations of nanogears involves attaching benzene teeth to a carbon nanotube, as pictured here. In simulations by the NASA-Ames

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research Laboratory, the gears were in from 50-100 gigahertz fairly smoothly. Other Applications of gears, such as rack and pinion systems, and large gear combinations have also been tested with similar success.

CARBONOne researcher are investing gears made completely from carbon, such as those pictured here. The difference in color is merely to make it easier to distinguish between the two-separate structures. The gears pictured were two partsformed in two parts; the head arid the shaft. They were created using the standard fullerene rules for closed structures.Where in the geometrical refer to the different patterns formed by the carbon atoms. In terms of molecular stability, these gears were found to be more stable than a molecule of buckminsterfullerefle. They did have some points of higher strain,however, such as the tips of the gear teeth. These gears were tested in simulations with the red gear driving the white gear. Several tests were run, allowing the red gear different ramp up (acceleration to desired velocity) times,and at different velocities. The two ramp up times used were 50 picoseconds(ps) and 10 ps. The velocities attained were 0. 1 revolutions/ps and 0.5 rev./ps. The gears performed well in tests, hut experienced some chattering from the white gear and, with higher speeds of rotation, some slippage. A large amount of heat was produced, but no cooling system was provided in the simulation. One simulation did result in the destruction of the heads of the gears. With the shorter ramp up time, and highest velocity, the failed to track with the red gear, resulting in slippage and flexing of the head of the white gear. At about 60 picoseconds, the heads of the gears collapsed with a sudden increase in temperature.

COOLING The movement of nanogears would produce a fair amount of heat, so scientists have also performed computational tests for different cooling systems. Gears such as the first discussed here, carbon

nanotubes with benzene teeth, were simulated in atmospheres of inert gases such as helium and neon. These atmospheres proved effective in stabilizing the temperature of the system Other experiments have simulated nanogears in a standard atmosphere and this to be effective in stabilizing temperature as well.POWERArial her dilemma is how to power these nanomachines. In at! the aforenentioned trials, a motor purely of software was used; there is no physical counter part. In research thus far, there have been many suggestions for real world power, with more constantly being proposed.One of the chief concentrations is the use of lasers to power nanogears.In simulations, positive and negative charges are added to opposite ends of a nanotube, and an electrical field is added, simulating one or more lasers. In initial tests, the buckytubes would rotate, but would alternate directions, Understandably, this is poor behavior for a system of gears. In tests by other researchers, the opposing charges were added to the buckytubes, but an alternating electrical field of 140 gigahertz, simulating a laser was added. This corrected the problem of alternating directions, and the gears turned in a consistent manner. Another theory of power, not necessarily for nanogears, but other nanomachines, is to build in nanocomponents that would translate linear motion into the energy needed. Thus the tip of an STM pressing down on a lever on the nanodevices could be used as power.INDIAN NANO R & DCentre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB): The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) is one of the constituent national laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the premier multidisciplinary Research & Development organization of the government of India. Forevision Instruments Pvt includes: Scanning

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Electron microscopes, Transmission Electron Microscopes, Scanning Probe Microscopes - Scanning Tunneling Microscopes, Atomic Force microscopes, Spectrometers, X-Ray Analyzers, Microware Digestion Systems and other scientific instruments and accessories.INDIANANO:IndiaNano is a non-profit organization supported by academic and industry experts aimed at developing a platform for real-time strategic collaboration between diverse groups in order to harness the benefits progress in advanced technologies, including nanotechnology.VELBIONANOTECH: VBN is dedicated to furthering the art, science and .practice of nanotechnology, where biology, chemistry, physics and mechanical design converge molecular scale. The advantages are that you will be able to make lots of adventures without taking up too much space or using a lot of materials.

INNOVATIVE ASPECT AND MAIN ADVANTAGESVery good combination of hardness and fracture toughness at room and elevated temperatures looks attractive for cutting tool application. The technological operations are not expensive: for instance, synthesis of SiC_C is comparable with analogs by costs, pressure less sintering at moderate temperatures is used instead of hot pressing etc. The refinement of grains is desirable property for finishing treatment of alloyed steels and viscous metals and alloys. Stability of properties at high temperatures is promising for dry cutting operations. We have a patent of Russian Federation concerning technology of SiC_C nanopowder synthesis, pending patents of Ukraine and know how in technologies of TiN_TiB2 and TiN_Si3N4 nanocomposites.AREAS OF APPLICATIONCutting tools, ceramic bearings, wear resistive components Cutting tools made from Si3N4_TiN nanoceramics were tested in

ALCON (Kiev, Ukraine) Wear resistive components based on SiC_C ceramics were examined in Baker Hughes INTEQ GmbH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENTThe pilot unit for SiCC nanopowder synthesis is under operation The pilot batch of cutting tools made from Si3N4_TiN nanoceramics has been prepared. Technical documentation is under preparation.The researcher would prefer joint development of ceramic nanocomposite products with foreign partner. Licensing of technologies or development of Startup Company or joint venture is also appropriate.APPLICATIONSAEROSPACENan composites are expected to have major impacts on the aerospace industries. Aerospace manufactures are eager to adopt new materials that offer a 3 percent reduction in weight. The space industry can capitalize on even lower sight savings. Nanocomposites, such as those based on clay nanoparticles, are already making there way into cars, and are achieving 10-15 percent weight reduction. Adoption by aerospace industry which is a project, can take years, but overtime we will see vast decrease in weight of aircraft and the consequent reduction in fuel consumption resulting in major revaluation in the economics of space and aircraft industries .Advances in heat resistance and improved heat conductivity, especially valuable during reentry of vehicles into the atmosphere,are offered by ceramic based nano composites and composite containing notubes.DEFENCEDefense industry is already spending vast amounts of money on notechnology, and the USA has already dedicated a special unit called as Massachusetts institute of technology, the institute of soldier nanotechnolgies, to develop battlefield applications as with any technology, the applications can be offensive or defensive:A QUICK AND SIMPLE BLOOD TEST TO

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DETECT EARLY-STAGE CANCEREarly and accurate detection of cancer is critical for successful cancer therapies. In most cases, a tissue biopsy is the initial means of making a diagnosis after some form of cancer screening has come up with a positive result. However, tumor antigen-specific autoantibodies – antibodies produced by the immune system that are directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins – are known to appear months even years before clinical diagnosis of cancer, and autoantibodies have been found in many types of cancer.NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIALS FOR CAMOUFLAGE AND STEALTH APPLICATIONS

This article briefly describes how nanomaterials and nanotechnology can be useful in the strategic area of camouflage and stealth technology. The threat perception is one of the most important parameters, which decides the requirement of camouflage measures that need to be taken. The section on threat perception briefly describes about various sensors and platforms from where those sensors can be operated for the purpose of surveillance, detection and identification of military objects.

3D-PRINTING WITH GRAPHEME

The successful implementation of graphene-based devices invariably requires the precise patterning of graphene sheets at both the micrometer and nanometer scale. It appears that 3D-printing techniques are an attractive fabrication route towards three-dimensional graphene structures. In a previous Nanowerk Spotlight we reported on the first 3D printed nanostructures made entirely of graphene.

CONCLUSION

Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that is expected to influence industry in 21st century. On one hand, nanotechnology follows the paradigm of ultimate miniaturization of micro technology and on the other it promises to make use of physical and organic or inorganic molecules at nanoscale. Some promising examples of nanotechnology based products already exists and an extrapolation of science and technology indicators indicate that nanotechnology has a large commercial future. But, while having a great technology is an indispensable requisite for success, it is not the only one. Governments have to provide the basis for functioning basic research infrastructure, which on one side, transfer scientific results into useful knowledge and on other hand feeds industry with well-trained person. Fortunately public investments are increasing. A concern however is the potential lack of skilled person in the longer term. This is the major social problems, which needs to be tackled on different front’s universities adapting their course, governments offering academia the suitable legal framework for this adoption and industry guiding on realistic needs in the formation and absorption of future nanotechnologists. From an environment point of view, nanotechnology seems destined to support substantial economy growth, although definite conclusion can be made only when nanotechnology has reached certain maturity. All things considered, the positive aspect seems today to far outweigh the negative. Let us keep our eyes and, if necessary, take corrective measure in order that it continues in future.

REFERENCES1. http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=39527.php

2. http://www.engpaper.com/free-research-paper-nanotechnology.htm

3. http://www.nature.com/nnano4. http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/

resources/nanotechnology/

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