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ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 57

Management,Operation and

Maintenance ofIrrigation and

Drainage SystemsSecond Edition

Prepared by theCommittee on Operation and Maintenance of

Irrigation and Drainage Systems of the Irrigationand Drainage Division of the American Society

of Civil Engineers

EditorsWilliam R. JohnstonJames B. Robertson

Contributing AuthorsAlbert J. ClemmensWilliam R. JohnstonRichard L. LongFred L. Nibling, Jr.Lowell R PlossRobert R ProutyJames B. RobertsonBernice A. SullivanEdwin R SullivanCarl TennisJoan S. Thullen

Task Committee MembersAlbert J. ClemmensWilliam R. JohnstonLowell R PlossJames B. RobertsonEdwin R Sullivan

Peer Review Committee MembersRoger W. BeielerPaul R. CrossCharles H.King, Jr.John L. MerriamWalter J. OchsStephen H. OttemoellerDarell D. Zimbelman

Published by theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers

345 East 47th StreetNew York, N.Y. 10017-2398



ABSTRACTManagement, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems (Manual No. 57) is a revision of the 1980publication Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems. This manual presents significant new inno-vations and modifications of procedures that have been imple-mented throughout the irrigation and drainage industry,particularly in areas of management and maintenance strate-gies, environmental benefits and safety practices. It is intendedto help irrigation and drainage districts to minimize costs whilemaximizing production with available resources. In addition, thisrevised manual should be of interest to anyone associated withirrigation and drainage systems throughout the world.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataManagement, operation, and maintenance of irrigation and

drainage systems/prepared by the Committee on Operationand Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems of theIrrigation and Drainage Division of the American Society ofCivil Engineers: editors, William R. Johnston, James B. Rob-ertson; contributing authors, Albert J. Clemmens... (et al.).—2nd ed.

p. cm.—(Manuals and reports on engineering prac-tice: no. 57)

This revision replaces the American Society of Civil Engi-neers (ASCE) manual no. 57, Operation and maintenance ofirrigation and drainage systems, published in 1980.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-87262-785-31. Irrigation engineering. 2. Drainage. I. Johnston, William

R., 1934- . II. Robertson, James B., 1940- . III.Clemmens, Albert J. IV. American Society of Civil Engineers.Committee on Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems. V. Operation and maintenance of irriga-tion and drainage systems. VI. Series: ASCE manuals andreports on engineering practice; no. 57.TC805.M37 1991627'.52—dc20 91-3854

CIP

The Society is not responsible for any statements made oropinions expressed in its publications.

The material presented in this publication has been pre-pared in accordance with generally recognized engineeringprinciples and practices, and is for general information only. Thisinformation should not be used without first securing compe-tent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or spe-cific application.

The contents of this publication are not intended to beand should not be construed to be a standard of the AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for useas a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regula-tions, statutes, or any other legal document.

No reference made in this publication to any specificmethod, product, process, or service constitutes or implies anendorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.

ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind,whether express or implied, concernina the accuracy, com-pleteness, suitability or utility of any information, apparatus,product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumesno liability therefor.

Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liabilityarising from such use, including but not limited to infringementof any patent or patents.

Copyright © 1991 by the American Society of Civil Engineers,All Rights Reserved.Library of Congress Catalog Card No: 91-3854ISBN 0-87262-785-3Manufactured in the United States of America.



MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE

(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee,July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, April 1982)

A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentationof facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limita-tions and applications of these facts. It contains information useful to theaverage engineer in his everyday work, rather than the findings thatmay be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a"standard," however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as toprovide a "rule of thumb" for nonengineers.

Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper(which expresses only one person's observations or opinions), is thework of a committee or group selected to assemble and express infor-mation on a specific topic. As often as practicable the committee is underthe general direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions andCouncils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by theExecutive Committee of that Division or Council. As a step in the processof this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought before themembers of the Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, whichmay serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each workshows the names of the committees by which it was compiled andindicates clearly the several processes through which it has passed inreview, in order that its merit may be definitely understood.

In February 1962 (and revised in April, 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish:

A series entitled 'Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Prac-tice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society would havebeen refereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee onPublications and would be bound, with applicable discussion,in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutiveand would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In somecases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Journal publica-tions may be authorized.

Hi



Number101314

3133343536374041424445

46474950515253545556

5758596061626364656667686970717273

74*Numbers

Technical Procedure for City SurveysFiltering Materials for Sewage Treatment PlantsAccommodation of Utility Plant Within the Rights-of-Way of Urban Streets

and HighwaysDesign of Cylindrical Concrete Shell RoofsCost Control and Accounting for Civil EngineersDefinitions of Surveying and Associated TermsA List of Translations of Foreign Literature on HydraulicsWastewater Treatment Plant DesignDesign and Construction of Sanitary and Storm SewersGround Water ManagementPlastic Design in Steel—A Guide and CommentaryDesign of Structures to Resist Nuclear Weapons EffectsReport on Highway and Bridge SurveysConsulting Engineering — A Guide for the Engagement of Engineering

ServicesReport on Pipeline LocationSelected Abstracts on Structural Applications of PlasticsUrban Planning GuideReport on Small Craft HarborsSurvey of Current Structural ResearchGuide for the Design of Steel Transmission TowersCriteria for Maintenance of Multilane HighwaysSedimentation EngineeringGuide to Employment Conditions for Civil EngineersSubsurface Investigation for Design and Construction of Foundations of

BuildingsManagement, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage SystemsStructural Analysis and Design of Nuclear Plant FacilitiesComputer Pricing PracticesGravity Sanitary Sewer Design and ConstructionIntroductory Manual on Computer ServicesExisting Sewer Evaluation and RehabilitationStructural Plastics Design ManualManual on Engineering SurveyingConstruction Cost ControlStructural Plastics Selection ManualWind Tunnel Model Studies of Buildings and StructuresAeration — A Wastewater Treatment ProcessSulfide in Wastewater Collection and Treatment SystemsEvapotranspiration and Irrigation Water RequirementsAgricultural Salinity Assessment and ManagementDesign of Steel Transmission StructuresQuality in the Constructed Project — a Guide for Owners,

Designers, and ConstructorsGuidelines for Electrical Transmission line Structural Loading

1, 2. 3, 4. 5, 6, 7. 8, 9, 11. 12. 15. 16, 17. 18. 19. 20, 21, 22. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 28, 29, 30. 32. 38. 39, 43.and 48 are out of print.

AVAILABLE* MANUALS AND REPORTS OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE



Preface

This manual replaces the American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE) Manual No. 57, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems, written in the 1970s and published in 1980.

This revision presents significant new innovations and modificationsof procedures that have been implemented throughout the irrigation anddrainage industry, particularly in areas of management and maintenancestrategies, environmental benefits, and safety practices.

This updated information is intended to assist irrigation and drainagedistricts in the proper management, operation, and maintenance of agricul-tural irrigation water delivery systems in minimizing costs and maximiz-ing production with available resources. In addition, the material pre-sented in this manual is intended to command the attention of all personsassociated with irrigation and drainage systems throughout the world.

This revision is a joint effort between ASCE and the Bureau ofReclamation. Special thanks to the International Irrigation Center, UtahState University, Logan, Utah, and Westlands Water District, Fresno, Cal-ifornia, for their contributions to this manual. All contributing personnelhave varied backgrounds and experiences that enhance this unique andfunctional document.

William F. RitterChairmanExecutive CommitteeIrrigation and Drainage DivisionASCE

J. William McDonaldAssistant CommissionerResources ManagementBureau of ReclamationDepartment of Interior

v



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CONTENTS

Preface

Section 1. The Manual

1. 1. Purpose1. 2. Scope1. 3. Suggestions for Use1. 4. User of the Manual

Section 2. District Organization and Management

2. 1. General2. 2. Irrigation Organization2. 3. Organizational Structure...2. 4. Management Structure2. 5. Organization Policies2. 6. Management Program2. 7. Public Relations Program2. 8. Safety Program2. 9. Legal Program2.10. Functional and Service Activities2.11. Administration2. 12. Financial Management2.13. Engineering Management

Section 3. Operation

3. 1. Operations Management3. 2. Control Strategies3. 3. Water Measurement3. 4. Operating Procedures3. 5. Performance Monitoring and Evaluation

Section 4. Maintenance

4. 1. Introduction4. 2. Maintenance Staff and Their Responsibilities4. 3. Maintenance Planning4. 4. Maintenance Accomplishment4. 5. Maintenance Equipment4. 6. Safety for Maintenance Personnel4. 7. Reservoir Maintenance4. 8. Maintenance of Dams, Embankments,

and Levees4. 9. Canal System Maintenance4.10. Vegetation Management4.11. Maintenance of Closed-Conduit (Pipe) Systems ..4.12. Drainage System Maintenance

vii

V

1

1112

3

3345

101214152021222426

29

305985

111121

126

126127130135139143145

146151164183195



4.13.

4.14.4.15.

4.16.4.17.

Tables

Table 1.Table 2.Table 3.

Figures

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.Fig. 6.Fig. 7.Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.Fig. 10.Fig. 11.Fig. 12.Fig. 13.Fig. 14.Fig. 15.Fig. 16.Fig. 17.Fig. 18.Fig. 19.Fig. 20.Fig. 21.Fig. 22.Fig. 23.Fig. 24.Fig. 25.Fig. 26.Fig. 27.

Repair and Maintenance Materialsand ProceduresWells and Ground-Water RechargeMaintenance of Mechanical, Electrical,Hydraulic, and Electronic EquipmentPumping PlantsManagement of Generated Waste

Budget Preparation ScheduleDefinitions of Delivery Scheduling MethodsCharacteristics of Primary Measuring Devices ....

Simplified Organizational Chartfor Irrigation DistrictConstant Amount- ConstantFrequency ScheduleConstant Amount- VariableFrequency SchedulePipeline Classificationby Hydraulic GradelineUpstream Control — Supply OperationDownstream Control — Demand OperationCharacteristics of BIVAL SystemTypes of Downstream Control onSloping CanalsNeyrpic Module, Type XI MeterThree-Lift Reservoir SystemCheck Valve in Booster Station Bypass LineTypical Irrigation SystemTurbine FlowmeterTypical Propeller Meter InstallationOrifice Plate with Standardized TappingsCRUMP De GRUYTER Adjustable OrificeMetergate InstallationFlow below Sluice GateBroad-Crested . Weir in Concrete-Lined Canal....Principle of Ultrasonic FlowmeterPrinciple of Vortex-Shedding MeterConcrete Pipe JointsMeter Installation and Maintenance Program FormMeter Maintenance FormMeter Maintenance ReportMeter Test Data FormPump Motor Relubrication Procedure

199214

214218220

273692

5

39

40

61656870

717379818791919596979899

103104186191192193194219

viii



Photograph

Photo 1.

Appendix A:

Fig.A-1.Fig. A-2.Fig. A-3.

Fig. A-3(a).Fig. A-3(b).Fig. A-3(c).Fig. A-3(d).Fig. A-3(e).Fig. A-3(f).

Appendix B:

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.

Mule Deer Using Entry/Escape Steps

Organizational Charts

Organizational Chart of Irrigation DistrictOrganizational Chart of Irrigation District in USA .Detailed Water District Organizational ChartMaintenance DivisionOperations DivisionEngineering DivisionAdministrative DivisionFinance DivisionLegal Division

Personnel Regulations

StaffingJob DescriptionEqual Employment OpportunityPhysical ExaminationHiring ListStatus of EmploymentPromotion and TransferTerminationDemotionTemporary UpgradeAnniversary DateSeniorityRehire of Former EmployeeSalary CodeHours of WorkSexual HarassmentSubstance AbuseEmployee EvaluationCounseling/Disciplinary ActionProblems and ComplaintsService AwardsPay DaysLeave PolicyBusiness ExpensesOvertimeOvertime/Premium Pay

20

223224225226227228229230231

232233234235236237238238240241241241242243243244245246246247248248249249250250

ix



Appendix C: Job Descriptions

Appendix D:

1.2.3.

Appendix E:

Figures

Fig. E-l.Fig. E-2.Fig. E-3.Fig. E-4.Fig. E-5.Fig. E-6.Fig. E-7.Fig. E-8.

Fig. E-9(a).Fig. E-9(b).

Fig. E-10.Fig. E-l 1.Fig. E-12.Fig. E-13.Fig. E-14.

Assessment Clerk IAutomotive MechanicChief of MaintenanceChief of OperationsDispatcher ClerkElectrician IEquipment OperatorMaintenance PlannerMaintenance Worker IOffice Assistant ISenior EngineerWarehouseman IWater Delivery Controller II

Budget Guidelines

Preparation GuidelinesCodesBudget Maintenance

Water Service

Terms and Conditions of Water ServiceWater Ordering ProceduresRecord Preparation

Diversion RecordLateral Waste RecordDaily Water Delivery RecordWater User LedgerAbstract of Water LedgersReport of Water UsedWater Delivery RecordMonthly Water DistributionWater Supply Report (Monthly)Water Supply Report (Yearly Summary)Notice of System ShutdownDaily Water RequestsComplaint FormApplication for Water Delivery OutletWater Delivery Outlet— Installation

252253254256257258260262263265266268270

272273286

288290291

296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310

X



Appendix F:

Figures

Fig. F-l.Fig. F-2.Fig. F-3.Fig. F-4.

Fig. F-5(a).Fig. F-5(b).Fig. F-6(a).Fig. F-6(b).

Fig. F-7.

Appendix G:

Figures

Fig. G-l.Fig. G-2.

Fig. G-3(a).Fig. G-3(b).Fig. G-3(c).

Fig. G-4.Fig. G-5.Fig. G-6.Fig. G-7.Fig. G-8.Fig. G-9.

Fig. G-10.Fig. G-ll.

Fig. G-12(a)Fig. G-12(b).Fig. G-12(c).

Safety

IntroductionPolicy for Public SafetyProject Safety Policy

Report of Safety MeetingEmployee Safety Training ReportMinutes of Safety Committee MeetingReport of Unsafe ConditionDriver's Report of Accident (Page 1)Driver's Report of Accident (Page 2)Supervisor's Accident Report (Page 1)Supervisor's Accident Report (Page 2)Report of Damage to Facilities

Maintenance Management

Maintenance ManagementPersonnelBasic Maintenance Work Order SystemMaintenance Record KeepingTime KeepingWork SchedulingDeveloping Job History RecordsBacklogSupplies and Materials ControlPreventive Maintenance

Work OrderPlanners Work Order LogWeekly Work SchedulingWeekly Work SchedulingWeekly Work SchedulingMaterials ListStock Withdrawal CardMaterials RequestWork Scheduling SheetPlanning WorksheetDaily TimesheetEquipment Usage ReportWork Order by Cost Center ReportInvoiceMonthly Work Order ReportingDetailed Work Order Report

xi

311311318

327328329330331332333334335

336336337341342342343344345346

350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365



Fig. G-13.Fig. G-14.Fig. G-15.Fig. G-16.Fig. G-17.Fig. G-18.Fig. G-19.Fig. G-20.Fig. G-21.Fig. G-22.Fig. G-23.Fig. G-24.Fig. G-25.Fig. G-26.Fig. G-27.Fig. G-28.Fig. G-29.Fig. G-30.Fig. G-31.Fig. G-32.Fig. G-33.Fig. G-34.Fig. G-35.Fig. G-36.Fig. G-37.Fig. G-38.Fig. G-39.Fig. G-40.

Fig. G-41.Fig. G-42.

Fig. G-43.

Fig. G-44.Fig. G-45.Fig. G-46.Fig. G-47.Fig. G-48.Fig. G-49.Fig. G-50.

Appendix H:

Maintenance FlowchartLinear Responsibility ChartStanding Work LogDelegation of ResponsibilityInventory ControlWeekly Inventory Report by Item DescriptionRequest for QuotationMaintenance RecordEquipment Repair OrderPumping Plant Triennial InspectionTraveling Water Screen Triennial InspectionAir Chamber InspectionPumping Plant LaddersRegulating and Surge Tank InspectionsSlanting Disc Check Valve InspectionArmco Model 50-10 ValveSwing Check Valve InspectionM&H ValvePratt Butterfly Valve....Vibration Data SheetField Corrosion Survey DataData Sheet Cathodic Protection SystemsDifferential Relay Test ReportWatt ( ): Var ( ) Hourmeter Test ReportOvercurrent Relay Test ReportPhase Angle TestMiscellaneous Test SheetPortable Electric Power Tool Testand Inspection ReportPumping Plant Housekeeping ChecklistHeadworks and Pumping PlantsInspection ChecklistPumping Plant Electrical PreventiveMaintenance ChecklistWeekly Preventive MaintenanceDelivery Site Maintenance RequestDangerStatus of Do Not Operate TagSafety ClipMaintenance Clearance ChecklistDay of Use Maintenance Checklist

Operation and Maintenance Checklist

List of Items to be Discussed in"Review of Operation andMaintenance" ReportChecklist for Review of Operationand Maintenance Examination

xii

366367368369370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392

393394

395

396397398399400401402403

404

405



Appendix I: Conversion Table

International System (SI metric)/U.S.Customary Conversion Tables

References

Index

414

421

427

XIII



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SECTION!. THE MANUAL

1.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this manual is to assist irrigation and drainage dis-

trict personnel in the management, operation, and maintenance of agricul-tural irrigation and drainage systems. Throughout the world, there arethousands of irrigation systems that transport water from a source ofsupply to farmers for crop irrigation. These irrigation systems supplywater to millions of acres of land through locally or regionally controlledorganizations. Improving management, operation, and maintenance ofthese existing systems can produce significant economic, social, and envi-ronmental benefits, to farmers directly served by the systems, to the irriga-tion district, and to the populace who are directly and indirectly affected.This manual is intended to encourage and facilitate such improvements.

1.2. SCOPEThis manual describes state-of-the-art management, operation, and

maintenance practices and procedures in general use by existing irrigationdistricts throughout the United States. The term "irrigation district" de-scribes any agency, either public or private, regardless of the specific titleof the organization, that provides the service of storing, conveying, and/orfurnishing irrigation water, or providing drainage services to agriculturallands. The manual does not attempt to describe the development of a watersupply, the planning, designing, or construction of a new irrigation proj-ect, or the use of water on farms.

Effective management of an irrigation district and the personnelwho support the physical operation is essential for the success of anirrigation enterprise. Operation and maintenance of an irrigation sys-tem includes the physical operation necessary to deliver water to thefarms. This manual focuses on relevant practices and procedures usedthroughout the United States, but this manual could prove usefulthroughout the world even though economic and cultural differencesmay require adaptation for such use.

1.3. SUGGESTIONS FOR USEThe material presented in this manual is a guideline for developing

and formulating documents that outline rules, regulations, and policies tomeet specific needs of an irrigation district. However, due to varied phys-ical and economic situations in districts, this manual cannot cover allconditions. In small districts, the documents can be brief and simple. Inlarger districts with complex organizational structures, more detailed doc-uments may be desirable. An irrigation district can improve its effective-ness by establishing appropriate rules, regulations, and policies with doc-uments that set forth both goals and procedures.



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