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2015 CODE AND COMMENTARY

The complete IFGC with commentary after each section

IFG

C®



2015 International Fuel Gas Code Commentary

First Printing: May 2015

ISBN: 978-1-6083-292-6

COPYRIGHT© 2015by

INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2015 International Fuel Gas Code Commentary is a copyrighted work owned by the Inter-national Code Council, Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be repro-duced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanicalmeans (by way of example, and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). Forinformation on permission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications, 4051 Flossmoor Road, CountryClub Hills, IL 60478. Phone 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233). Trademarks: “International Code Council,” the “International Code Council” logo and the “International Fuel Gas Code” aretrademarks of the International Code Council, Inc.

Material designated IFGSby

AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION400 N. Capitol Street, N.W. · Washington, DC 20001

(202) 824-7000Copyright © American Gas Association, 2009. All rights reserved.

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.



2015 INTERNATIONAL FUEL GAS CODE COMMENTARY iii

PREFACE

The principal purpose of the Commentary is to provide a basic volume of knowledge and facts relating to building constructionas it pertains to the regulations set forth in the 2015 International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC ). The person who is serious abouteffectively designing, constructing and regulating buildings and structures will find the Commentary to be a reliable data sourceand reference to almost all fuel gas components of the built environment.

As a follow-up to the International Fuel Gas Code, we offer a companion document, the International Fuel Gas Code Com-mentary. The basic appeal of the Commentary is that it provides in a small package and at reasonable cost thorough coverage ofmany issues likely to be dealt with when using the International Fuel Gas Code. It then supplements that coverage with histori-cal and technical background. Reference lists, information sources and bibliographies are also included.

Throughout all of this, strenuous effort has been made to keep the vast quantity of material accessible and its method of pre-sentation useful. With a comprehensive yet concise summary of each section, the Commentary provides a convenient referencefor regulations applicable to the construction of buildings and structures. In the chapters that follow, discussions focus on the fullmeaning and implications of the code text. Guidelines suggest the most effective method of application, and the consequences ofnot adhering to the code text. Illustrations are provided to aid understanding; they do not necessarily illustrate the only methodsof achieving code compliance.

The format of the Commentary includes the full text of each section, table and figure in the code, followed immediately by thecommentary applicable to that text. At the time of printing, the Commentary reflects the most up-to-date text of the 2015 Inter-national Fuel Gas Code. Each chapter’s narrative includes a section on “General Comments” and “Purpose,” and each section’snarrative usually includes a discussion about why the requirement commands the conditions set forth. Code text is reproduced asit appears in the International Fuel Gas Code, and commentary is indented below the code text, beginning with the symbol .Code figures and tables are reproduced as they appear in the International Fuel Gas Code. Commentary figures and tables areidentified in the text by the word “Commentary” (as in “see Commentary Figure 704.3”), and each has a full border.

The International Fuel Gas Code is segregated by section numbers into two categories: code and standard. Code sections areidentified as IFGC; standard sections are identified as IFGS.

Commentary is to be used in conjunction with the International Fuel Gas Code and not as a substitute for the code. The Com-mentary is advisory only; the code official alone possesses the authority and responsibility for interpreting the code.

Comments and recommendations are encouraged, for through your input, we can improve future editions. Please direct yourcomments to the Codes and Standards Development Department at the Chicago District Office.



iv 2015 INTERNATIONAL FUEL GAS CODE COMMENTARY



2015 INTERNATIONAL FUEL GAS CODE COMMENTARY v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 – 1-20

PART 1—SCOPE AND APPLICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

PART 2—ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 – 2-28

CHAPTER 3 GENERAL REGULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 – 3-60

CHAPTER 4 GAS PIPING INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 – 4-114

CHAPTER 5 CHIMNEYS AND VENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 – 5-100

CHAPTER 6 SPECIFIC APPLIANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 – 6-44

CHAPTER 7 GASEOUS HYDROGENSYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 – 7-12

CHAPTER 8 REFERENCED STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 – 8-6

APPENDIX A SIZING AND CAPACITIES OF GAS PIPING (IFGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 – A-10

APPENDIX B SIZING OF VENTING SYSTEMS SERVING APPLIANCESEQUIPPED WITH DRAFT HOODS, CATEGORY I APPLIANCES AND APPLIANCES LISTED FOR USE WITH TYPE B VENTS (IFGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 – B-10

APPENDIX C EXIT TERMINALS OF MECHANICAL DRAFT ANDDIRECT-VENT VENTING SYSTEMS (IFGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 – C-2

APPENDIX D RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR SAFETY INSPECTION OFAN EXISTING APPLIANCE INSTALLATION (IFGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 – D-6

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX-1 – INDEX-4



vi 2015 INTERNATIONAL FUEL GAS CODE COMMENTARY



2015 INTERNATIONAL FUEL GAS CODE COMMENTARY 1-1

PART 1—SCOPE AND APPLICATION

SECTION 101 (IFGC)GENERAL

[A] 101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the FuelGas Code of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], hereinafter referred toas “this code.”

This section identifies the adopted regulations byinserting the name of the adopting jurisdiction into thecode.

[A] 101.2 Scope. This code shall apply to the installation offuel-gas piping systems, fuel gas appliances, gaseous hydro-

gen systems and related accessories in accordance with Sec-tions 101.2.1 through 101.2.5.

Exception: Detached one- and two-family dwellings andmultiple single-family dwellings (townhouses) not morethan three stories high with separate means of egress andtheir accessory structures shall comply with the Interna-tional Residential Code.This section describes the types of fuel gas systemsto which the code is intended to apply and specificallylists those systems to which the code does not apply.The applicability of the code spans from the initialdesign of fuel gas systems, through the installation

Chapter 1:Scope and Administration

General CommentsThe law of building regulation is grounded on the policepower of the state. It is used so that the state may legis-late for the general welfare of its citizens. This powerenables passage of such laws as a fuel gas code. It isfrom the police power delegated by the state legislaturethat local governments are able to enact building regula-tions. If the state legislature has limited this power inany way, the municipality may not exceed these limita-tions. Although the municipality may not further dele-gate its police power (e.g., by delegating the burden ofdetermining code compliance with the building owner,contractor or architect), it may turn over the administra-tion of building regulations to a municipal official, suchas a code official, if he or she is given sufficient criteriato clearly establish the basis for decisions concerningwhether or not a proposed building, including its fuelgas systems, conforms to the code.

Chapter 1 is largely concerned with maintaining “dueprocess of law” in enforcing the performance criteriacontained in the code. Only through careful observationof the administrative provisions can the code official rea-sonably hope to demonstrate that “equal protectionunder the law” has been established. Although it is gen-erally assumed that the administrative and enforcementsections of a code are geared toward the code official,this is not entirely true. The provisions also establish therights and privileges of the registered design profes-sional, the contractor and the building owner. The posi-tion of the code official is merely to review the proposedand completed work and determine whether a fuel gasinstallation conforms to the code requirements. The reg-istered design professional is responsible for the designof a safe, sanitary fuel gas system. The contractor is

responsible for installing the system in strict accordancewith the plans.

During the course of the construction of a fuel gassystem, the code official reviews the activity to verifythat the spirit and intent of the law are being met andthat the fuel gas system provides adequate protection ofpublic health. As a public servant, the code officialenforces the code without bias. Every individual is guar-anteed equal enforcement of the code. Furthermore,design professionals, contractors and building ownershave the right of due process for any requirement in thecode.

Purpose

A fuel gas code, like any other code, is intended to beadopted as a legally enforceable document to safe-guard health, safety, property and public welfare. A fuelgas code cannot be effective without adequate provi-sions for its administration and enforcement. The officialcharged with the administration and enforcement of fuelgas regulations has a great responsibility, and with thisresponsibility goes authority. No matter how detailed thefuel gas code may be, the code official must, to someextent, exercise judgment in determining compliance.The code official has the responsibility of establishingthat the homes in which the citizens of the communityreside and the buildings in which they work aredesigned and constructed to be reasonably free fromhazards associated with the presence and use of fuelgas appliances, appurtenances, fixtures and systems.The code intends to establish a minimum acceptablelevel of safety.



SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

1-2 2015 INTERNATIONAL FUEL GAS CODE COMMENTARY

and construction phases, and into the maintenance ofoperating systems. Chapter 24 of the InternationalResidential Code (IRC ) covers fuel gas systemsand is a duplication of the applicable InternationalFuel Gas Code (IFGC ) text.

[A] 101.2.1 Gaseous hydrogen systems. Gaseous hydrogensystems shall be regulated by Chapter 7.

See the general comments for Chapter 7.[A] 101.2.2 Piping systems. These regulations cover pipingsystems for natural gas with an operating pressure of 125pounds per square inch gauge (psig) (862 kPa gauge) or less,and for LP-gas with an operating pressure of 20 psig (140 kPagauge) or less, except as provided in Section 402.6. Coverageshall extend from the point of delivery to the outlet of theappliance shutoff valves. Piping system requirements shallinclude design, materials, components, fabrication, assembly,installation, testing, inspection, operation and maintenance.

The code does not limit the operating pressure ofsystems, but rather limits the code’s coverage of pip-ing systems to those having pressures less than orequal to the stated pressures. Consistent with thedefinition, piping systems begin at the point of deliv-ery and end at the outlet of the appliance shutoffvalves (see Section 101.2.3 and definition of “Pipingsystem”).

[A] 101.2.3 Gas appliances. Requirements for gas appli-ances and related accessories shall include installation, com-bustion and ventilation air and venting and connections topiping systems.

The piping and connectors between the applianceshutoff valves and the appliance served are coveredby the code, although the piping and connectors areoutside the scope of the definition of “Piping system.”

[A] 101.2.4 Systems, appliances and equipment outsidethe scope. This code shall not apply to the following:

1. Portable LP-gas appliances and equipment of all typesthat is not connected to a fixed fuel piping system.

2. Installation of farm appliances and equipment such asbrooders, dehydrators, dryers and irrigation equip-ment.

3. Raw material (feedstock) applications except for pip-ing to special atmosphere generators.

4. Oxygen-fuel gas cutting and welding systems.5. Industrial gas applications using gases such as acety-

lene and acetylenic compounds, hydrogen, ammonia,carbon monoxide, oxygen and nitrogen.

6. Petroleum refineries, pipeline compressor or pumpingstations, loading terminals, compounding plants,refinery tank farms and natural gas processing plants.

7. Integrated chemical plants or portions of such plantswhere flammable or combustible liquids or gases areproduced by, or used in, chemical reactions.

8. LP-gas installations at utility gas plants.9. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) installations.

10. Fuel gas piping in power and atomic energy plants.11. Proprietary items of equipment, apparatus or instru-

ments such as gas-generating sets, compressors andcalorimeters.

12. LP-gas equipment for vaporization, gas mixing andgas manufacturing.

13. Temporary LP-gas piping for buildings under con-struction or renovation that is not to become part ofthe permanent piping system.

14. Installation of LP-gas systems for railroad switchheating.

15. Installation of hydrogen gas, LP-gas and compressednatural gas (CNG) systems on vehicles.

16. Except as provided in Section 401.1.1, gas piping,meters, gas pressure regulators and other appurte-nances used by the serving gas supplier in the distri-bution of gas, other than undiluted LP-gas.

17. Building design and construction, except as specifiedherein.

18. Piping systems for mixtures of gas and air within theflammable range with an operating pressure greaterthan 10 psig (69 kPa gauge).

19. Portable fuel cell appliances that are neither con-nected to a fixed piping system nor interconnected toa power grid.

This section lists the specific installations and equip-ment that the code does not intend to regulate. Item19 relates to Chapter 7 and addresses portable fuelcell appliances as defined in Chapter 2.

[A] 101.2.5 Other fuels. The requirements for the design,installation, maintenance, alteration and inspection ofmechanical systems operating with fuels other than fuel gasshall be regulated by the International Mechanical Code.

This section simply defers the coverage of all equip-ment other than gas-fired equipment to the Interna-tional Mechanical Code (IMC ). The IRC alsoregulates the installation of residential equipment thatis not gas fired.

[A] 101.3 Appendices. Provisions in the appendices shall notapply unless specifically adopted.

This section certifies that the appendices are not partof the code unless specifically included in the adopt-ing ordinance of the jurisdiction. Otherwise, theappendices are not intended to be enforceable.

[A] 101.4 Intent. The purpose of this code is to establishminimum standards to provide a reasonable level of safety,health, property protection and public welfare by regulatingand controlling the design, construction, installation, qualityof materials, location, operation and maintenance or use offuel gas systems.

The intent of the code is to set forth requirements thatestablish the minimum acceptable level to safeguardlife or limb, health, property and public welfare. Theintent becomes important in the application of suchsections as Sections 102, 104.2, 105.2 and 108, as





well as any enforcement-oriented interpretive actionor judgement. Like any code, the written text is sub-ject to interpretation. Interpretations should not beaffected by economics or the potential impact on anyparty. The only consideration should be protection ofthe public health, safety and welfare.

[A] 101.5 Severability. If a section, subsection, sentence,clause or phrase of this code is, for any reason, held to beunconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity ofthe remaining portions of this code.

Once the code is adopted, only a court can set asideany provisions of the code. This is essential to safe-guard the application of the code text if a provision ofthe code is declared illegal or unconstitutional. Thissection would preserve the legislative action thatestablished the legal provisions.

SECTION 102 (IFGC)APPLICABILITY

[A] 102.1 General. Where there is a conflict between a gen-eral requirement and a specific requirement, the specificrequirement shall govern. Where, in a specific case, differentsections of this code specify different materials, methods ofconstruction or other requirements, the most restrictive shallgovern.

The scope of the code as described in Section 101 isreferenced in this section. The most restrictive coderequirement is to apply where different requirementsmay be specified in the code for a specific installa-tion. The code is designed to regulate new construc-tion and new work and is not intended to be appliedretroactively to existing buildings except where exist-ing fuel-gas-related systems are specificallyaddressed in this section and Section 108.

[A] 102.2 Existing installations. Except as otherwise pro-vided for in this chapter, a provision in this code shall notrequire the removal, alteration or abandonment of, nor pre-vent the continued utilization and maintenance of, existinginstallations lawfully in existence at the time of the adoptionof this code.

Existing installations are generally considered to be“grandfathered” with code adoption if the systemmeets a minimum level of safety. Frequently the crite-ria for this level are the regulations (or code) underwhich the existing building was originally constructed.If there are no previous code criteria to apply, thecode official is to apply those provisions of the codethat are reasonably applicable to existing buildings. Aspecific level of safety is dictated by provisions deal-ing with hazard abatement in existing buildings andmaintenance provisions as contained in this code, theInternational Property Maintenance Code (IPMC )and the International Fire Code (IFC ).

[A] 102.2.1 Existing buildings. Additions, alterations, reno-vations or repairs related to building or structural issues shallbe regulated by the International Building Code.

This section states that the International BuildingCode (IBC ) regulates construction related to build-ing or structural issues.

[A] 102.3 Maintenance. Installations, both existing and new,and parts thereof shall be maintained in proper operating con-dition in accordance with the original design and in a safecondition. Devices or safeguards that are required by thiscode shall be maintained in compliance with the edition ofthe code under which they were installed. The owner or theowner’s authorized agent shall be responsible for mainte-nance of installations. To determine compliance with thisprovision, the code official shall have the authority to requirean installation to be reinspected.

Fuel gas systems and equipment are subject to dete-rioration resulting from aging, wear, accumulation ofdirt and debris, corrosion and other factors. Mainte-nance is necessary to keep these systems and equip-ment in proper operating condition. Required safetydevices and controls must be maintained to continueproviding the protection that they afford. Existingequipment and systems could be equipped withsafety devices or other measures that were neces-sary because of the nature of the equipment, andsuch safeguards may have been required by a codethat predates the current code. All such safeguardsrequired by previous or present codes must be main-tained for the life of the equipment or system servedby those safeguards.

[A] 102.4 Additions, alterations or repairs. Additions,alterations, renovations or repairs to installations shall con-form to that required for new installations without requiringthe existing installation to comply with all of the require-ments of this code. Additions, alterations or repairs shall notcause an existing installation to become unsafe, hazardous oroverloaded.

Minor additions, alterations, renovations and repairs toexisting installations shall meet the provisions for new con-struction, unless such work is done in the same manner andarrangement as was in the existing system, is not hazardousand is approved.

Simply stated, new work must comply with the currentrequirements for new work. Any alteration or additionto an existing system involves some extent of newwork, and such new work is subject to the require-ments of the code. Additions and alterations must notcause an existing system to be any less in compli-ance with the code than it was before the changes.

[A] 102.5 Change in occupancy. It shall be unlawful tomake a change in the occupancy of a structure that will sub-ject the structure to the special provisions of this code appli-cable to the new occupancy without approval. The code





official shall certify that such structure meets the intent of theprovisions of law governing building construction for theproposed new occupancy and that such change of occupancydoes not result in any hazard to the public health, safety orwelfare.

When a building undergoes a change of occupancy,the fuel gas systems must be evaluated to determinewhat effect the change of occupancy has on them. Ifan existing system serves an occupancy that is differ-ent from the occupancy it served when the code wentinto effect, the fuel gas system must comply with theapplicable code requirements for a system servingthe newer occupancy. Depending on the nature of theprevious occupancy, changing a building’s occu-pancy classification could result in a change to thefuel gas system. For example, if a mercantile buildingis converted to a restaurant, additional fuel gas pipingsystem capacity and modifications may be required.

[A] 102.6 Historic buildings. The provisions of this coderelating to the construction, alteration, repair, enlargement,restoration, relocation or moving of buildings or structuresshall not be mandatory for existing buildings or structuresidentified and classified by the state or local jurisdiction ashistoric buildings where such buildings or structures arejudged by the code official to be safe and in the public inter-est of health, safety and welfare regarding any proposed con-struction, alteration, repair, enlargement, restoration,relocation or moving of buildings.

This section gives the code official the widest possi-ble flexibility in enforcing the code when the buildingin question has historic value. This flexibility, how-ever, is not without conditions. The most importantcriterion for application of this section is that the build-ing must be specifically classified as being of historicsignificance by a qualified party or agency. Usually, astate or local authority does this after considerablescrutiny of the historical value of the building. Theagencies with this authority typically exist at the stateor local government level.

[A] 102.7 Moved buildings. Except as determined by Sec-tion 102.2, installations that are a part of buildings or struc-tures moved into or within the jurisdiction shall comply withthe provisions of this code for new installations.

Buildings that have been relocated are subject to therequirements of the code as if they were new con-struction. Placing a building where one did not previ-ously exist is the same as constructing a newbuilding. This section requires that the existing fuelgas systems be altered to the extent necessary tobring them into compliance with the provisions of thecode applicable to new construction or that the exist-ing fuel gas system comply with Section 102.2.

[A] 102.8 Referenced codes and standards. The codes andstandards referenced in this code shall be those that are listedin Chapter 8 and such codes and standards shall be consid-ered as part of the requirements of this code to the prescribed

extent of each such reference and as further regulated in Sec-tions 102.8.1 and 102.8.2.

Exception: Where enforcement of a code provision wouldviolate the conditions of the listing of the equipment orappliance, the conditions of the listing and the manufac-turer’s installation instructions shall apply.A referenced standard or portion of one is an enforce-able extension of the code as if the content of thestandard were included in the body of the code.

The use and application of referenced standardsare limited to those portions of the standards that arespecifically identified. It is the intention of the code tobe in harmony with the referenced standards. In theunlikely event that conflicts occur, the code text gov-erns. The exception recognizes the extremelyunlikely but possible occurrence of the code requiringor allowing something less restrictive or stringentthan the product listing or manufacturer’s instructions.If the code conflicts with or deviates from the condi-tions of the listing, this may or may not mean that thecode violated the listing. For example, the listing foran appliance might allow a particular application of anappliance that is expressly prohibited by the code. Inthis case, the code has not violated the listing, butinstead has simply limited the application allowed bythe listing. The intent is for the highest level of safetyto prevail.

[A] 102.8.1 Conflicts. Where conflicts occur between theprovisions of this code and the referenced standards, the pro-visions of this code shall apply.

There could be instances where the code is intention-ally more stringent than a provision in a referencedstandard; therefore, the code intends to prevail (seeSection 102.8).

[A] 102.8.2 Provisions in referenced codes and standards.Where the extent of the reference to a referenced code orstandard includes subject matter that is within the scope ofthis code, the provisions of this code, as applicable, shall takeprecedence over the provisions in the referenced code or stan-dard.

This code might reference a standard that has cover-age for a subject that is also covered in this code. Insuch case, the coverage in this code is applicable,not the coverage in the referenced standard. Other-wise, there would be dual coverage of a subject andsuch coverage would likely conflict or prescribe differ-ing and incompatible requirements. For example, thiscode references NFPA 211 and that standard con-tains many installation provisions that are alreadycovered by this code, many of which will differ. Stan-dards are often referenced for a particular or narrowpurpose and this section prevents the unintendedconsequence of such a reference enacting otherrequirements in the standard that were not meant tobe included. See Section 102.8 and the commentaryto Section 401.2.





[A] 102.9 Requirements not covered by code. Require-ments necessary for the strength, stability or proper operationof an existing or proposed installation, or for the publicsafety, health and general welfare, not specifically covered bythis code, shall be determined by the code official.

New technology and unusual installations will some-times result in a situation or circumstance not specifi-cally covered by the code. This section of the codegives the code official the authority to decide whetherand how the code can be used to cover the new situ-ation. Clearly such a section is needed, and the codeofficial’s reasonable application of the section is nec-essary. The purpose of the section, however, is not toimpose requirements that may be preferred when thecode provides alternative methods or is not silent onthe circumstances. Additionally, the section can beused to implement the general performance-orientedlanguage of the code to specific enforcement situa-tions.

[A] 102.10 Other laws. The provisions of this code shall notbe deemed to nullify any provisions of local, state or federallaw.

In some cases, other laws enacted by the jurisdictionor the state or federal government may be applicableto a condition that is also governed by a requirementin the code. In such circumstances, the requirementsof the code are in addition to the other law that is stillin effect, although the code official may not beresponsible for its enforcement.

[A] 102.11 Application of references. Reference to chaptersection numbers, or to provisions not specifically identifiedby number, shall be construed to refer to such chapter, sectionor provision of this code.

In a situation where the code may make reference toa chapter or section number or to another code provi-sion without specifically identifying its location in thecode, assume that the referenced section, chapter orprovision is in the code and not in a referenced codeor standard.

PART 2—ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

SECTION 103 (IFGC)DEPARTMENT OF INSPECTION

[A] 103.1 General. The Department of Inspection is herebycreated and the executive official in charge thereof shall beknown as the code official.

The executive official in charge of inspections isnamed the “code official” by this section. In actuality,the person who is in charge of the department mayhold a different title, such as building commissioner,plumbing inspector, mechanical inspector or con-struction official. For the purpose of the code, thatperson is referred to as the “code official.”

[A] 103.2 Appointment. The code official shall be appointedby the chief appointing authority of the jurisdiction.

This section establishes the code official as anappointed position and gives the circumstancesunder which the official can be removed from office.

[A] 103.3 Deputies. In accordance with the prescribed proce-dures of this jurisdiction and with the concurrence of theappointing authority, the code official shall have the authorityto appoint a deputy code official, other related technical offi-cers, inspectors and other employees. Such employees shallhave powers as delegated by the code official.

This section gives the code official the authority toappoint other individuals to assist with the administra-tion and enforcement of the code. These individualshave the authority and responsibility as designatedby the code official.

[A] 103.4 Liability. The code official, member of the boardof appeals or employee charged with the enforcement of thiscode, while acting for the jurisdiction in good faith and with-out malice in the discharge of the duties required by this codeor other pertinent law or ordinance, shall not thereby be ren-dered civilly or criminally liable personally, and is herebyrelieved from all personal liability for any damage accruingto persons or property as a result of an act or by reason of anact or omission in the discharge of official duties.

Any suit instituted against any officer or employeebecause of an act performed by that officer oremployee in the lawful discharge of duties and underthe provisions of this code must be defended by thelegal representative of the jurisdiction until the finaltermination of the proceedings. The code official orany subordinate is not liable for costs in an action,suit or proceeding that is instituted in pursuance ofthe provisions of this code; and any officer of thedepartment of mechanical inspection who is acting ingood faith and without malice is free from liability foracts performed under any of its provisions or by rea-son of any act or omission in the performance of offi-cial duties.

[A] 103.4.1 Legal defense. Any suit or criminal complaintinstituted against any officer or employee because of an actperformed by that officer or employee in the lawful dischargeof duties and under the provisions of this code shall bedefended by the legal representatives of the jurisdiction untilthe final termination of the proceedings. The code official orany subordinate shall not be liable for costs in an action, suitor proceeding that is instituted in pursuance of the provisionsof this code.

See the commentary to Section 103.4.

SECTION 104 (IFGC)DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE CODE OFFICIAL

[A] 104.1 General. The code official is hereby authorizedand directed to enforce the provisions of this code. The code





official shall have the authority to render interpretations ofthis code and to adopt policies and procedures in order toclarify the application of its provisions. Such interpretations,policies and procedures shall be in compliance with the intentand purpose of this code. Such policies and procedures shallnot have the effect of waiving requirements specifically pro-vided in this code.

The duty of the code official is to enforce the code.Because the code official must also act on all ques-tions related to this responsibility except as specifi-cally exempted by law or elsewhere in the code, thecode official is the “authority having jurisdiction” for allmatters relating to the code and its enforcement. It isthe duty of the code official to interpret the code andto determine compliance with the code. Code compli-ance will not always be easy to determine and willrequire the judgement and expertise of the code offi-cial. When the code is silent with respect to a particu-lar mechanical installation or lack thereof, the codeofficial is obligated to secure the intent of the code byusing the best possible judgement in acting on thematter.

[A] 104.2 Applications and permits. The code official shallreceive applications, review construction documents andissue permits for installations and alterations of fuel gas sys-tems, inspect the premises for which such permits have beenissued and enforce compliance with the provisions of thiscode.

The code enforcement process normally begins withan application for a permit. The code official isresponsible for processing the applications and issu-ing permits for the installation, replacement, additionto or modification of fuel gas systems in accordancewith the code.

[A] 104.3 Inspections. The code official shall make all of therequired inspections, or shall accept reports of inspection byapproved agencies or individuals. Reports of such inspectionsshall be in writing and shall be certified by a responsible offi-cer of such approved agency or by the responsible individual.The code official is authorized to engage such expert opinionas deemed necessary to report upon unusual technical issuesthat arise, subject to the approval of the appointing authority.

The code official must make inspections as neces-sary to determine compliance with the code or toaccept written reports of inspections by an approvedagency. The inspection of the work in progress oraccomplished is another significant element in deter-mining code compliance. Although a departmentmight not have the resources to inspect every aspectof all work, the required inspections are those that aredictated by administrative rules and proceduresbased on many factors, including available inspectionresources. To expand the resources available forinspections, the code official may approve an inspec-tion agency that, in the code official’s opinion, pos-sesses the proper qualifications to perform theinspections. When unusual, extraordinary or complextechnical issues arise relative to either fuel gas instal-

lations or the safety of an existing fuel gas system,the code official has the authority to seek the opinionand advice of experts. A technical report from anexpert requested by the code official can be used toassist the code official in the approval process.

[A] 104.4 Right of entry. Where it is necessary to make aninspection to enforce the provisions of this code, or where thecode official has reasonable cause to believe that there existsin a building or upon any premises any conditions or viola-tions of this code that make the building or premises unsafe,dangerous or hazardous, the code official shall have theauthority to enter the building or premises at all reasonabletimes to inspect or to perform the duties imposed upon thecode official by this code. If such building or premises isoccupied, the code official shall present credentials to theoccupant and request entry. If such building or premises isunoccupied, the code official shall first make a reasonableeffort to locate the owner, the owner’s authorized agent orother person having charge or control of the building orpremises and request entry. If entry is refused, the code offi-cial has recourse to every remedy provided by law to secureentry.

Where the code official has first obtained a proper inspec-tion warrant or other remedy provided by law to secure entry,an owner, the owner’s authorized agent, occupant or personhaving charge, care or control of the building or premisesshall not fail or neglect, after proper request is made as hereinprovided, to promptly permit entry therein by the code offi-cial for the purpose of inspection and examination pursuant tothis code.

The first part of this section establishes the right ofthe code official to enter premises to conduct the per-mit inspections required by Section 107. Permit appli-cation forms typically include a statement in thecertification signed by the applicant (who is the owneror the owner’s agent) granting the code official theauthority to enter areas covered by the permit toenforce code provisions related to the permit. Theright to enter other structures or premises is more lim-ited. First, to protect the right of privacy, the owner oroccupant must grant the code official permissionbefore an interior inspection of the property can beconducted. Permission is not required for inspectionsthat can be accomplished from within the public right-of-way. Second, the owner or occupant may denyaccess. Unless the inspector has reasonable causeto believe that a violation of the code exists, accessmay be unattainable. Third, code officials must pres-ent proper identification (see commentary, Section104.5) and request admittance during reasonablehours—usually, the normal business hours of theestablishment. Fourth, inspections must be aimed atsecuring or determining compliance with the provi-sions and intent of the regulations that are specificallywithin the established scope of the code official’sauthority.

Searches to gather information for the enforcementof other codes, ordinances or regulations are consid-ered unreasonable and are prohibited by the Fourth





Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. “Reasonablecause” in the context of this section must be distin-guished from “probable cause,” which is required togain access to property in criminal cases. The burdenof proof establishing reasonable cause may varyamong jurisdictions. Usually, an inspector must showthat the property is subject to inspection under theprovisions of the code; that the interests of the publichealth, safety and welfare outweigh the individual’sright to maintain privacy; and that such an inspectionis required solely to determine compliance with theprovisions of the code.

Many jurisdictions do not recognize the concept ofan administrative warrant and may require the codeofficial to prove probable cause in order to gainaccess. This burden of proof often requires the codeofficial to state in advance why access is needed(usually access is restricted to gathering evidence forseeking an indictment or making an arrest); what spe-cific items or information is sought; the information’srelevance to the case against the subject; how knowl-edge of the relevance of the information or itemssought was obtained; and how the evidence soughtwill be used. In all such cases, the right to privacymust always be weighed against the right of the codeofficial to conduct an inspection to verify that the pub-lic health, safety and welfare are not in jeopardy.Such important and complex constitutional issuesshould be discussed with the jurisdiction’s legal coun-sel. Jurisdictions should establish procedures forsecuring the necessary court orders when an inspec-tion is deemed necessary following a refusal.

The last paragraph in this section requires theowner or occupant to permit entry for inspection if aproper inspection warrant or other documentationrequired by law has been obtained.

[A] 104.5 Identification. The code official shall carry properidentification when inspecting structures or premises in theperformance of duties under this code.

This section requires the code official (including allauthorized inspection personnel) to carry identifica-tion when conducting the duties of the position. Theidentification removes any question of the purposeand authority of the inspector.

[A] 104.6 Notices and orders. The code official shall issueall necessary notices or orders to ensure compliance with thiscode.

An important element of code enforcement is the nec-essary advisement of deficiencies and corrections thatis accomplished through notices and orders. The codeofficial is required to issue orders to abate illegal orunsafe conditions. Sections 108.7, 108.7.1, 108.7.2and 108.7.3 contain additional information for thesenotices.

[A] 104.7 Department records. The code official shall keepofficial records of applications received, permits and certifi-cates issued, fees collected, reports of inspections and noticesand orders issued. Such records shall be retained in the offi-

cial records for the period required for the retention of publicrecords.

Good business practice requires the code official tokeep official records pertaining to permit applications,permits, fees collected, inspections, notices andorders issued. This documentation is a valuablesource of information if questions arise “throughoutthe life of the building and its occupancy.” The codedoes not require that the construction documents bekept after the project is complete, but other regula-tions or the administrative rules may state a minimumperiod for retaining the construction documents.

SECTION 105 (IFGC)APPROVAL

[A] 105.1 Modifications. Where there are practical difficul-ties involved in carrying out the provisions of this code, thecode official shall have the authority to grant modificationsfor individual cases, upon application of the owner orowner’s authorized agent, provided that the code official shallfirst find that special individual reason makes the strict letterof this code impractical and that such modification is in com-pliance with the intent and purpose of this code and does notlessen health, life and fire safety requirements. The details ofaction granting modifications shall be recorded and entered inthe files of the Department of Inspection.

The code official may amend or make exceptions tothe code as needed where strict compliance with thecode is impractical. Only the code official has theauthority to grant modifications. Consideration of aparticular difficulty is to be based on the application ofthe owner and a demonstration that the intent of thecode is satisfied. This section is not intended to per-mit setting a code provision aside or ignoring a provi-sion; rather, it is intended to provide for theacceptance of equivalent protection. Such modifica-tions do not, however, extend to actions that are nec-essary to correct violations of the code. In otherwords, a code violation or the expense of correcting acode violation cannot constitute a practical difficulty.

Details of the modification must be filed for laterretrieval to substantiate the reasons for the modifica-tion. Comprehensive written records are an essentialpart of an effective administrative system. Unlessclearly written records of the considerations and doc-umentation used in the modification process are cre-ated and maintained, subsequent enforcement actioncannot be supported.

[A] 105.2 Alternative materials, methods, appliances andequipment. The provisions of this code are not intended toprevent the installation of any material or to prohibit anymethod of construction not specifically prescribed by thiscode, provided that any such alternative has been approved.An alternative material or method of construction shall beapproved where the code official finds that the proposeddesign is satisfactory and complies with the intent of the pro-visions of this code, and that the material, method or workoffered is, for the purpose intended, not less than the equiva-





lent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effec-tiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety. Where thealternative material, design or method of construction is notapproved, the code official shall respond in writing, statingthe reasons why the alternative was not approved.

The code is not intended to inhibit innovative ideas ortechnological advances. A comprehensive regulatorydocument, such as a fuel gas code, cannot envisionand then address all future innovations in the indus-try. As a result, a performance code must be applica-ble to and provide a basis for the approval of anincreasing number of newly developed, innovativematerials, systems and methods for which no codetext or referenced standards yet exist. The fact that amaterial, product or method of construction is notaddressed in the code is not an indication that prohi-bition of the material, product or method is intended.The code official is expected to apply sound technicaljudgement in accepting materials, systems or meth-ods that, although not anticipated by the drafters ofthe current code text, can be demonstrated to offerequivalent performance. By virtue of its text, the coderegulates new and innovative construction practiceswhile addressing the relative safety of building occu-pants. The code official is responsible for determiningwhether a requested alternative provides a level ofprotection of the public health, safety and welfare asrequired by the code.

[A] 105.2.1 Research reports. Supporting data, where nec-essary to assist in the approval of materials or assemblies notspecifically provided for in this code, shall consist of validresearch reports from approved sources.

When an alternative material or method is proposedfor construction, it is incumbent upon the code officialto determine whether this alternative is, in fact, anequivalent to the methods prescribed by the code.Reports providing evidence of this equivalency arerequired to be supplied by an approved source,meaning a source that the code official finds to bereliable and accurate. The ICC Evaluation Service(ICC-ES) is an example of an agency that providesresearch reports for alternative materials and meth-ods.

[A] 105.3 Required testing. Where there is insufficient evi-dence of compliance with the provisions of this code or evi-dence that a material or method does not conform to therequirements of this code, or in order to substantiate claimsfor alternative materials or methods, the code official shallhave the authority to require tests as evidence of complianceto be made at no expense to the jurisdiction.

Sufficient technical data, test reports and documenta-tion must be submitted for evaluation by the code offi-cial to provide the basis on which the code official canmake a decision regarding an alternative material ortype of equipment. If evidence satisfactory to thecode official proves that the alternative equipment,material or construction method is equivalent to that

required by the code, the code official is obligated toapprove it. Any such approval cannot have the effectof waiving any requirements of the code. The burdenof proof of equivalence lies with the applicant whoproposes the use of alternative equipment, materialsor methods.

[A] 105.3.1 Test methods. Test methods shall be as specifiedin this code or by other recognized test standards. In theabsence of recognized and accepted test methods, the codeofficial shall approve the testing procedures.

The code official must require the submission of anyappropriate information and data to assist in thedetermination of equivalency. This information mustbe submitted before a permit can be issued. The typeof information required includes test data in accor-dance with the referenced standards, evidence ofcompliance with the referenced standard specifica-tions and design calculations. A research reportissued by an authoritative agency is particularly use-ful in providing the code official with the technicalbasis for evaluation and approval of new and innova-tive materials and components. The use of authorita-tive research reports can greatly assist the codeofficial by reducing the time-consuming engineeringanalysis necessary to review materials and products.Failure to substantiate a request for the use of analternative is a valid reason for the code official todeny a request.

[A] 105.3.2 Testing agency. Tests shall be performed by anapproved agency.

The code official must approve the testing agency,and the agency should have technical expertise, testequipment and quality assurance to properly conductand report the necessary testing.

[A] 105.3.3 Test reports. Reports of tests shall be retained bythe code official for the period required for retention of publicrecords.

Test reports are to be retained as required by publicrecord laws. The attorney of the jurisdiction could bequestioned concerning the specific time period ofapplicable laws of the localities.

[A] 105.4 Used material, appliances and equipment. Theuse of used materials which meet the requirements of thiscode for new materials is permitted. Used appliances, equip-ment and devices shall not be reused unless such elementshave been reconditioned, tested and placed in good andproper working condition, and approved by the code official.

The code criteria for materials, equipment anddevices have changed over the years. Evaluation oftesting and materials technology has permitted thedevelopment of new criteria that the old materialsmay not satisfy. As a result, used materials must beevaluated in the same manner as new materials.Used (previously installed) equipment must be equiv-alent to that required by the code if it is to be usedagain in a new installation.





[A] 105.5 Approved materials and equipment. Materials,equipment and devices approved by the code official shall beconstructed and installed in accordance with such approval.

The code is a compilation of criteria with which mate-rials, equipment, devices and systems must complyto be suitable for a particular application. The codeofficial has a duty to evaluate such materials, equip-ment, devices and systems for code compliance and,when compliance is determined, approve the samefor use. The materials, equipment, devices and sys-tems must be constructed and installed in compliancewith, and all conditions and limitations considered asa basis for, that approval. For example, the manufac-turer’s instructions and recommendations are to befollowed if the approval of the material was basedeven in part on those instructions and recommenda-tions. The approval authority given to the code officialis a significant responsibility and is a key to codecompliance. The approval process is first technicaland then administrative and must be approached assuch. For example, if data to determine code compli-ance is required, such data should be in the form oftest reports or engineering analysis and not simplytaken from a sales brochure.

SECTION 106 (IFGC)PERMITS

[A] 106.1 Where required. An owner, owner’s authorizedagent or contractor who desires to erect, install, enlarge, alter,repair, remove, convert or replace an installation regulated bythis code, or to cause such work to be performed, shall firstmake application to the code official and obtain the requiredpermit for the work.

Exception: Where appliance and equipment replacementsand repairs are required to be performed in an emergencysituation, the permit application shall be submitted withinthe next working business day of the Department ofInspection.In general, a permit is required for all activities thatare regulated by the code, and these activities cannotbegin until the permit is issued.

A fuel gas permit is required for the installation,replacement, alteration or modification of fuel gassystems and components that are in the scope ofapplicability of the code. Replacement of an existingpiece of equipment or related piping is treated no dif-ferently than a new installation in new building con-struction. A permit causes the work to be inspected todetermine compliance with the intent of the code.

The exception provides for prompt permit applica-tions for situations where equipment and appliancereplacements and repairs are done to address anemergency. This action enables the department hav-ing jurisdiction to promptly inspect the work.

[A] 106.1.1 Annual permit. Instead of an individual con-struction permit for each alteration to an already approvedsystem or equipment installation, the code official is autho-rized to issue an annual permit upon application therefor to

any person, firm or corporation regularly employing one ormore qualified tradespersons in the building, structure or onthe premises owned or operated by the applicant for the per-mit.

Sometimes the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) willissue an annual permit for buildings, such as hospi-tals, school campuses, industrial and manufacturingplants, and the like, where work that requires a permitis ongoing throughout the year. Such occupanciestypically have their own full-time engineering andtrades employees to design, oversee and perform thework. Some buildings are altered continuouslybecause of changes in technologies and changingoperations within the occupancy; therefore, it wouldbe burdensome to obtain numerous permits through-out the year on a continuous basis. It is the responsi-bility of the permit holder to make arrangements withthe code official regarding periodic inspections for thework. This is especially important for work that will beconcealed.

[A] 106.1.2 Annual permit records. The person to whom anannual permit is issued shall keep a detailed record of altera-tions made under such annual permit. The code official shallhave access to such records at all times or such records shallbe filed with the code official as designated.

Annual permits need to be monitored to preventabuse of the privilege and to allow for changes in thescope of the work or changes in who is performingthe work. Accurate record keeping of the work per-formed will advise the code official of situations wherea project-specific permit needs to be issued insteadof being under the umbrella of an annual permit.

[A] 106.2 Permits not required. Permits shall not berequired for the following:

1. Portable heating appliances.2. Replacement of any minor component of an appliance

or equipment that does not alter approval of such appli-ance or equipment or make such appliance or equip-ment unsafe.

Exemption from the permit requirements of this code shallnot be deemed to grant authorization for work to be done inviolation of the provisions of this code or of other laws orordinances of this jurisdiction.

The installations exempt from the requirement for apermit are very limited as evidenced by Items 1 and 2.Item 1 pertains to appliances and equipment that areused temporarily and that are not designed for perma-nent installation. Examples of portable heating appli-ances and equipment include space heaters andconstruction site heaters.

Item 2 applies to the replacement of minor equip-ment and appliance components. A permit would berequired if the component replacement could poten-tially affect either the safety of the equipment or theconditions of approval of the equipment. For example,replacement of a defective control with a control of thesame type and specifications as the original factory-





supplied control would not require a permit. Replace-ment of a burner assembly with a burner assemblyhaving a different input capacity or one that isdesigned to burn a different fuel would require a per-mit.

[A] 106.3 Application for permit. Each application for apermit, with the required fee, shall be filed with the code offi-cial on a form furnished for that purpose and shall contain ageneral description of the proposed work and its location. Theapplication shall be signed by the owner or an owner’s autho-rized agent. The permit application shall indicate the pro-posed occupancy of all parts of the building and of thatportion of the site or lot, if any, not covered by the building orstructure and shall contain such other information required bythe code official.

This section states that the building owner or anauthorized agent of the owner is the only person whocan apply for a building permit. An owner’s authorizedagent could be anyone who is given written permis-sion to act in the owner’s interest to obtain a permit,such as an architect, engineer, contractor or tenant.Permit forms will generally have enough space for avery brief description of the work to be accomplished,which is sufficient for small jobs. For larger projects,the description will be contained in construction docu-ments.

[A] 106.3.1 Construction documents. Construction docu-ments, engineering calculations, diagrams and other datashall be submitted in two or more sets with each applicationfor a permit. The code official shall require construction doc-uments, computations and specifications to be prepared anddesigned by a registered design professional where requiredby state law. Construction documents shall be drawn to scaleand shall be of sufficient clarity to indicate the location,nature and extent of the work proposed and show in detailthat the work conforms to the provisions of this code. Con-struction documents for buildings more than two stories inheight shall indicate where penetrations will be made forinstallations and shall indicate the materials and methods formaintaining required structural safety, fire-resistance ratingand fireblocking.

Exception: The code official shall have the authority towaive the submission of construction documents, calcula-tions or other data if the nature of the work applied for issuch that reviewing of construction documents is not nec-essary to determine compliance with this code.When the work is of a “minor nature,” either in scopeor needed description, the code official may usejudgement in determining the need for a detaileddescription of the work. An example of minor workthat may not involve a detailed description is thereplacement of an existing piece of equipment in amechanical system or the replacement or repair of adefective portion of a piping system.

These provisions are intended to reflect the mini-mum scope of information needed to determine codecompliance. A statement on the construction docu-ments, such as “All fuel gas systems must comply

with the 2009 edition of the International Fuel GasCode (IFGC ),” is not an acceptable substitute forshowing the required information.

This section also requires the code official to deter-mine that state professional registration laws arecomplied with as they apply to the preparation of con-struction documents.

[A] 106.3.2 Time limitation of application. An applicationfor a permit for any proposed work shall be deemed to havebeen abandoned 180 days after the date of filing, unless suchapplication has been pursued in good faith or a permit hasbeen issued; except that the code official shall have theauthority to grant one or more extensions of time for addi-tional periods not exceeding 180 days each. The extensionshall be requested in writing and justifiable cause shall bedemonstrated.

Typically, an application for a permit is submitted andgoes through a review process that ends with theissuance of a permit. If a permit has not been issued180 days after the date of filing, the application isconsidered to be abandoned, unless the applicantwas diligent in efforts to obtain the permit. The codeofficial has the authority to extend this time limitation,provided that there is reasonable cause. This wouldcover delays beyond the applicant’s control, such asprerequisite permits or approvals from other authori-ties within the jurisdiction or state. The intent of thissection is to limit the time between the review pro-cess and the issuance of a permit.

[A] 106.4 Preliminary inspection. Before a permit is issued,the code official is authorized to inspect and evaluate the sys-tems, equipment, buildings, devices, premises and spaces orareas to be used.

The code official is granted authority to inspect thesite before permit issuance. This may be necessaryto verify existing conditions that impact the planreview and permit approval. This section provides thecode official with the right-of-entry authority that oth-erwise does not occur until after the permit is issued.

[A] 106.5 Permit issuance. The application, constructiondocuments and other data filed by an applicant for a permitshall be reviewed by the code official. If the code officialfinds that the proposed work conforms to the requirements ofthis code and all laws and ordinances applicable thereto, andthat the fees specified in Section 106.6 have been paid, a per-mit shall be issued to the applicant.

This section requires the code official to review sub-mittals for a permit for compliance with the code andverify that the project will be carried out in accor-dance with other applicable laws. This may involveinteragency communication and cooperation so thatall laws are being obeyed. Once the code officialfinds this to be so, a permit may be issued upon pay-ment of the required fees.

[A] 106.5.1 Approved construction documents. When thecode official issues the permit where construction documentsare required, the construction documents shall be endorsed inwriting and stamped “APPROVED.” Such approved con-





struction documents shall not be changed, modified or alteredwithout authorization from the code official. Work shall bedone in accordance with the approved construction docu-ments.

The code official shall have the authority to issue a permitfor the construction of part of an installation before the con-struction documents for the entire installation have been sub-mitted or approved, provided adequate information anddetailed statements have been filed complying with all perti-nent requirements of this code. The holder of such permitshall proceed at his or her own risk without assurance that thepermit for the entire installation will be granted.

Construction documents that reflect compliance withcode requirements form an integral part of the permitprocess. Successful completion of the work dependson these documents. This section requires the codeofficial to stamp the complying construction docu-ments as being “APPROVED” and fix the status ofthe document in time. Once approved, the docu-ments may not be revised without the express autho-rization of the code official. This maintains the code-compliance level of the documents.

[A] 106.5.2 Validity. The issuance of a permit or approval ofconstruction documents shall not be construed to be a permitfor, or an approval of, any violation of any of the provisionsof this code or of other ordinances of the jurisdiction. A per-mit presuming to give authority to violate or cancel the provi-sions of this code shall be invalid.

The issuance of a permit based upon construction docu-ments and other data shall not prevent the code official fromthereafter requiring the correction of errors in said construc-tion documents and other data or from preventing buildingoperations from being carried on thereunder when in viola-tion of this code or of other ordinances of this jurisdiction.

This powerful code section states the fundamentalpremise that the permit is only “a license to proceedwith the work.” It is not a license to “violate, cancel orset aside any provisions of the code.” This statementis important because, despite any errors in theapproval process, the permit applicant is responsiblefor code compliance.

[A] 106.5.3 Expiration. Every permit issued by the codeofficial under the provisions of this code shall expire by limi-tation and become null and void if the work authorized bysuch permit is not commenced within 180 days from the dateof such permit, or is suspended or abandoned at any time afterthe work is commenced for a period of 180 days. Before suchwork recommences, a new permit shall be first obtained andthe fee therefor shall be one-half the amount required for anew permit for such work, provided that changes have notbeen and will not be made in the original construction docu-ments for such work, and further that such suspension orabandonment has not exceeded one year.

The permit becomes invalid in two distinct situations,but both are based on a 6-month period. The first sit-uation is when no work has started 6 months fromissuance of the permit. The second situation is when

there is no continuation of authorized work for 6months. The person who was issued the permitshould be notified in writing that the permit is invalidand what steps must be taken to allow work to beginagain.

This section also gives the administrative authoritya means of offsetting the costs associated with theadministration of expired, reissued permits by charg-ing a nominal fee for permit reissuance. If, however,the nature or scope of the work to be resumed is dif-ferent from that indicated on the original permit, thepermit process essentially starts all over again, andfull fees are charged. The same procedure wouldalso apply if the work has not commenced within 1year of the date of permit issuance or if work hasbeen suspended for a year or more.

[A] 106.5.4 Extensions. A permittee holding an unexpiredpermit shall have the right to apply for an extension of thetime within which he or she will commence work under thatpermit when work is unable to be commenced within the timerequired by this section for good and satisfactory reasons.The code official shall extend the time for action by the per-mittee for a period not exceeding 180 days if there is reason-able cause. A permit shall not be extended more than once.The fee for an extension shall be one-half the amountrequired for a new permit for such work.

Although it is customary for a project to begin imme-diately following issuance of a permit, there may beoccasions when an unforeseen delay may occur.This section affords the permit holder an opportunityto apply for and receive a single, 180-day extensionwithin which to begin a project under a still-valid per-mit (less than 180 days old). The applicant must,however, submit to the code official an adequateexplanation for the delay in starting a project thatcould include such things as the need to obtainapprovals or permits for the project from other agen-cies having jurisdiction. This section requires thecode official to determine what constitutes “good andsatisfactory” reasons for any delay and further allowsthe jurisdiction to offset its administrative costs forextending the permit by charging one-half the permitfee for the extension.

[A] 106.5.5 Suspension or revocation of permit. The codeofficial shall have the authority to suspend or revoke a permitissued under the provisions of this code wherever the permitis issued in error or on the basis of incorrect, inaccurate orincomplete information, or in violation of any ordinance orregulation or any of the provisions of this code.

A permit is, in reality, a license to proceed with thework. The code official, however, must revoke all per-mits shown to be based, all or in part, on any falsestatement or misrepresentation of fact. An applicantmay subsequently reapply for a permit with theappropriate corrections or modifications made to theapplication and construction documents.

[A] 106.5.6 Retention of construction documents. One setof approved construction documents shall be retained by the





code official for a period of not less than 180 days from dateof completion of the permitted work, or as required by stateor local laws. One set of approved construction documentsshall be returned to the applicant, and said set shall be kept onthe site of the building or work at all times during which thework authorized thereby is in progress.

Once the code official has stamped or endorsed asapproved the construction documents on which thepermit is based (see commentary, Section 106.5.1),one set of approved construction documents must bekept on the construction site to serve as the basis forall subsequent inspections. To avoid confusion, theconstruction documents on the site must be preciselythe documents that were approved and stampedbecause inspections are to be performed based onthe approved documents. Additionally, the contractorcannot determine compliance with the approved con-struction documents unless those documents arereadily available. If the approved construction docu-ments are not available, the inspection should bepostponed and work on the project halted.

[A] 106.5.7 Previous approvals. This code shall not requirechanges in the construction documents, construction or desig-nated occupancy of a structure for which a lawful permit hasbeen heretofore issued or otherwise lawfully authorized, andthe construction of which has been pursued in good faithwithin 180 days after the effective date of this code and hasnot been abandoned.

Under circumstances where a new edition of the codeis adopted by the legislative body of the jurisdiction atthe same time that construction is proceeding at anacceptable pace on a project where a permit hasbeen issued, requiring that the building be con-structed to conform to the new edition of the code isunreasonable. This section provides for the continuityof permits issued under previous codes, as long assuch permits are being “actively prosecuted” subse-quent to the effective date of the ordinance adoptingthis edition of the code.

[A] 106.5.8 Posting of permit. The permit or a copy shall bekept on the site of the work until the completion of the proj-ect.

The permit, or copy thereof, is to be kept on the jobsite and made available to the code official or repre-sentative to conveniently make required entriesthereon until the work is complete.

[A] 106.6 Fees. A permit shall not be issued until the feesprescribed in Section 106.6.2 have been paid, nor shall anamendment to a permit be released until the additional fee, ifany, due to an increase of the installation, has been paid.

All fees are to be paid prior to permit issuance. Thisrequirement facilitates payment and also establishesthat the permit applicant intends to proceed with thework.

[A] 106.6.1 Work commencing before permit issuance.Any person who commences work on an installation before

obtaining the necessary permits shall be subject to 100 per-cent of the usual permit fee in addition to the required permitfees.

This section is intended to serve as a deterrent toproceeding with work on a fuel gas system without apermit (except as provided in Section 106.2). As apunitive measure, it doubles the cost of the permit feeto be charged. This section does not, however, intendto penalize a contractor called upon to do emergencywork after hours if he or she promptly notifies thecode official the next business day, obtains the requi-site permit for the work done and has the requiredinspections performed.

[A] 106.6.2 Fee schedule. The fees for work shall be as indi-cated in the following schedule.

[JURISDICTION TO INSERT APPROPRIATE SCHEDULE]

A published fee schedule must be established forplans examination, permits and inspections. Ideally,the department should generate revenues that coveroperating costs and expenses. The permit fee sched-ule is an integral part of this process.

[A] 106.6.3 Fee refunds. The code official shall authorize therefunding of fees as follows.

1. The full amount of any fee paid hereunder that waserroneously paid or collected.

2. Not more than [SPECIFY PERCENTAGE] percent of the per-mit fee paid where work has not been done under a per-mit issued in accordance with this code.

3. Not more than [SPECIFY PERCENTAGE] percent of the planreview fee paid where an application for a permit forwhich a plan review fee has been paid is withdrawn orcanceled before any plan review effort has beenexpended.

The code official shall not authorize the refunding of anyfee paid, except upon written application filed by the originalpermittee not later than 180 days after the date of fee pay-ment.

The code official must not authorize the refunding ofany fee paid, except upon written application filed bythe original permittee not later than 180 days after thedate of fee payment.

SECTION 107 (IFGC)INSPECTIONS AND TESTING

[A] 107.1 General. The code official is authorized to conductsuch inspections as are deemed necessary to determine com-pliance with the provisions of this code. Construction or workfor which a permit is required shall be subject to inspectionby the code official, and such construction or work shallremain accessible and exposed for inspection purposes untilapproved. Approval as a result of an inspection shall not beconstrued to be an approval of a violation of the provisions ofthis code or of other ordinances of the jurisdiction. Inspec-tions presuming to give authority to violate or cancel the pro-





visions of this code or of other ordinances of the jurisdictionshall not be valid.

The inspection function is one of the more importantaspects of building department operations. This sec-tion authorizes the code official to inspect the work forwhich a permit has been issued and requires that thework to be inspected remain accessible to the codeofficial until inspected and approved. Any expenseincurred in removing or replacing material that con-ceals an item to be inspected is not the responsibilityof the code official or the jurisdiction. As with the issu-ance of permits (see Section 106.5), approval as aresult of an inspection is not a license to violate thecode and an approval in violation of the code doesnot relieve the applicant from complying with the codeand is not valid.

[A] 107.2 Required inspections and testing. The code offi-cial, upon notification from the permit holder or the permitholder’s agent, shall make the following inspections andother such inspections as necessary, and shall either releasethat portion of the construction or notify the permit holder orthe permit holder’s agent of violations that are required to becorrected. The holder of the permit shall be responsible forscheduling such inspections.

1. Underground inspection shall be made after trenches orditches are excavated and bedded, piping is installedand before backfill is put in place. Where excavatedsoil contains rocks, broken concrete, frozen chunks andother rubble that would damage or break the piping orcause corrosive action, clean backfill shall be on the jobsite.

2. Rough-in inspection shall be made after the roof, fram-ing, fireblocking and bracing are in place and compo-nents to be concealed are complete, and prior to theinstallation of wall or ceiling membranes.

3. Final inspection shall be made upon completion of theinstallation.

The requirements of this section shall not be considered toprohibit the operation of any heating appliance installed toreplace an existing heating appliance serving an occupiedportion of a structure in the event a request for inspection ofsuch heating appliance has been filed with the department notmore than 48 hours after replacement work is completed, andbefore any portion of such appliance is concealed by any per-manent portion of the structure.

Inspections are necessary to determine that an instal-lation conforms to all code requirements. Becausethe majority of a fuel gas piping system could be hid-den within the building enclosure, periodic inspec-tions are necessary before portions of the system areconcealed. The code official is required to determinethat fuel gas systems and equipment are installed inaccordance with the approved construction docu-ments and the applicable code requirements. Inspec-tions that are necessary to provide verification mustbe conducted. Generally, the administrative rules of adepartment may list the interim inspections judged to

be required. Construction that occurs in steps orphases may necessitate multiple inspections; there-fore, an exact number of required inspections cannotbe specified. Where violations are noted and correc-tions are required, reinspections may be necessary.As time permits, frequent inspections of some jobsites, especially where the work is complex, can bebeneficial if the inspector detects code-complianceproblems or potential problems before they developor become more difficult to correct. The contractor,builder, owner or other authorized party is responsi-ble for arranging for the required inspections andcoordinating inspections to prevent work from beingconcealed before it is inspected.

1. Inspection of underground piping is especiallyimportant because once it is covered, it is themost challenging part of a fuel gas system inwhich to detect a leak. If repairs are necessary,underground repairs are proportionally moreexpensive because of the need for heavyequipment and the more labor-intensive natureof working below ground. To reduce possibledamage to pipe from rubble, rocks and otherrough materials, excavations must be beddedand backfilled with clean fill materials spreadand tamped to provide adequate support andprotection for piping.

2. A rough-in inspection is an inspection of allparts of the fuel gas system that will eventuallybe concealed in the building structure. Theinspection must be made before any of the sys-tem is closed up or hidden from view. To gainapproval, the fuel gas systems must pass therequired rough-in tests.

3. A rough-in inspection may be completed all atone time or as a series of inspections. This isadministratively determined by the local inspec-tions department and is typically dependent onthe size of the job.

4. A final inspection may be done as a series ofinspections or all at one time, similar to a rough-in inspection. A final inspection is required priorto the approval of mechanical work and fuel gasinstallations. For the construction of a newbuilding, final approval is required prior to theissuance of the certificate of occupancy asspecified in the building code. To verify that allpreviously issued correction orders have beencomplied with and to determine whether subse-quent violations exist, a final inspection must bemade. Violations observed during the finalinspection must be noted, and the permit holdermust be advised of them.

The final inspection is made after the comple-tion of the work or installation. Typically, thefinal inspection is an inspection of all that wasinstalled after the rough-in inspection and notconcealed in the building construction. Subse-





quent reinspections are necessary if the finalinspection has generated a notice of violation.

The last paragraph of this section is emer-gency related and provides for prompt opera-tion of replacement heating equipment,allowing the occupied areas of a facility to beheated as soon as the new heating equipmentis installed. Such installations are subject to allrequirements of the code.

[A] 107.2.1 Other inspections. In addition to the inspectionsspecified in Section 107.2, the code official is authorized tomake or require other inspections of any construction work toascertain compliance with the provisions of this code andother laws that are enforced.

Any item regulated by the code is subject to inspec-tion by the code official to determine compliance withthe applicable code provision, and no list can includeall items in a given project. This section, therefore,gives the code official the authority to inspect anyregulated items.

[A] 107.2.2 Inspection requests. It shall be the duty of theholder of the permit or his or her duly authorized agent tonotify the code official when work is ready for inspection. Itshall be the duty of the permit holder to provide access to andmeans for inspection of such work that is required by thiscode.

It is the responsibility of the permit holder or otherauthorized person, such as the contractor performingthe work, to arrange for the required inspectionswhen completed work is ready and to allow for suffi-cient time for the code official to schedule a visit tothe site to prevent work from being concealed prior tobeing inspected. Access to the work to be inspectedmust be provided, including any special means suchas a ladder.

[A] 107.2.3 Approval required. Work shall not be donebeyond the point indicated in each successive inspectionwithout first obtaining the approval of the code official. Thecode official, upon notification, shall make the requestedinspections and shall either indicate the portion of the con-struction that is satisfactory as completed, or notify the permitholder or his or her agent wherein the same fails to complywith this code. Any portions that do not comply shall be cor-rected and such portion shall not be covered or concealeduntil authorized by the code official.

This section establishes that work cannot progressbeyond the point of a required inspection without thecode official’s approval. Upon making the inspection,the code official must either approve the completedwork or notify the permit holder or other responsibleparty of that which does not comply with the code.Approvals and notices of noncompliance must be inwriting, as required by Section 104.3, to avoid anymisunderstanding as to what is required. Any item notapproved cannot be concealed until it has been cor-rected and approved by the code official.

[A] 107.2.4 Approved inspection agencies. The code offi-cial is authorized to accept reports of approved agencies, pro-

vided that such agencies satisfy the requirements as toqualifications and reliability.

As an alternative to conducting the inspection, thecode official can accept inspections and reports byapproved inspection agencies. Appropriate criteria onwhich to base approval of an inspection agencyinclude competence, objectivity, certifications andexperience.

[A] 107.2.5 Evaluation and follow-up inspection services.Prior to the approval of a prefabricated construction assemblyhaving concealed work and the issuance of a permit, the codeofficial shall require the submittal of an evaluation report oneach prefabricated construction assembly, indicating thecomplete details of the installation, including a description ofthe system and its components, the basis upon which the sys-tem is being evaluated, test results and similar informationand other data as necessary for the code official to determineconformance to this code.

As an alternative to the physical inspection by thecode official in the plant or location where prefabri-cated components are fabricated (such as modularhomes and prefabricated structures), the code officialhas the option of accepting an evaluation report froman approved agency detailing such inspections.These evaluation reports can serve as the basis uponwhich the code official will determine code compli-ance.

[A] 107.2.5.1 Evaluation service. The code official shalldesignate the evaluation service of an approved agency as theevaluation agency, and review such agency’s evaluationreport for adequacy and conformance to this code.

The code official must review all submitted reports forconformity to the applicable code requirements. If inthe judgment of the code official the submitted reportsare acceptable, the code official should document thebasis for the approval.

[A] 107.2.5.2 Follow-up inspection. Except where readyaccess is provided to installations, appliances, service equip-ment and accessories for complete inspection at the site with-out disassembly or dismantling, the code official shallconduct the in-plant inspections as frequently as necessary toensure conformance to the approved evaluation report orshall designate an independent, approved inspection agencyto conduct such inspections. The inspection agency shall fur-nish the code official with the follow-up inspection manualand a report of inspections upon request, and the installationshall have an identifying label permanently affixed to the sys-tem indicating that factory inspections have been performed.

The owner must provide special inspections of fabri-cated assemblies at the fabrication plant. The codeofficial or an approved inspection agency must con-duct periodic in-plant inspections to ensure confor-mance to the approved evaluation report described inSection 107.2.5. Such inspections are required if thefuel gas systems cannot be inspected completely atthe job site.

[A] 107.2.5.3 Test and inspection records. Required testand inspection records shall be available to the code official





at all times during the fabrication of the installation and theerection of the building; or such records as the code officialdesignates shall be filed.

All testing and inspection records related to a fabri-cated assembly must be filed with the code official tomaintain a complete and legal record of the assemblyand erection of the building.

[A] 107.3 Testing. Installations shall be tested as required inthis code and in accordance with Sections 107.3.1 through107.3.3. Tests shall be made by the permit holder andobserved by the code official.

Testing of fuel gas systems is required where testingis specified in the technical chapters of the code. SeeSection 406 for specific requirements and methods oftesting gas piping systems.

[A] 107.3.1 New, altered, extended or repaired installa-tions. New installations and parts of existing installations,which have been altered, extended, renovated or repaired,shall be tested as prescribed herein to disclose leaks anddefects.

Testing is necessary to make sure that the system isfree from leaks and other defects. To the extent spec-ified in the technical chapters of the code, testing isalso required for portions of existing systems thathave been altered, extended, renovated or repaired.

[A] 107.3.2 Apparatus, instruments, material and laborfor tests. Apparatus, instruments, material and labor requiredfor testing an installation or part thereof shall be furnished bythe permit holder.

The permit holder is responsible for performing tests,as well as for supplying all of the labor and apparatusnecessary to conduct the tests. The code officialobserves, but never performs, the test.

[A] 107.3.3 Reinspection and testing. Where any work orinstallation does not pass an initial test or inspection, the nec-essary corrections shall be made so as to achieve compliancewith this code. The work or installation shall then be resub-mitted to the code official for inspection and testing.

If a system or portion of a system does not pass theinitial test or inspection, violations must be correctedand the system must be reinspected.

[A] 107.4 Approval. After the prescribed tests and inspec-tions indicate that the work complies in all respects with thiscode, a notice of approval shall be issued by the code official.

After the code official has performed the requiredinspections and observed any required equipmentand system tests (or has received written reports ofthe results of such tests), he or she must determinewhether the installation or work is in compliance withall applicable sections of the code. The code officialmust issue a written notice of approval if the subjectwork or installation is in apparent compliance with thecode. This notice is given to the permit holder, and acopy of the notice is retained on file by the code offi-cial.

[A] 107.4.1 Revocation. The code official is authorized to, inwriting, suspend or revoke a notice of approval issued underthe provisions of this code wherever the notice is issued inerror, or on the basis of incorrect information supplied orwhere it is determined that the building or structure, premise,or portion thereof is in violation of any ordinance or regula-tion or any of the provisions of this code.

The code official is authorized to, in writing, suspendor revoke a certificate of occupancy or completionissued under the provisions of the code wherever thecertificate is issued in error, on the basis of incorrectinformation supplied, or where it is determined thatthe building or structure or portion thereof is in viola-tion of any ordinance, regulation or any of the provi-sions of this code.

This section is needed to give the code official theauthority to revoke a certificate of occupancy for thereasons indicated in the code text. The code officialmay also suspend the certificate of occupancy untilall of the code violations are corrected.

[A] 107.5 Temporary connection. The code official shallhave the authority to allow the temporary connection of aninstallation to the sources of energy for the purpose of testingthe installation or for use under a temporary certificate ofoccupancy.

Typical procedure for a local jurisdiction is to withholdthe issuance of the certificate of occupancy untilapprovals have been received from each code officialresponsible for inspection of the structure. The codeofficial is permitted to issue a temporary authorizationto make connections to the public utility system priorto the completion of all work. The certification isintended to acknowledge that, because of seasonallimitations, time constraints or the need for testing orpartial operation of equipment, some building sys-tems may be connected even though the building isnot suitable for final occupancy. The intent of thissection is that a request for temporary occupancy orthe connection and use of mechanical equipment orsystems should be granted when the requesting per-mit holder has demonstrated to the code official’s sat-isfaction that the public health, safety and welfare willnot be endangered. The code official should view theissuance of a “temporary authorization or certificateof occupancy” as substantial an act as the issuanceof the final certificate. Indeed, the issuance of a tem-porary certificate of occupancy offers a greater poten-tial for conflict because once the building or structureis occupied, it is very difficult to remove the occu-pants through legal means.

[A] 107.6 Connection of service utilities. A person shall notmake connections from a utility, source of energy, fuel orpower to any building or system that is regulated by this codefor which a permit is required until authorized by the codeofficial.

This section establishes the authority of the code offi-cial to approve utility connections to a building foritems such as water, sewer, electricity, gas and





steam, and to require their disconnection when haz-ardous conditions or emergencies exist.

The approval of the code official is required beforea connection can be made from a utility to a buildingsystem that is regulated by the code. This includesutilities supplying water, sewer, electricity, gas andsteam services. For the protection of building occu-pants, including workers, such systems must havehad final inspection approvals, except as allowed bySection 110.3 for temporary connections.

SECTION 108 (IFGC)VIOLATIONS

[A] 108.1 Unlawful acts. It shall be unlawful for a person,firm or corporation to erect, construct, alter, repair, remove,demolish or utilize an installation, or cause same to be done,in conflict with or in violation of any of the provisions of thiscode.

Violations of the code are unlawful. This is the basisfor all citations and correction notices related to viola-tions of the code.

[A] 108.2 Notice of violation. The code official shall serve anotice of violation or order to the person responsible for theerection, installation, alteration, extension, repair, removal ordemolition of work in violation of the provisions of this code,or in violation of a detail statement or the approved construc-tion documents thereunder, or in violation of a permit or cer-tificate issued under the provisions of this code. Such ordershall direct the discontinuance of the illegal action or condi-tion and the abatement of the violation.

The code official must notify the person responsiblefor the erection or use of a building found to be in vio-lation of the code. The section that is allegedly beingviolated must be cited so that the responsible partycan respond to the notice.

[A] 108.3 Prosecution of violation. If the notice of violationis not complied with promptly, the code official shall requestthe legal counsel of the jurisdiction to institute the appropri-ate proceeding at law or in equity to restrain, correct or abatesuch violation, or to require the removal or termination of theunlawful occupancy of the structure in violation of the provi-sions of this code or of the order or direction made pursuantthereto.

The code official must pursue legal means to correctthe violation through the use of legal counsel of thejurisdiction. This is not optional.

[A] 108.4 Violation penalties. Persons who shall violate aprovision of this code, fail to comply with any of the require-ments thereof or erect, install, alter or repair work in violationof the approved construction documents or directive of thecode official, or of a permit or certificate issued under theprovisions of this code, shall be guilty of a [SPECIFY OFFENSE],punishable by a fine of not more than [AMOUNT] dollars or byimprisonment not exceeding [NUMBER OF DAYS], or both suchfine and imprisonment. Each day that a violation continues

after due notice has been served shall be deemed a separateoffense.

This section prescribes a standard fine or other pen-alty as deemed appropriate by the jurisdiction. Addi-tionally, this section identifies a principle that “eachday that a violation continues . . . shall be deemed aseparate offense” for the purpose of applying the pre-scribed penalty to facilitate prompt resolution.

[A] 108.5 Stop work orders. Upon notice from the code offi-cial that work is being performed contrary to the provisionsof this code or in a dangerous or unsafe manner, such workshall immediately cease. Such notice shall be in writing andshall be given to the owner of the property, the owner’sauthorized agent, or the person doing the work. The noticeshall state the conditions under which work is authorized toresume. Where an emergency exists, the code official shallnot be required to give a written notice prior to stopping thework. Any person who shall continue any work on the systemafter having been served with a stop work order, except suchwork as that person is directed to perform to remove a viola-tion or unsafe condition, shall be liable for a fine of not lessthan [AMOUNT] dollars or more than [AMOUNT] dollars.

Upon receipt of a violation notice from the code offi-cial, the builders must immediately cease construc-tion activities identified in the notice, except asexpressly permitted to correct the violation. A stopwork order can result in inconvenience and monetaryloss to the affected parties; therefore, justificationmust be evident and judgment must be exercisedbefore a stop work order is issued. A stop work ordercan prevent a violation from becoming worse andmore difficult or expensive to correct.

A stop work order may be issued where work isproceeding without a permit to perform the work.Hazardous conditions could develop when the codeofficial is unaware of the nature of the work and a per-mit for the work has not been issued.

The issuance of a stop work order on a fuel gassystem may result from work done by the contractorthat affects a building component that is not fuel-gasrelated. For example, if a contractor cuts a structuralelement to install piping, the structure may be weak-ened enough to cause a partial or complete structuralfailure. As determined by the adopting jurisdiction, apenalty may be assessed for failure to comply withthis section, and the dollar amount is to be inserted inthe blanks shown.

[A] 108.6 Abatement of violation. The imposition of thepenalties herein prescribed shall not preclude the legal officerof the jurisdiction from instituting appropriate action to pre-vent unlawful construction, restrain, correct or abate a viola-tion, prevent illegal occupancy of a building, structure orpremises, or stop an illegal act, conduct, business or utiliza-tion of the installations on or about any premises.

Despite the assessment of a penalty in the form of afine or imprisonment against a violator, the violationitself must still be corrected. Failure to make the nec-





essary corrections will result in the violator being sub-ject to additional penalties as described in thepreceding section.

[A] 108.7 Unsafe installations. An installation that is unsafe,constitutes a fire or health hazard, or is otherwise dangerousto human life, as regulated by this code, is hereby declared anunsafe installation. Use of an installation regulated by thiscode constituting a hazard to health, safety or welfare by rea-son of inadequate maintenance, dilapidation, fire hazard,disaster, damage or abandonment is hereby declared anunsafe use. Such unsafe installations are hereby declared tobe a public nuisance and shall be abated by repair, rehabilita-tion, demolition or removal.

In the course of performing duties, the code officialmay identify a hazardous condition that must bedeclared in violation of the code and, therefore, mustbe abated.

[A] 108.7.1 Authority to condemn installations. Wheneverthe code official determines that any installation, or portionthereof, regulated by this code has become hazardous to life,health or property, he or she shall order in writing that suchinstallations either be removed or restored to a safe condition.A time limit for compliance with such order shall be specifiedin the written notice. A person shall not use or maintain adefective installation after receiving such notice.

Where such installation is to be disconnected, writtennotice as prescribed in Section 108.2 shall be given. In casesof immediate danger to life or property, such disconnectionshall be made immediately without such notice.

When a system is determined to be unsafe, the codeofficial must notify the owner or the agent of the build-ing as the first step in correcting the difficulty. Thenotice is to describe the repairs and improvementsnecessary to correct the deficiency or requireremoval or replacement of the unsafe equipment orsystem. Such notices must specify a time frame inwhich the corrective actions must occur. Additionally,the notice should require the immediate response ofthe owner or the agent. If the owner or the agent isnot available, public notice of the declaration shouldsuffice for complying with this section. The code offi-cial may also determine that disconnecting the sys-tem is necessary to correct an unsafe condition andmust give written notice to that effect (see commen-tary, Section 108.2), unless immediate disconnectionis essential for public health and safety reasons (seecommentary, Section 108.7.2).

[A] 108.7.2 Authority to disconnect service utilities. Thecode official shall have the authority to require disconnectionof utility service to the building, structure or system regulatedby the technical codes in case of emergency where necessaryto eliminate an immediate hazard to life or property. The codeofficial shall notify the serving utility and, where possible,the owner or the owner’s authorized agent and occupant ofthe building, structure or service system of the decision todisconnect prior to taking such action. If not notified prior todisconnection, the owner or occupant of the building, struc-

ture or service system shall be notified in writing, as soon aspracticable thereafter.

Disconnecting the utility service is the most radicalmethod of hazard abatement available to the codeofficial and should be reserved for cases in which allother lesser remedies have proven ineffective. Suchan action must be preceded by written notice to theowner and any occupants of the building beingordered to disconnect. Disconnection must beaccomplished within the time frame established bythe code official in the written notification to discon-nect. When the hazard to the public health and wel-fare is so imminent as to mandate immediatedisconnection, the code official has the authority andeven the obligation to cause disconnection withoutnotice.

[A] 108.7.3 Connection after order to disconnect. A personshall not make energy source connections to installations reg-ulated by this code which have been disconnected or orderedto be disconnected by the code official, or the use of whichhas been ordered to be discontinued by the code official untilthe code official authorizes the reconnection and use of suchinstallations.

Where an installation is maintained in violation of thiscode, and in violation of a notice issued pursuant to the provi-sions of this section, the code official shall institute appropri-ate action to prevent, restrain, correct or abate the violation.

When any fuel gas system is maintained in violationof the code and in violation of any notice issued pur-suant to the provisions of this section, the code offi-cial is to institute appropriate action to prevent,restrain, correct or abate the violation.

Once the reason for discontinuation of use or dis-connection of the fuel gas system no longer exists,only the code official may authorize resumption ofuse or reconnection of the system after it is demon-strated to the code official’s satisfaction that allrepairs or other work are in compliance with applica-ble sections of the code. This section also requiresthe code official to take action to abate code viola-tions (see commentary, Section 108.2).

SECTION 109 (IFGC)MEANS OF APPEAL

[A] 109.1 Application for appeal. A person shall have theright to appeal a decision of the code official to the board ofappeals. An application for appeal shall be based on a claimthat the true intent of this code or the rules legally adoptedthereunder have been incorrectly interpreted, the provisionsof this code do not fully apply or an equally good or betterform of construction is proposed. The application shall befiled on a form obtained from the code official within 20 daysafter the notice was served.

This section holds that any aggrieved party with amaterial interest in the decision of the code officialmay appeal that decision before a board of appeals.





This provides a forum other than the court of jurisdic-tion in which to review the code official’s actions.

This section allows any person to appeal a decisionof the code official. In practice, this section has beeninterpreted to permit appeals only by those aggrievedparties with a material or definitive interest in thedecision of the code official. An aggrieved party maynot appeal a code requirement per se. The intent ofthe appeal process is not to waive or set aside a coderequirement; rather, it is intended to provide a meansof reviewing a code official’s decision on an interpre-tation or application of the code or to review theequivalency of protection to the code requirements.

[A] 109.2 Membership of board. The board of appeals shallconsist of five members appointed by the chief appointingauthority as follows: one for 5 years; one for 4 years; one for3 years; one for 2 years and one for 1 year. Thereafter, eachnew member shall serve for 5 years or until a successor hasbeen appointed.

The board of appeals is to consist of five membersappointed on a rotating basis by the “chief appointingauthority”—typically, the mayor or city manager. Thismethod of appointment allows for a smooth transitionof board of appeals members, thus ensuring continu-ity of action over the years.

[A] 109.2.1 Qualifications. The board of appeals shall con-sist of five individuals, one from each of the following pro-fessions or disciplines.

1. Registered design professional who is a registeredarchitect; or a builder or superintendent of buildingconstruction with not less than 10 years’ experience, 5of which shall have been in responsible charge of work.

2. Registered design professional with structural engi-neering or architectural experience.

3. Registered design professional with fuel gas andplumbing engineering experience; or a fuel gas contrac-tor with not less than 10 years’ experience, 5 of whichshall have been in responsible charge of work.

4. Registered design professional with electrical engineer-ing experience; or an electrical contractor with not lessthan 10 years’ experience, 5 of which shall have beenin responsible charge of work.

5. Registered design professional with fire protectionengineering experience; or a fire protection contractorwith not less than 10 years’ experience, 5 of whichshall have been in responsible charge of work.

The board of appeals consists of five persons withthe qualifications and experience indicated in thissection. One must be a registered design profes-sional (see Item 2) with structural or architecturalexperience. The others must be registered designprofessionals, construction superintendents or con-tractors with experience in the various areas of build-ing construction. These requirements are important inthat technical people rule on technical matters. Theboard of appeals is not the place for policy or politicaldeliberations. The intent is that these matters be

decided purely on their technical merits with theappropriate regard for state-of-the-art constructiontechnology.

[A] 109.2.2 Alternate members. The chief appointingauthority shall appoint two alternate members who shall becalled by the board chairman to hear appeals during theabsence or disqualification of a member. Alternate membersshall possess the qualifications required for board member-ship and shall be appointed for 5 years, or until a successorhas been appointed.

This section authorizes the chief appointing authorityto appoint two alternate members who are to beavailable if the principal members of the board areabsent or disqualified. Alternate members must pos-sess the same qualifications as the principal mem-bers and are appointed for a term of 5 years, or untilsuch time that a successor is appointed.

[A] 109.2.3 Chairman. The board shall annually select oneof its members to serve as chairman.

It is customary to determine chairmanship annuallyso that a regular opportunity is available to evaluateand either reappoint the current chairman or appointa new one.

[A] 109.2.4 Disqualification of member. A member shallnot hear an appeal in which that member has a personal, pro-fessional or financial interest.

Members must not participate in the hearing of anyappeal in which they have a personal, professional orfinancial interest.

[A] 109.2.5 Secretary. The chief administrative officer shalldesignate a qualified clerk to serve as secretary to the board.The secretary shall file a detailed record of all proceedings inthe office of the chief administrative officer.

The chief administrative officer is to designate a qual-ified clerk to serve as secretary to the board. The sec-retary is required to file a detailed record of allproceedings in the office of the chief administrativeofficer.

[A] 109.2.6 Compensation of members. Compensation ofmembers shall be determined by law.

Members of the board of appeals need not be com-pensated unless required by the local municipality orjurisdiction.

[A] 109.3 Notice of meeting. The board shall meet uponnotice from the chairman, within 10 days of the filing of anappeal, or at stated periodic meetings.

The board must meet within 10 days of the filing of anappeal or at regularly scheduled meetings.

[A] 109.4 Open hearing. Hearings before the board shall beopen to the public. The appellant, the appellant’s representa-tive, the code official and any person whose interests areaffected shall be given an opportunity to be heard.

Hearings before the board must be open to the pub-lic. The person who filed the appeal, his or her repre-sentative, the code official and any person whoseinterests are affected must be heard.





[A] 109.4.1 Procedure. The board shall adopt and makeavailable to the public through the secretary procedures underwhich a hearing will be conducted. The procedures shall notrequire compliance with strict rules of evidence, but shallmandate that only relevant information be received.

The board is required to establish and make availableto the public written procedures detailing how hear-ings are to be conducted. Additionally, this sectionprovides that although strict rules of evidence are notapplicable, the information presented must bedeemed relevant.

[A] 109.5 Postponed hearing. When five members are notpresent to hear an appeal, either the appellant or the appel-lant’s representative shall have the right to request a post-ponement of the hearing.

When all five members of the board are not present,either the person making the appeal or his or her rep-resentative may request a postponement of the hear-ing.

[A] 109.6 Board decision. The board shall modify or reversethe decision of the code official by a concurring vote of threemembers.

A concurring vote of three members of the board isneeded to modify or reverse the decision of the codeofficial.

[A] 109.6.1 Resolution. The decision of the board shall be byresolution. Certified copies shall be furnished to the appellantand to the code official.

A formal decision in the form of a resolution isrequired to provide an official record. Copies of thisresolution are to be furnished to both the person mak-ing the appeal and the code official. The code officialis bound by the action of the board of appeals, unlessit is the opinion of the code official that the board ofappeals has acted improperly. In such cases, reliefthrough the court having jurisdiction may be soughtby corporate council.

[A] 109.6.2 Administration. The code official shall takeimmediate action in accordance with the decision of theboard.

To avoid any unnecessary delay in the progress ofconstruction, the code official is required to actquickly on the board’s decision. This action may be toenforce the decision or to seek legislative relief if theboard’s action can be demonstrated to be inappropri-ate.

[A] 109.7 Court review. Any person, whether or not a previ-ous party to the appeal, shall have the right to apply to theappropriate court for a writ of certiorari to correct errors oflaw. Application for review shall be made in the manner andtime required by law following the filing of the decision inthe office of the chief administrative officer.

This section allows any person to request a review bythe court of jurisdiction if that person believes errorsof law have occurred. Review must be applied forafter the decision of the board is filed with the chief

administrative officer. This helps to establish theobservance of due process for all concerned.

SECTION 110 (IFGC)TEMPORARY EQUIPMENT, SYSTEMS AND USES

[A] 110.1 General. The code official is authorized to issue apermit for temporary equipment, systems and uses. Such per-mits shall be limited as to time of service, but shall not bepermitted for more than 180 days. The code official is autho-rized to grant extensions for demonstrated cause.

In the course of construction or other activities, equip-ment or systems are sometimes needed or desiredfor a short time. This section contains the administra-tive provisions that permit such temporary equipment,systems, or uses without full compliance with thecode requirements for permanently installed systems.

This section allows the code official to issue per-mits for temporary equipment, systems or uses. Theapplicant must specify the time period desired for thetemporary equipment, system, or use, but theapproval period cannot exceed 180 days. Equipment,systems, or uses that are temporary but are antici-pated to be in existence for more than 180 days arerequired to conform to code requirements for perma-nent systems and uses. The section also authorizesthe code official to grant extensions to this timeperiod if the applicant can provide a valid reason forthe extension, which typically includes circumstancesbeyond the applicant’s control. This provision is notintended to be used to circumvent the 180-day limita-tion.

[A] 110.2 Conformance. Temporary equipment, systems anduses shall conform to the structural strength, fire safety,means of egress, accessibility, light, ventilation and sanitaryrequirements of this code as necessary to ensure the publichealth, safety and general welfare.

This section prescribes those categories of the coderequirements that must be complied with, despite thefact that the system will be removed or the use dis-continued some time in the near future. These criteriaare essential for measuring the safety of any systemor use, temporary or permanent; therefore, the appli-cation of these criteria to a temporary system cannotbe waived.

“Structural strength” refers to the ability of the tem-porary structure to resist anticipated live, environ-mental and dead loads (see Chapter 16 of the IBC). Italso applies to anticipated live and dead loadsimposed by a temporary equipment, system or useon the structure.

“Fire safety” provisions are those required byChapters 7, 8 and 9 of the IBC or by provisions in theIMC and this code invoked by virtue of the type oftemporary system or use, and the potential forincreased fire risk.

“Means of egress” refers to full compliance withChapter 10 of the IMC.





“Accessibility” refers to full compliance with Chap-ter 11 of the IBC for making buildings accessible tophysically disabled persons.

“Light, ventilation and sanitary” requirements arethose imposed by Chapter 12 of the code or applica-ble sections of the International Plumbing Code(IPC ) or IMC.

[A] 110.3 Temporary utilities. The code official is autho-rized to give permission to temporarily supply utilities beforean installation has been fully completed and the final certifi-cate of completion has been issued. The part covered by thetemporary certificate shall comply with the requirementsspecified for temporary lighting, heat or power in the code.

Commonly, heating appliances/equipment areinstalled and operated during construction of a build-ing. This section allows the code official to grant per-mission for fuel and power supplies to be connectedto the building on a temporary basis.

[A] 110.4 Termination of approval. The code official isauthorized to terminate such permit for a temporary structureor use and to order the temporary structure or use to be dis-continued.

This section provides the code official with the neces-sary authority to terminate the permit for temporaryequipment, systems or uses. The code official canorder that temporary equipment or systems beremoved or temporary uses be discontinued if condi-tions of the permit have been violated or the structureor use poses an imminent hazard to the public. Thistext is important because it allows the code official toact quickly when time is of the essence in order toprotect public health, safety and welfare.




SECTION 201 (IFGC)GENERAL

201.1 Scope. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the follow-ing words and terms shall, for the purposes of this code andstandard, have the meanings indicated in this chapter.

In the application of the code, the terms used havethe meanings given in Section 202.

201.2 Interchangeability. Words used in the present tenseinclude the future; words in the masculine gender include thefeminine and neuter; the singular number includes the pluraland the plural, the singular.

Although the definitions contained in Section 202 areto be taken literally, gender and tense are consideredto be interchangeable; thus, any grammatical incon-sistencies within the code text will not hinder theunderstanding or enforcement of the requirements.

201.3 Terms defined in other codes. Where terms are notdefined in this code and are defined in the InternationalBuilding Code, International Fire Code, InternationalMechanical Code or International Plumbing Code, suchterms shall have meanings ascribed to them as in those codes.

When a word or term appears in the code that is notdefined in this chapter, other references may be usedto find its definition. These include the InternationalBuilding Code (IBC ), the International Fire Code(IFC ), the International Mechanical Code (IMC )and the International Plumbing Code (IPC ). Thesecodes contain additional definitions (some paralleland duplicative) that may be used in the enforcement

of the code or in the enforcement of the other codesby reference.

201.4 Terms not defined. Where terms are not definedthrough the methods authorized by this section, such termsshall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the contextimplies.

Another resource for defining words or terms notdefined in this chapter or in other codes is their “ordi-narily accepted meanings.” The intent of this state-ment is to indicate that a dictionary definition maysuffice if the definition is in the proper context.

Construction terms used throughout the code mightnot be defined in Chapter 2 or in a dictionary. In suchcases, one would first turn to the definitions containedin the referenced standards (see Chapter 8) and thento textbooks on the subject in question.

SECTION 202 (IFGC)GENERAL DEFINITIONS

This section contains definitions of terms that areassociated with the subject matter of the code. Defini-tions of terms are necessary for the understandingand application of the code requirements. The mean-ing of a term as used in the code might be differentthan an ordinarily understood meaning of that term.Some terms are unique to the code. A code provisioncould be misinterpreted if the definition of a term, asused in the context of the code, is not understood.

[M] ACCESS (TO). That which enables a device, applianceor equipment to be reached by ready access or by a means

Chapter 2:Definitions

General CommentsThe words or terms defined in this chapter are deemedto be of prime importance in either specifying the sub-ject matter of code provisions or in giving meaning tocertain terms used throughout the code for administra-tion or enforcement. The user of the code should befamiliar with the terms found in this chapter, becausethe definitions are essential to the correct interpretationof the code and because the user might not be awarethat a particular term found in the text is defined.

PurposeCodes, by their very nature, are technical documents.Every word, term and punctuation mark can alter a sen-tence’s meaning and, if misused, muddy its intent.

Further, the code, with its broad scope of applicability,includes terms used in a variety of construction disci-plines. These terms can often have multiple meaningsdepending on the context or discipline being used at thetime.

For these reasons, a consensus must be reached onthe specific meaning of terms contained in the code.Chapter 2 performs this function by stating clearly whatspecific terms mean for the purpose of the code.



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