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TRANSCRIPT
This presentation premiered at WaterSmart Innovations
watersmartinnovations.com
IMPORTANT WATER ENERGY NEXUS CONSIDERATIONS:
A SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY IN COSTA BRAVA, SPAIN
Chelsea Burns
Overview
Regional Context Water Development Trends
Current Supply Sources Energy-Water Nexus Recommendations
Lloret de Mar Tossa de Mar
(Catalan Water Agency 2012)
• June through August population increases from 240,000 to over 1 million • Increase in population during peak season puts pressure on water resources
Regional Context
1980s:
Forced to extend supply networks to the Tordera
Basin further south
1970s:
Recognize local supply cannot meet
demand
1960s: Urbanization trends begin
Lloret de Mar & Tossa de Mar
Source: Lloret de Mar Local Agenda 21
Tossa de Mar Average Seasonal Water Demand 2007-2011
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Supp
ly (
m3)
Seasons
max
min
Avg
Main Issues Local Wells
Become Insufficient
Mediterranean Climate
Severe Reoccurring
Droughts
Salt Water Intrusion of the Tordera
Aquifer
EU WFD mandates “good
ecological status”
New Supply Alternatives!
Blanes Desalinization
Plant
Tertiary Treatment
(Water Reuse)
Guaranteed Supply BUT
Attached Unsustainable Consequences
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Supp
ly (
m3 )
Years
Tertiary Treatment
Local Wells
Desalinization
Tordera Aquifer
Tossa de Mar Water Supply
Tossa de Mar Water Supply and Sanitation Energy Consumption
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
En
ergy
Con
sum
ptio
n (k
Wh
/m3 )
Years
Desalinization
Tordera Aquifer
Local Wells
Wastewater
Tertiary Treatment
Tossa de Mar Energy Consumption of Water Supply & Sanitation 2011
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
�Desalinization �Tordera Aquifer �Local Wells �Total PotableConveyance
�WastewaterTreatment
�Tertiary Treatment
kWh
/m3
Water Supply and Sanitation Sources
Pumped
Treatment
Conveyance
More Sustainability Considerations…
Energy intensity of reuse is uncertain when RO is applied.
Non-energy related drawbacks must be considered.
Lack of complementary infrastructure
Need for new conveyance networks
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
m3
Years
Tossa de Mar Water Reuse Production
Total
To municipality
To sea
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
m3
Years
Lloret de Mar Water Reuse Production
Total
To municipality
To sea
Recommendations
Need to Ensure Water Supply Decision-Making is not Detached from Energy Consumption Realities
Sectorial Integration Required
Institutional Framework for Water Decision Making in Spain
(Source: Ortega & Hernández-Mora 2010)
Sectorial Integration
Member of energy sector incorporated at each institutional level
Water and energy authorities at each level should meet annually
Coordination committee must have arbitration power. Sector liaison needs formative voice.
Ability to monitor and report development impacts is key!
Recommendations Continued
Stronger policies required to encourage efficiency and conservation at the user level
Behavioral changes NOT JUST technological fixes
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