this week: introductory review articles: d. leibfried, r. blatt, c. … · 2018. 9. 3. ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introductory Review Articles:
• D. Leibfried, R. Blatt, C. Monroe and D. Wineland, Quantum dynamics of single trapped ions, Review of Modern Physics 75, 281 (2003)
• R. Blatt, and D. Wineland, Entangled states of trapped atomic ions, Nature 453, 1008 (2008)
3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 1
Lecture 10, May 3, 2018
This week:
Atomic Ions for QIP Ion Traps Vibrational modes Preparation of initial states
Read-Out Single-Ion Gates Two-Ion Gates
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row of qubits in a linear Paul trap forms a quantum register
Laser pulses manipulate individual ions
A CCD camera reads out the ion`s quantum state Effective ion-ion
interaction induced by laser pulses that excite the ion`s motion
Ion Trap Quantum Processor
Slide material courtesy of H. Haeffner(Innsbruck/Berkeley) and J. Home (ETHZ) with notes by A. Wallraff (ETHZ) 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 2
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Trapping Individual Ions in a Linear Paul Trap
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Mechanical Analog
Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTJznUkAmIY 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 5
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Photo-multiplier
CCDcamera
Fluorescence detection by CCD cameraphotomultiplier
Vacuumpum
p
oven
atomic
beam
Laser beams for:• photoionization• cooling• quantum state manipulation• fluorescence excitation
Experimental Setup
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Ions with optical transition to metastable level: 40Ca+,88Sr+,172Yb+
P1/2 D5/2
τ =1s
S1/2
40Ca+
P1/2
S1/2
D5/2
Dopplercooling Sideband
cooling
metastable
opticaltransition
stable|g>
|e>
detectionQuadrupole transition
Qubit levels:
P1/2
S1/2
D5/2S1/2 , D5/2
τ ≈ 1 s
Qubit transition:S1/2 – D5/2
Ions as Quantum Bits
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The Calcium Ion as a Two State System
Quantum numbers:• principal quantum number• orbital angular momentum• electron/nuclear spin• Symbol: n2S+1LJ
• n: principal• S: total spin• L: total orbital angular
momentum• J: total angular
momentum
Simplified Level Scheme of Calcium ion:
• group 2• with one electron removed
(Alkali-like)
1 s lifetime
We are looking for two long-lived states for qubit
7 ns lifetime
year lifetime
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absorption and emissioncause fluorescence steps(digital quantum jump signal)
D
S
P
S
D
monitorweak transition
metastablelevel
Quantum jumps: spectroscopy with quantized fluorescence
• Quantum jump technique• Electron shelving technique
long lifetimeshort lifetime
no photons
lots of photons
time in excited state (average is lifetime)
Detection of Ion Quantum State
Observation of quantum jumps:Nagourney et al., PRL 56,2797 (1986),Sauter et al., PRL 57,1696 (1986),Bergquist et al., PRL 57,1699 (1986) 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 16
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Electron Shelving for Quantum State Detection1. Initialization in a pure quantum state
3. Quantum state measurementby fluorescence detection
2. Quantum state manipulation onS1/2 – D5/2 transition
One ion: Fluorescence histogram
counts per 2 ms0 20 40 60 80 100 1200
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8S1/2 stateD5/2 state
P1/2 D5/2
τ =1s
S1/2
40Ca+
P1/2
S1/2
D5/2P1/2
S1/2
D5/2
Quantum statemanipulation
P1/2
S1/2
D5/2
Fluorescencedetection
50 experiments / s
Repeat experiments100-200 times
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1. Initialization in a pure quantum state
3. Quantum state measurementby fluorescence detection
2. Quantum state manipulation onS1/2 – D5/2 transition
5µm
50 experiments / s
Repeat experiments100-200 times
• Spatially resolved detection withCCD camera:
Two ions:
P1/2
S1/2
D5/2
Fluorescencedetection
Electron Shelving for Quantum State Detection
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Mechanical quantum harmonic oscillator
• Extension of the ground state:
• Size of the wave packet << wavelength of visible light (e.g. for Ca)
• Energy scale of interest:
harmonic trap
ions need to be very cold to be in their vibrational ground state
Mechanical Motion of Ions in their Trapping Potential
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Laser – ion interactions
g
e
⊗
2-level-atom harmonic trap
0,g
0,e1,e
2,e
2,g1,g
joint energy levels
…
Electronic structure of the ion approximated by two-level system(laser is (near-) resonant and couples only two levels)
Trap: Only a single harmonic oscillator taken into account
Ion:
tensor product dressed states diagram
An Ion Coupled to a Harmonic Oscillator
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harmonic trap
…
2-level-atom joint energy levels
External Degree of Freedom: Ion Motion
ion transition frequency 400 THz (carrier)
trap frequency 1 MHz (sideband, red/blue SB)
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carrier transitionmotional sidebands
Laser detuning ∆ at 729 nm (MHz)
motional sidebands(red / lower) (blue / upper)
• many different vibrational modes of ions in the trap
• red and blue side bands can be observed because vibrational motion of ions is not cooled (in this example)
A Closer Look at the Excitation Spectrum (3 Ions)
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4.54 4.52 4.5 4.48 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 P D
Detuning δω (MHz) 4.48 4.5 4.52 4.54 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P D
Detuning δω (MHz)
99.9 % ground state population
after sideband cooling
after Doppler cooling
7.1=zn
Sideband absorption spectra:
red sideband blue sideband
-4.54 -4.52 -4.5 -4.48
1, −ng
1, −nene,
ng,
……
red side band transition
Cooling of the Vibrational Modes
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1, −nS
1, −nDnD,
1, +nD
1, +nSnS ,
coupled system„Blue sideband“ pulses:D
sta
te p
opul
atio
n
Entanglement between internaland motional state!
Not only cooling but also controlled excitation of the vibrational modes:
Coherent Excitation on the Sideband Transition
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• Laser slightly detuned from carrier resonance
or:
• pulses with rotation axis in equatorial plane
Arbitrary qubit rotations:
(z-rotations by off-resonant laser beamcreating ac-Stark shifts)
Gate time: 1-10 µs Coherence time: 2-3 ms
limited by
• laser frequency fluctuations• magnetic field fluctuations
(laser linewidth δν<100 Hz)
D state population
x,y-rotations
Single Qubit Operations
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Addressing Qubits
CCD
Paul trap
Fluorescencedetection
electro-optic deflector
coherentmanipulation of qubits
dichroicbeamsplitter
inter ion distance: ~ 4 µm
addressing waist: ~ 2 µm
< 0.1% intensity on neighbouring ions
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Exci
tatio
n
Deflector Voltage (V)
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Manipulating Single Qubits
Raman transition,hyperfine
Resonant microwaves/laser
Microwaves F > 0.999999 Harty et al. PRL 113, 220501 (2014)Lasers F > 0.9999 (Masters thesis Oxford)
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Problem: noise! – mainly from classical fields
Storing Qubits in an Atom - Phase Coherence
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||Time (seconds!)
F = 2
F = 1
1207 MHz
1 GHz
119.645 Gauss
Storing Qubits in an Atom: Field-Independent Transitions
Langer et al. PRL 95, 060502 (2005)
• magnetic field independent transition
• long coherence
Hyperfine Structure in Be+
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Pulse sequence:
…
… …
…
generation of entanglement between two ions:
Generation of Bell States: Entanglement of Two Ions
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Ion 1: π/2 , blue sideband
Pulse sequence:
…
… …
…
creates entangled state between qubit 1 and oscillator
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Generation of Bell States: Entanglement of Two Ions
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Ion 1: π/2 , blue sideband
Ion 2: π , carrier
Pulse sequence:
…
… …
…excites qubit 2
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Generation of Bell States: Entanglement of Two Ions
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Ion 1: π/2 , blue sideband
Ion 2: π , carrier
Ion 2: π , blue sideband
Pulse sequence:
…
… …
…takes qubit 2 (with one oscillator excitation) back to ground state and removes excitation from oscillator
|SD0> is non-resonant and remains unaffected
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Generation of Bell States: Entanglement of Two Ions
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Fluorescencedetection withCCD camera:
• Coherent superposition or incoherent mixture ?
• What is the relative phase of the superposition ?
SSSD
DSDD SSSDDSDD
Ψ+
Measurement of the density matrix:
tomography of qubit states (= full measurement of x,y,z components of both qubits and its correlations)
Bell State Analysis
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SSSD
DSDD SSSDDSDD
SSSD
DSDD SSSDDSDD
F=0.91
Bell State Reconstruction
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0.5
- 0.5
0.5
- 0.5
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Quantum Gate Proposals with Trapped Ions
Some other gate proposals by:• Cirac & Zoller• Mølmer & Sørensen, Milburn• Jonathan, Plenio & Knight• Geometric phases• Leibfried & Wineland
...allows the realization of a universal quantum computer !
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Both, the phase gate as well the CNOT gate can be converted into each other with single qubit operations.
Together with single qubit gates any unitary operation can be implemented!
controlled phase gateimplementation of a CNOT for universal ion trap quantum computing:
Realizing a Controlled NOT with a Controlled Phase Gate
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995) 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 43
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1ε 2ε
Cirac-Zoller Two-Ion Phase Gate
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995)
ion 1
motion
ion 2
,S D
,S D
0 0SWAP
,0S,1S
,0D,1D
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Cirac-Zoller Two-Ion Phase Gate
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995)
Phase gate usingthe motion andthe target bit.
ion 1
motion
ion 2
,S D
,S D
0 0SWAP
Z
1ε 2ε
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Cirac-Zoller Two-Ion Phase Gate
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995)
,0S,1S
,0D,1D
ion 1
motion
ion 2
,S DSWAP
,S D
0 0SWAP
Z
1ε 2ε
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Cirac-Zoller Two-Ion Phase Gate
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995)
Phase gate usingthe motion andthe target bit.
ion 1
motion
ion 2
,S D
,S D
0 0
Z
1ε 2ε
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How do you do this with just a two-level system?
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995)
?
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• D0 blue sideband is forbidden• Complete 2π blue sideband rotations induce
phase factor -1 (c.f. geometric phase)• How to implement that for the S1-D2
sideband transition which rotates sqrt(2) faster at same drive field strength?
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Phase Gate
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995)
Composite 2π-rotation:
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A Phase Gate with 4 Pulses (2π Rotation)( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 1 1 1( , ) , 2 2,0 , 2 2,0R R R R Rθ φ π π π π π π+ + + +=
1
2
3
4
,0 ,1S D↔on2π
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S0:
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0=ϕ 0=ϕ 2πϕ =2πφ =
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time (µs)
D5/
2-e
xcita
tion
2π 2π ππ2πφ =0=φ 0=φ
state preparation ,0S , then application of phase gate pulse sequence
Continuous tomography of the phase gate
A Single Ion Composite Phase Gate: Experiment
Schmidt-Kaler et al., Nature 422, 408-411 (2003) 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 53
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Population of |S,1> - |D,2> remains unaffected
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 1 1 1( , ) 2, 2 ,0 2, 2 ,0R R R R Rθ φ π π π π π π+ + + +=4
3
2
1
all transition rates are a factor of sqrt(2) faster at the same Laser power
3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 54
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 1 1 1( , ) , 2 2,0 , 2 2,0R R R R Rθ φ π π π π π π+ + + +=S0:
S1:
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Testing the Phase of the Phase Gate for |0,S>
Schmidt-Kaler et al., Nature 422, 408-411 (2003)
Time (µs)
D5/
2-e
xcita
tion
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Phase gate 2π
−2π
97.8 (5) %
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ion 1
motion
ion 2
,S DSWAP
,S D
0 0
control qubit
target qubit
SWAP
ion 1
ion 2
pulse sequence:
Cirac-Zoller Two-Ion Controlled-NOT Operation
Cirac and Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091-4094 (1995) 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 56
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SS - SS DS - DD
SD - SD DD - DS
Cirac – Zoller CNOT Gate Operation
Schmidt-Kaler et al., Nature 422, 408-411 (2003) 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 57
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input
output
Measured Truth Table of Cirac-Zoller CNOT Operation
Schmidt-Kaler et al., Nature 422, 408-411 (2003) 3-May-18Andreas Wallraff 58
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Approaches to Algorithms/Scaling
Pictures: T. Monz, R. BlattScience 345, 6194 (2014)
Best system thus far for algorithms – single ion string (Blatt, Roos, Innsbruck)
Universal operations:- Multi-qubit gate (all ions)- Spin rotation (all ions)- Phase rotation (individual addressing)
Quantum error correction:State of the art: Transversal operations on a topological 7-qubit Steane code
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GHZ Entanglement of up to 14 ions
Monz et al., PRL 106, 130506 (2011)
High contrast – 3 ions
Reduced contrast – 14 ions
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(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14) ions
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Collective Rotations - Challenges
Data: C. Hempel, C. Roos, R. Blatt (Innsbruck)
51 ion chain:
Feature:• Efficient collective Rabi oscillations
on all ions with a single laser
Challenge:• size of ion chain becomes big
compared to laser beam• variation of Rabi rotation rate with
position dependent laser amplitude
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Scaling Ion-Trap QIP Architectures – Integrated Chip-Based Traps
Wineland et al., J. Res. N.I.S.T. (1998), Kielpinski et al. Nature 417, 709 (2002)
Transport of ions is a critical ingredientHow do we scale up the optical delivery?
Logic
Cooling
"Gate" "Gate""Move, separate"
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Integrated Components - Microwaves
C. Ospelkaus et al. Nature 182, 476 (2011)
eg. Quantum control using microwaves – removes the need for high-power lasers
Gradients – produce state-dependent potentials through Zeeman shifts
2-qubit gate
Single-qubit gate
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Integrated Components - Optics
Vandevender et al. PRL 105, 023001 (2010)
Integration of excitation and detection optics:
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Integrated Components - Quantum Logic Gates by Ion Transport
Proposal: D. Leibfried et al. PRA 76, 032324 (2007)
Advantages: reduces switching opticswaveforms required anyway
parallel use of laser beams in different zones simultaneously
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Rabi Oscillations and Qubit Rotations
Home Lab at ETHZ: L. de Clercq, H-Y. Lo, M. Marinelli
Pulse sequences (multiple transports)– Ramsey separated pulse experiment
Be+ Raman transition – hyperfine qubit, ~1s coherence time
Qubit rotation ReadoutLaser Sequence
Transport
t
ttoff
Control parameters• laser power• Laser timing• Position of atom
Characterization• shelving readout
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Integrated Components - Parallel Transport Quantum Logic Gates
L. de Clercq, H-Y. Lo, M. Marinelli
Retro-reflect laser beams to different zones
zA B C
Ion in zone C
Ion in zone A
Ion in zone C
Ion in zone A
Operation chosen using the transport speed of each ion
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Scaling Ion-Trap QIP Architectures – Connecting Traps
Monroe et al. Phys. Rev. A 89 022317 (2014)
Multiple linked small processors (trapping zones)• probabilistic entanglement
generation through Hong-Ou-Mandel effect
• teleportation of states between zones
• teleported gates between zones
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What’s to like (and dislike) about ions?High gate rate (us) vs coherence time (10 s)
High fidelity, single shot readout
Identical systems (Decoherence-Free-Subspace encoding)
High fidelity laser and microwave gates
Why not?Slow (compared to solid state systems). Microseconds vs nanoseconds
Cannot “pick our frequency” – wavelengths etc. set by nature
Identical systems – need to work to achieve individual addressing
Challenges:
Immature integration with scalable electronics/optics eg. CMOS, waveguides etc.
Long-distance links (coupling to single-mode photons)
Ions don’t like surfaces – charging, noise