this year’s nobel prizes in physics and chemistry tie in nicely to the subjects of our course,...
TRANSCRIPT
This year’s Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry tie in nicely to the subjects of our course, including
today’s lecture. Examining the BH3 molecule illustrates how a chemist’s use of localized bonds, vacant
atomic orbitals, and unshared pairs to understand molecules compares with views based on the
molecule’s actual total electron density, and with computational molecular orbitals. The localized view is
then used to help understand reactivity in terms of the overlap of singly-occupied molecular orbitals
(SOMOs) and, more commonly, of an unusually high-energy highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
with an unusually low-energy lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). This generalizes the traditional
concepts of acid and base. Criteria for assessing reactivity are outlined and illustrated.
Chemistry 125: Lecture 15October 6, 2010
Chemical Reactivity: SOMO, HOMO, and LUMO
For copyright notice see final page of this file
Graphene’s unique MO structure gives it unique electrical and optical properties, stability, strength, and “resonance”.
Levitator by Martin Simon (UCLA)
Eppur sta fermo“and yet it stands still”
Graphene
Andre Geim’s Hand (1999)
Levitator by Martin Simon (UCLA)
“and yet it stands still”
Andre Geim’s Frog (1999)
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/
Three Views of BH3
2) Molecular Orbitals
1) Total Electron Density
3) Bonds from Hybrid AOs
(Nature)
(Computer)
(Chemist)Cf. Course Webpage
How BH3 Sees Itself:The Electron Cloud of
via "Spartan”STO 6-31G**
B
H
HH
B
H
HH
BH3
Total e-Density0.30 e/ao
3
Mostly1s Core
of Boron
BH3
Total e-Density0.15 e/ao
3
BH3
Total e-Density 0.05 e/ao
3
Dimple
H atoms take e-densityfrom valence orbitals of B
BH+••H •
B•
BH3
Total e-Density0.02 e/ao
3
BH3
Total e-Density0.002 e/ao
3
van der Waalssurface
(definition)
BH3
Total e-Density0.002 e/ao
3
HIGH(+ 55 kcal/mole)
LOW(-7.5 kcal/mole)
ElectrostaticPotentialEnergy of a+ probe onthe surface
H
low (-) high (+)
2) Molecular Orbitals
1) Total Electron Density
3) Bonds from Hybrid AOs
(Nature)
(Computer)
(Chemist)Cf. Course Webpage
Three Views of BH3
Computer PartitionsTotal e-Density
intoDelocalized MOs
.
(à la Chladni or Plum Pudding)
BH3
8 low-energy AOs 8 low-energy MOs
B : 1s , 2s , 2px , 2py , 2pz
3 H : 1s
“Minimal.. Basis Set”
of AOs
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
noccupied
BH3
8 electrons / 4 pairs
B : 5 electrons3 H : 3 1 electron
••••
••
••
OMOs
UMOs
LUMO
HOMO(s) •• ••
ccupied
ighest
owest
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
1s
••••
••
••
1s ••Boron Core
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
2s ••••
••
••
Radial Node
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
2px ••••
••
••
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
2py••
••
••
••
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
2pz
••••
••
••
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
3s
••••
••
••
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
3dx2-y2
••••
••
••
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
3dxy
••••
••
••
MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Cf. website
2) Molecular Orbitals
1) Total Electron Density
3) Bonds from Hybrid AOs
(Nature)
(Computer)
(Chemist)Cf. Course Webpage
Three Views of BH3
We Partitionthe same
Total e-Densityinto Atom-Pair Bonds
(and anti-bonds)
& Isolated AOs(lone pairs / vacant atomic orbitals)
(à la Lewis)
usually
When this
doesn't work,and we must
use moresophisticatedorbitals, wesay there is
RESONANCE
2pz
••
••
••
••
For Many Purposes Localized Bond Orbitals are Not Bad
Boron Core
And they are easier to think about; but beware of resonance.
••BH
H
B ••
H
B ••
Same Total Energyas computer!
HB
Same Totale-Density
also!
BH
HB
(and of properties of individual electrons)
The Localized Bond Orbital Picture(Pairwise Bond Orbitals and Isolated AOs)
is our intermediate betweenH-like AOs and Computer MOs
When must we think more deeply?
When we care about individual electrons(ionization ; visible/uv absorption)
When mixing of localized orbitals causes
Reactivity ………….. or Resonance
Where are We?
MoleculesPlum-Pudding Molecules ("United Atom" Limit)
Understanding Bonds (Pairwise LCAO)"Energy-Match & Overlap"
Structure (and Dynamics) of XH3 MoleculesParsing Electron Density
Atoms3-Dimensional Reality (H-like Atoms)
HybridizationOrbitals for Many-Electron Atoms (Wrong!)Recovering from the Orbital Approximation
Recognizing Functional Groups
Payoff forOrganic
Chemistry!
ReactivitySOMOs, high HOMOs, and low LUMOs
Which MOMixings Matter
forReactivity?
••
••
••
••
etc.
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
OMOsOMOs
B A
UMOs
Myr
iad
Pos
sibl
e P
airw
ise
Mix
ings
molecule molecule
Which MOMixings Matter
forReactivity?
••
••
••
••
etc.
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
OMOsOMOs
••SOMO
SOMO••
B ASOMO-SOMO(when they exist)
UMOs
many atoms"free radicals"
e.g. •H •Cl •CH3
ingly
molecule molecule
(in order to survive must be kept from overlapping
not very common)
Which MOMixings Matter
forReactivity?
••
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
OMOsOMOs
••
••
B A
Nothing
4e-
Weak NetRepulsion
••
molecule molecule
(balances correlation atvan der Waals contact)
Negligible Mixing &
Stabilization because of Bad
E-match
Which MOMixings Matter
forReactivity?
••
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
OMOsOMOs
B ABonding!
Unusually High
HOMOwith
Unusually Low
LUMO
••
molecule molecule
••
Negligible Mixing &
Stabilization because of Bad
E-match
Which MOMixings Matter
forReactivity?
••
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
••
••
••
etc.
UMOs
OMOsOMOs
B A••
Bonding!
Unusually High
HOMOwith
Unusually Low
LUMO
BASE
ACID
molecule molecule
or in common parlance
Most mixing of MOs affects neither overall energy nor
overall electron distribution for one (or more) of these reasons:
1) Electron occupancy 4 or 0
2) Poor energy match
3) Poor overlap BUT
Mixing of High HOMO
& Low LUMOconstitutes
Reactivity
Acid-Base TheoriesTHEORY ACID BASE
Lavoisier(1789)
OxidizedSubstance
Substance tobe Oxidized
Arrhenius(1887)
H+ Source OH- Source
Incr
easi
ng G
ener
ality
Brønsted/Lowry(1923)
H+ Donor H+ Acceptor
Lewis(1923)
e-Pair Acceptor"Electrophile"
e-Pair Donor"Nucleophile"
HOMO/LUMO(1960s)
unusually
High HOMOunusually
Low LUMO
••
sp3C 1sH
Unusual:
••
"usual"LUMO
"usual"HOMO
I. Unmixed Valence-Shell AOs
III. Unusual AO Energy in MO
Sources of weirdness:
IV. Electric Charge
II. Poor Overlap of AOs
Compared to What?*CH
CH
(or *CC )
(or CC )
I. Unmixed Valence-ShellAtomic Orbitals
••
*CH
CH
••
sp3C 1sH
BH3
low LUMO
••
CH3
high HOMO
••
NH3
high HOMO
"usual"LUMO
"usual"HOMO
••
OH2
high HOMO
••
OHhigh HOMO
(or *CC )
(or CC )
H+
low “LUMO”
(energies qualitative only)
(Also IV: Electrical Charge)
Acid-Base Reactions
H+ OH H-OH
H+ :NH3
H3B OH
H3B :NH3
H-NH3+
H3B-NH3+
Curved Arrows Designate e-Pair Shifts.
Start arrow at e-pair location in starting material.
End arrow at e-pair location in product.
(NOT atomic motion)H3B-OH
tetravalent N is +
tetravalent B is -
II. Poor-Overlap MOs
••
*C=O
C=O
•
•
pC
pO
••
*CH
CH
••
sp3C 1sH
••
*C=C
C=C
••
pC pC
high HOMO
low LUMO"usual"LUMO
"usual"HOMO
Bent
(energies qualitative only)
End of Lecture 15Oct. 6, 2010
Copyright © J. M. McBride 2009, 2010. Some rights reserved. Except for cited third-party materials, and those used by visiting speakers, all content is licensed under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0).
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