thomas roos and brian north - fossil fuel thomas.pdf · 2 capture innovations: carbonoro, antecy...

ContentsCO2 Utilisation as Feedstock for

Fuels, Chemistry and Polymers

Thomas Roos and Brian North

2

Contents

• Background Policy – EU Renewable Energy Directive

• Presented Policy

• CO2 capture innovations

• Different fuel pathways:

o Biological

o Bio-Electrocatalytic

o Photo-Electrolysis

o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL)

o Thermoelectrical (PtL)

o Biological + electrochemical (PtL)

o Thermochemical

o Artificial photosynthesis

• Chemicals and Polymers

• Conclusions

3

Policy – Renewable Energy Directive

• 23 April 2009: DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC

o Article 2 (a):

• ‘energy from renewable sources’ means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind,

solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas,

sewage treatment plant gas and biogases;

o Article 3, point 4:

• Each Member State shall ensure that the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of

transport in 2020 is at least 10 % of the final consumption of energy in transport in that Member

State.

4

Policy - modifications to RED and FQD

• DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/1513 amending 2009/28/EC:

o approved 28 April 2015, published 9 September 2015

o Article 3, the following points are added:

• (d) … the share of energy from biofuels … from crops grown as main crops primarily for energy

purposes on agricultural land shall be no more than 7 % of the final consumption of energy in

transport in the Member States in 2020.

• Biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Annex IX shall not count towards the limit set out in the

first subparagraph of this point.

o ANNEX IX

• Part A. Feedstocks and fuels, the contribution of which towards the target referred to in the first

subparagraph of Article 3(4) shall be considered to be twice their energy content:

• (a) to (r) Various biomaterials …

• (s) Carbon capture and utilisation for transport purposes, if the energy source is renewable in

accordance with point (a) of the second paragraph of Article 2.

• (t) …

• Part B: (a) … and (b) …

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Policy - modifications to RED and FQD

• DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/1513 continued:

o Article 3 is amended as follows: the following points are added:

• (e) each Member State shall seek … a minimum level of consumption on their territory of biofuels

produced from feedstocks and of other fuels, listed in part A of Annex IX. …by 6 April 2017, each

Member State shall set a national target ... A reference value for this target is 0,5 percentage points

in energy content of the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of transport in 2020 …

• Member States may set a national target lower than …0,5 percentage points, based on …:

• (i) … limited potential for … sustainable production … or … limited availability … at cost-efficient

prices on the market;

• (ii) the specific technical or climatic characteristics of the national market for transport fuels, such as

the composition and condition of the road vehicle fleet; or

• (iii) national policies allocating commensurate financial resources to incentivising energy efficiency

and the use of electricity from renewable energy sources in transport.

• Summary:

o 10% transport energy/fuel must be renewable by 2020

o Only 7% may be 1st generation biofuel, leaving 3% gap

o 20 fuels (including CCU) counts twice toward national target

o Reference target of 0.5% per Member State, implied CCU market

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Contents


• Presented Policy: EU (2), Germany (2) and Nova



o Biological






o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

7

European Policy: Andreas Pilzecker: DG

Climate Action

• European Commission in February 2011:

o Reconfirmed objective of reducing CO2 emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990.

o For cost-effectiveness, transport sector was expected to reduce only by 60%

o Endorsed the binding target of 40% domestic reduction by 2030 compared with 1990.

• Transport is the second largest emitter in the EU (24%).

• All sector emissions declined except Transport, which kept increasing until 2008

8

European Policy: Søren Bøwadt,

DG RD&I

• Scoping Workshop on Transformation of CO2, March 2015, Brussels

o 80 participants: CO2 conversion activities of 7 EU States and 18 European companies

o TRL of activities spanned from 2 to 9, with most in 4 – 6 range

o Maturity of technologies is adequate

o Member States and the regions are willing to participate and contribute

o Companies are ready to invest

o Economics:

o Sustainable production of products from CO2 very difficult with present low oil and energy prices

o Sustainable production possible with higher energy prices and less red tape for companies

o Note: workshop took place before RED modification!

• New RTD calls addressing CO2 in H2020 WP 2016-2017

o 9 separate calls, each €6-8m

9

German Policy: Lothar Mennicken,

BMBF• Political Framework

o The New German HighTech-Strategy

o Research for Sustainable Development: FONA3

(Forschung für Nachhaltige Entwicklungen)

• Broadening the Raw Material Base

• Energiewende and CO2-sources

• 6 National calls:

o € 45- € 200m each

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German Policy: Martin Lange,

Federal Environment Agency• Carbon Neutral Transport in Germany: Contribution of Power-to-X Fuels

o UBA-study: Germany in 2050 - a greenhouse gas-neutral country

o Goal: Reducing GHG emissions across all sectors by 95 % until 2050 compared to 1990

• Energy reductions by 2050

o Transport reduction small (aviation, shipping)

• Need new transport energy carrier

o No fossil fuels: post-fossil, near GHG-neutral

o electricity & electricity-based fuels from

renewable sources

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German Policy: Martin Lange

• Is biomass the “magic bullet”?

• It is suitable for:

o Heat

o Transport

o Electricity

o Material utilization

• but comes with various problems:

o food competition

o fuel demand >> bioenergy potential

o environmental problems:o Acidification

o over-fertilization

o GHG emissions due to direct and indirect land

use changes

12

German Policy: Martin Lange

• Options in discussion – electricity-based fuels

13

Policy: Martin Lange

• Post-fossil, GHG-neutral supply options for transport in 2050: Specific energy supply

options for each transport carrier

Transport carrier Electricity PtG-H2 PtG-CH4/ Power-to-

Liquids

Passenger car √

Trucks short haul √

Trucks long haul ? Overhead catenary

? ?

Urban buses √

Rail traffic √

Aviation √ (PtL)

Sea transport Short haul √

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Policy: Michael Carus, Nova

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Contents



• CO2 capture innovations: CarbonOrO, Antecy


o Biological






o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

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CO2 scrubbing: Pieter Verberne

• Conventional amines:

o Tdesorber ~ 130°C

o (Tdesorber -Tgas) ≈ 90°C.

o Cost: 50 - 60 €/t CO2

• CarbonOrO amine:

o Special mixture of amines, polymers

and solvents

o Tdesorber ~ 70°C

o (Tdesorber -Tgas) ≈ 30°C.

o Drops CCS OPEX by 50%

o Target cost: 30 €/t CO2

o At lower temperature amines are:o Less corrosive

o Less volatile

o CO2 capture done at atmospheric

conditions, not requiring compression

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Contents





o Biological: Joule






o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

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Bio: Kees van der Kerk

• Channelling photosynthesis to harvest solar power into fuels

ALGAE CYANOBACTERIA

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Bio: Kees van der Kerk

• Demo plant on Hobbs, NM

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Contents





o Biological

o Bio-Electrocatalytic: Johannes Kepler University





o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

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Contents





o Biological


o Photo-Electrolysis: Boston College




o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

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Contents





o Biological



o Electrolysis (PtG, PtL): Hochschule Für Technik Rapperswil, CRI, Bremen University



o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

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Electrolysis: Markus Friedl

• What is Power-to-gas?

24

Electrolysis: Markus Friedl

The state of the art:

• Germany:

o Power-to-Methane, 300 kW, Stuttgart, ZSW + Etogas

o Power-to-Methane, 6 MWel, Werlte, Audi

• Switzerland:

o Power-to-Methane, 25 kWel, Rapperswil, IET HSR

o Power-to-Methane, 2 MWel, Villingen, PSI

• Denmark:

o Power-to-Methane, 1 MWel, Electrochaea

• Several Power-to-Hydrogen Pilot & Demonstration Plants in Germany + Switzerland

25

Electrolysis: Benedikt Stefansson,

Carbon Recycling International

Low carbon intensity methanol: energy carrier

26

Electrolysis: Benedikt Stefansson

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Contents





o Biological




o Thermoelectrical (PtL): NewCO2Fuels, sunfire


o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

28

Thermoelectrical: David Banitt

• Technology basics of high temperature electrolysis

29

Thermoelectrical: David Banitt

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Thermoelectrical: Christian von

OlshausenPower-to-X with reversible Solid Oxide Cell (SOC)

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OlshausenrSOC works out cheaper because it runs all the time:

• Makes fuel in “oversupply” periods

• Makes electricity in “undersupply” periods

32


Olshausen

33


Olshausen

• Test Plant Start-up: Product Quality

34

Contents





o Biological





o Biological + electrochemical (PtG, PtL): MicrobEnergy/Viessmann, CSIR

o Thermochemical



• Conclusions

35

Bio + electrochem: Thomas Heller

36

Bio + electrochem: Thomas Heller

37

Contents





o Biological





o Biological + electrochemical (PtG, PtL)

o Thermochemical: Bauhaus Luftfahrt



• Conclusions

38

Thermochemical: Andreas

Sizmann

Emission target for 2050 (IATA)

39


Sizmann

40


Sizmann

• SOLARJET solar thermochemical syngas production

41


Sizmann

• Efficiency potential

42

Contents





o Biological






o Thermochemical

o Artificial photosynthesis: Joint Centre for Artificial Photosynthesis


• Conclusions

43

Contents





o Biological






o Thermochemical


• Chemicals and Polymers: University of York, Covestro, University of Sheffield

• Conclusions

44

Conclusions

So what?

45

Very high solar irradiation in South Africa is a competitive

advantage

46

Power‐to‐X provides a huge potential for South Africa

South African renewable electricity will always be cheaper than in most other countries in the world

o Excellent solar & wind resources let South Africa achieve some of the world’s lowest renewables tariffs

o Cheapest renewable electricity is a competitive advantage that will always be there

In addition, South Africa has vast experience in the creation of synthetic liquid fuels

o The country gets roughly 1/3 of its liquid fuel demand from CTL and GTL

o Sasol is one of the largest CTL producers globally, PetroSA has many GTL innovations

This combination provides a huge opportunity for South Africa to commercialise renewable‐electricity‐based, carbon‐neutral synthetic fuels from different processes

The CSIR will pilot a PtL plant on its campus to help commercialise the technology in South Africa, and we

are looking for partners in this endeavour

With appropriate bilateral agreements with European countries, in South Africa:

o A long-term market may be created for SA-produced CCU fuels under the RED

o Emitters can capture CO2 emissions (more cheaply than before) and sell downstream, mitigating carbon tax

exposure and recouping capture costs

o Renewable fuel plants can produce product more cheaply than elsewhere

Thank you

T H Roos ([email protected])

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