thorndike, l; eclipses in the 14th century

7/27/2019 Thorndike, L; Eclipses in the 14th Century

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Eclipses in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth CenturiesAuthor(s): Lynn Thorndike

Reviewed work(s):Source: Isis, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1957), pp. 51-57Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/226901 .

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Ecl ipses i n t h e Fourteenth a n dFifteenth Centur ie s

By Lynn Thorndike*INprevious articles attention has been called to the prediction of eight solareclipses between the years 1366 and i386,1 in a manuscriptat Utrecht, andto "A Recordof Eclipses for the Years 1478 to I5o6," 2 in a manuscript tFlorence. In the present paper will be noted further forecasting of eclipses,primarily from five Sloane manuscripts of the fourteenth and fifteenth cen-turies at the British Museum, and chiefly in connection with calendars issuedby Englishmen: namely, that of Walter de Elvedene or Elvesdene3 or Elven-denI for theyearsfrom1327 to 1386, and those for the ensuingperiod,1387-1462, composed by John Somer or Somur or Somour in 1380, for Joan ofKent, princess of Wales and mother of Richard II, and by Nicholas of Lynnin 1386, at the request of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. But how theirdata as to eclipses were computed is not revealed in our manuscripts.4 TheCalendar of Nicholas was for the latitude and and longitude of Oxford, andJohn Somer is sometimes spoken of as "of Oxford," and his calendar as forits meridian. Both men are mentioned in the preface to Chaucer's Treatiseon the astrolabe.4bSince their two calendars and the tables which accompany them apply tothe same years, it has been easy to confuse them, especially when they appearanonymously.5 Their prefaces may be distinguished by their incipits, "QuiaChristusJesus mediator dei . . ." in the case of Nicholas, and "Ad honoremdei et virginis gloriose necnon sanctorum confessorum Francisci Antoniiepiscopi Lodowici in hoc opusculo facio kalendariumad instantiam nobilissimedomine Iohanne principisse Wallie ducisse Cornubiecomitisse Castrie . ." 6

* Columbia University."Prediction of Eclipses in the FourteenthCentury," Isis I95I, 42: 30I-302.2JISis, I952, 43: 252-256.'MS Digby I76 at the Bodleian Library,Oxford, once contained, according to its oldtable of contents, written in a hand of thefourteenth century: "Calculatio M. WalteriElvesdene de dominis mensium ab anno I332usquead 1357, annorumab anno I332 usque adI386."'W. H. Black's Catalogue of the AshmoleanMSS at the Bodleian, p. 4, in connection withMS Ashmole 5, refers to "the tables formerlycomposed by master Walter de Elvenden forthe three cycles or 57 years which ended inI386" Walter is not included in the Dictionaryof National Biography or in Sarton's Introduc-tion to the History of Science."Instructions for computing eclipses are ofnot infrequent occurrence in MSS of the latermiddle ages. Two examples are: Basel F. II. i5,

i,th century, fols. 73r-95v: "Ad inveniendumeclipses sic procedendum est. Primo sumanturradices motuum soils et lune ..... Et sic fini-tur practica de utraque eclipsi scilicet tam solisquam lune, facta anno Ihesu Christi I437 in-completo mense Iulii die 20. Deo gratias. Amen.Amen." Basel F. III. 25, I3-14th century, fol.gr, "De solis vera coniunctione reperienda."; fol. I3va. "Cum eclypim lune et eiusquantitatem prompte et evidenter invenire vo-lueris . . ."

4b Sarton, op. cit., III (1948), I50I-2. TheEquatorie of the Planetis, edited by Derek J.Price, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1955, pp.79, 86, I57.6Black, in the description of Ashmolc 5.mentioned in a preceding note, listed some otherMSS at the Bodleian as the Calendar of Nichol-as which are rather that of John.'British Museum, Cottonian MS VespasianE. VII, fol. 4(7)r. Such a form as "Ad honoremdei et virginis gloriose necnon et omnium (sanc-

5r


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52 LYNN THORNDIKEin the case of John Somer, who was a Franciscan. But whether the right cal-endar always accompanies its preface is another problem. In Sloane 282 ofthe British Museum what seems the calendar of John Somer opens at fol. 5r,but the aforesaid preface comes only at fol. I7r-v. Sometimes there is nopreface,8and it is not easy to determinean incipit for the Calendar itself YFurthermore the Tables and figures and other matter accompanying theCalendarsvary in different manuscripts. John Somer says in his preface thathis Calendarcontains Tables of conjunctions from I387 to I462.10 But theseare found in only three out of 13 copies of his work at the British Museum."If we compare Royal 2. B. VII and Sloane 282, which both contain the Cal-endar of Sonmer,we find that the former manuscript has an Algorism Table(found also in Cotton, Vesp. E. VII) which is not in the latter, apparentlyalso a Tabula paschalisand one of Golden numbers. "Cave"s for each sign ofthe zodiac which precede the calendar in Sloane 282,12 are perhaps roughlyparalleled by influences of the signs of the zodiac (with blank space for asign-man, for which no provision is made in the other manuscript) which arethe fourth item following the Calendar n the Royal MS. The Tables of rulingplanets and signs and of the positions of the moon in Royal 2. B. VIII, fols.9v-Iov, correspond to Sloane 282, fol. i3r, "Tabula docens quis planetaregnat in qualibet hora incipiendo diem ab ortu solis";'13 IV, "Tabula lunead sciendum eius signum omni die"; 4 ir, "Tabula lune ad sciendum eiusgradum omni die." 15 And there are Tables and figures of solar and lunareclipses in both.'"It is with these tables of eclipses rather than the Calendarsproper that wetorum) . . .", given by Black for Ashmole39I. V, I4th century, fol. ir, is inaccurate.Idid not get to examine the Cotton MS furtherfor Tables of eclipses.'Black, in cataloguing Ashmole 789. VIII,remarked hat the prefacedifferedconsiderablyfrom the prefaces to the calendarin Ashmole5 and 39I. V, which was not surprising in thecase of Ashmole 5, which has the incipit ofNicholas of Lynn, whereas the other two MSShave that of John Somer.8Ashmole 370, anno I424, fols. I-24, "hasneither title nor preface, but in other respectsagrees with No. s; each month occupies 4pages in this and 5 in that MS." Sometimes,as in Ashmole39I. V, we have a preface,butthe Calendar has disappeared.9"Ad notitiam tabularumet kalendarii .seems to be the usual openingof John Somer'sCanon for his Calendar:see Sloane 2250, latei4th century, fol. Ir; Sloane 2465, late 14thcentury, fol. ir; Royal 12. E. XVI, isth cen-tury, fol. gv; Oxford,Bodleian, Rawlinson D.238, end of I4th century,fol. i5.But in Sloane 282, isth century, fol. sr-v,the preliminary description opens, "In hoccalendario ad meridiem universitatis Oxoniecomposito anno domini 1380 primo ponunturmenses . . ." And in Ashmole 391. V, 14thcentury, fol. ir, "In hoc kalendario primo

poniturnumerusdierum in primalinea . . ."'The description n the Catalogueof Royal2. B. VIII does not state whether they areplanetary conjunctions (as of Saturnand Jupi-ter) or conjunctions (and oppositions) of sunand moon."'Of thirteencopies of Somer'swork in theMuseum only three (Cotton MS Faust. A. II,Add. MS io628, Harley MS 32I) contain thecomputationsfor the years above mentioned";from the Catalogue's account of Royal 2. B.VIII.'In Sloane 2465, I4th century membrane,they follow the Kalendarium at fols. 2-7) atfol. ior as "Signazodiaci.""In Sloane 2465 at fol. gr. Similarly theCalendarof Nicholas of Lynn in Ashmole5 isaccompaniedat fol. 35r by "Tabula ad scien-dum quis planeta dominatur pro omni horadiei et noctis incipiendo ab ortu solis."'4Ashmole5, fol. 34r, "Tabula ad sciendumin quo signo fuerit luna quolibet die quantumad medium motum."'Sloane 2465, fol. gv.1"Also in Ashmole 5, fols. 29r-33r. It alsohas a figure of the human body related to thesigns of the zodiac, a "Nota quem humoremquisque planeta eicit," a "Tabulaad invenien-dum dignitates planetarum in signis," and"Equationes domorum ad latitudinem 411 40'."


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ECLIPSES IN FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES 53are here concerned. In the case of those by John Somer,as time went on, theperiod which they covered altered. Thus in Sloane 282 they begin not from1387 but from I409; in Sloane 2250, from I400; in Sloane 2465, from 1399and I406. In Sloane 2397 only the fourth cycle from I444 to I462 is covered.These four manuscripts are all of the Calendar of John Somer. Only withSloane III0 do we come to that of Nicholas of Lynn. But first we turn backto that of Walter of Elvedene before I386 in the fourteenth century.

In MS Sloane 286 (membr. in-4) at the British Museum the Computus ofSacrobosco in a hand of the thirteenth century at fols. I-I4 is followed atfols. I5-24 by a calendar of Master Walter of Elvedene with tables of solarand lunar eclipses from I327 to I386 in writing of the fourteenth century."1The table of solar eclipses (at fol. 2 iv) begins with the first cycle from I330 toI348, for which it lists eight; the same number for the second cycle from I349to 1367; and seven duringthe thirdcycle from I368 to I386. Of lunar eclipsesWalter gives two for I327 and I328, I7 for the first cycle, I4 for the second,and I9 for the third.18

In Sloane 282 the calendar of John Somer for the meridian of Oxford, com-posed in I380, is followedby tables of twenty solar eclipses from I409 to 1462and of forty-two lunar eclipses which occurredbetween I4I0 and I462. Seveneclipses of the sun are announced for the years I409-I424, eight for [425-1440, and five for I448-I462. Of lunar eclipses twelve fall in the years I410-I424, fourin I424-I429, elevenin I43I-I443, and fifteen between 444 andI462.

In Sloane 2465 the Calendarof John Somer appears anonymously withouthis preface.19 Four eclipses of the sun are listed for the second cycle asfollows:June 15, I406 at I6.43.24 P.M.Oct. i8, 1408 at 19.59.45 P.M.April 5, 1409 at 9.28.02 P.M.Aug. i9, I411 at 4.51I.02 P.M.20

Schroeter 1 and Oppolzerdate the first two of these eclipses on June I6 and1 At fol. isr. is Walter's Canon on thecalendar,openingand closing: "Quidamhominesmultum affectant scientiam astronomie scire etcomprehendere.. /... situationisvel situm(?)eclipsi solis. Explicit canon super kalendariumcompositum a magistro Waltero de Elvedene."The Calendar tself occupies ols. I5v-2ir.' Fol. 22r: "Tabula ecipsis lune pro annoChristi 1327 et 1328 et pro primo ciclo cuiusprincipium est annus Christi 1330, finis autemeius 1348." The tables for the second and thirdcycles are on fol. 22v. Figures for the 23 solareclipses occupy fol. 23r; at fols. 23V-24v arefigures for the 52 lunar eclipses.

' It opens at fol. ir, "Ad notitiam tabula-rum et kalendarii sequentium primo poniturtabula docens legere algorismum . . ." Thiscorrespondso the incipitof the AlgorismTablewhich follows his preface in MS Royal 2. B.VIII. There follows at fol. lv: "Tabuladocenspro 140 annis ab A.D. 1367 quis sit annusbisextilis, que littera dominicalis,que indictio,et que primatio inchoandi annum a Circum-cisione Domini excepta indictione que incipit8 Kal. Octobris."' Sloane 2465, fol. 8.' J. F. Schroeter, SpesieUer Kanon derzentralen Sonnen- und Mond/finsternisse, Oslo.I923.


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54 LYNN THORNDIKEOctober I9, to which the above dates are equivalent, since they reckon theday from noon rather than from midnight. Most of the dates for lunar eclipsesbetween the years I399 and I424, presumably reckoned for the meridian ofOxford rather than Greenwich or London, are pretty accurate, often varyingby only a few seconds from those given in the Canons of Schroeter andOppolzer.22

Sloane 2465, Schroeter, Mittefol. iov P.M. Schroeter Oppolzer der Finsterniss

I399 April 20 823.5.059 i8.5 I9.45 I9.48I402 Feb. I7-I8 I6.06.37 5.07I403 Aug. 2 8.33.46 20.47 22.33 22.37I405 Dec. 5-6 I7.54.32 6.28I406 June i I0.36.22 0.38 (June 2)I406 Nov. 25 8.00.04 I9.44 2I.27 2I.3II407 May 2I II.30.27 I.I2 (May 22)1410 March 2I I0.I5-05 0.13 (March 22)14I4 Jan. 5-6 i8.33.27 6.27 8.II 8.13I414 July 2-3 14.33.10 3.02 4.kI 4.64I414 Dec. 26 3.o6.04 15.13 16.53 I6.57I4I7 April 30 I3.I9.35 1.23 2.59 3.2-May iI4I8 Oct. I4 8.15.28 20.24 22.05 22.7142I Feb. 17 5.37.10 17.56 19.43 I9.45142I Aug. 12-13 I6.22.02 4.30 6.i6 6.201422 Feb. 6 6.26.04 19.541422 Aug. 2 9.39.13 23.10I424 Dec. 5-6 I6.28.I8 4.37 6.20 6.24

In Sloane 2397 of the fifteenth century, Tables of solar and lunar eclipsesfor the fourth cycle accompany the Calendar of John Somer. Five solareclpses of I448, I450, I453, I460 and I462 are the same as in Sloane 282.24The table for lunar eclipses is as follows, beginning, like the solar, with theGoldenNumber and Dominical Letter:

' Th. Ritter v. Oppolzer,Canon der Fin-sternisse, Vienna, I887, in Denkschrifen derkaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften,Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichelasse,Bd.52. Oppolzergives only "die Weltzeitder gross-ten Phaseder Finsternissn Stundenund Minu-ien." Our MS like Schroetcrgives the time of

the beginningof partial eclipse. But Schroeterincludesonly total lunar eclipses.Our MS givesthe time in hours, minutes and thirds.' Apparently the figure for six has beenmiscopiedas an eight.'4See the Appendix for these.


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ECLIPSES IN FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES 55Sloane 2397, Tempus Oppol-fol. i4r Initium Schroeter Puncta casus Duratio zer

i d I444 May 3I d 5.56.I6 4.4I.29 I.I0.35 2.2 I.I8 2.243 b 1446 Oct. 4-5 d II.32.28 23.22 I1.52.34 I.4I.34 3.23.o8 3.I84 a 1447 Mch. 3I- I7.02 .0I 5.2 I2.48.53 1.14.0I 3.25.46 3.28Apl. i f5 f 1448 Sept. 12 C 9.50.I2 I.09.24 0.34.07 I.08.I4 1.I27 d 1450 Jan. 27-28 f 10.38.55 22.55 I4.46.08 I.I2.21 3.35.o6 3.307 d 1450 July 24 b 4.35.30 17.7 I8.2 I.09 I.04.46 3.47.07 3.408 c 1451 13-14 e 9.57.05 7.48.07 1.28.50 2.57.40 2.52I2 C 1455 May i b Io.48.53 2.45.52 0.55.23 1.50.47 1.54I3 C I456 Mch. 21-22 C I6.28.42 0.23.46 0.21.41 0.43.23 0.3614 b 1457 Sept. 3 a 8.22.59 20.24 14.28.41 1.13.11 3.33.33 3.3217 e 1460 JUly 3 b 6.21.47 3.14.42 1.00.25 2.00.50 1.0217 e 1460 Dec. 27-28 d 10.26.37 22.25 15.33.30 i.io.o8 3-38.32 3.34i8 d 146I June 22 e 6.46.o8 i8.50 20.I6.42 3.03.47 3.48.12 3.42i8 d 146I Dec. 17 a 1.38.I0 13.11 12.55.29 1.21.36 1.26.20 I.30I9 C 1462 June I-2 a 12.35.21 6.47.52 1.23.32 2.46.24 2.40

The Calendar of Nicholas of Lynn, as found in Sloane ii io, opens at fol.2r, "Quia Christus Jesus mediator dei . . ." After the Calendar proper atfols. 3r-29r, comes at 29V a Table of solar eclipses for the four nineteen-yearcycles 1387-I405, 1406-I424, I425-I443, and I444-I462, or, more speci-fically. from the eclipse of I387 to that of I396, from that of 1406 to that ofI424, from that of I425 to that of I440, and from that of I448 to I462. Illumi-nated figures of these eclipses fill vol. 3or. Tables of lunar eclipses for thesame four cycles occupy fols. 30v-3ir, and figures of them, fols. 3Iv-32r. Ofother Tables at fols. 32v-37r, we may note one to find the dignities of theplanets in the signs and the continuations of the motion of the sun from A.D.I385 to A.D. I469.25 In the Appendix is reproduced the portion of the Tableof Solar Eclipses from that of I448 to I462. The varying dates for theseeclipses of John Somer are given in parenthesesfrom Sloane 2465.Attention may further be called to an isolated prediction of a single eclipsewhich occurs in another manuscriptat the British Museum, number 373I ofthe Harleian collection. In the course of an annual prediction for the yearbeginning on March II, I430 (the vernal equinox), a partial solar eclipse isforecast for February I2, I43i, at 2.I9 P.M., "diebus equatis," with thesecond degree of Cancerrising "above our horizon." "Our horizon" is that ofMilan, to whose duke the prediction is addressed by a Vernadigius or Bern-adigius of that city. The duration of the eclipse will be about two hoursf."

`i Fol. 37v opens, "Pro declaratione punc-torum in principio huius Kalendarii positorum. . ." On 4or, near the bottom of the page, is therubric, "Canon pro minutionibus faciendis etpurgationibus recipiendis," incipit, "Quia secun-dum sententiam Tholomei in suo Centilogio

." At 40v it breaks off and the present MSends, but a modern note says, "The portion herewvanting may be found in MS Arundel 347."Another MS where it is ascribed to Nicholas of

Lynn is at the Bodleian, Oxford, Ashmole 391,V, 14th century, fols. 4-5. It occurs anonymous-ly in MSS at Cambridge and Munich: Cam-bridge University Library I569 (Gg. V. 37),ii,th century, fols. i6ov-i6I; CLM io66I, anno1470, fols. 7Ira-72ra.'Harley 373I, fol. 9g5va: "Durabit autemilla eclipsis a principio observationis usque adtotalem restaurationem luminis solis 2 horiscqualibus fere."


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56 LYNN THORNDIKEOppolzerand Schroeterindicate a solar eclipse for the sanme ay (total for acentral portion of Italy south of Milan) but at an earlier hour (about 1.20 P.M.for "derwahren ekliptischenConjunction"). The Harley manuscript gives thehour and minutes for the vernal equinox on March ii as 7.I0 P.M., "diebusequatis," with the ascendent "for our horizon" 130 Libra "in hora lune." Itfurther states that the opposition of sun and moon immediately preceding thevernal equinox will be on March 9 at 20.24 P.M. "diebus equatis" (i.e. 8.24A.M. on March 1o).27

APPENDIXTABLE OF SOLAR ECLIPSES: SLOANE 286, FOL. 23R.

Duratio,Latitude Puncta Semi- in hours,of Minuta Tempus diameter minutes,Cycle Year Month Day Moon Secunda casus sols lune secondsI 1330 July I7 4'5i N Io.rI.i8 1.02.00 15.49 I6.04 2.04.004 I333 May Is 6'43 S 9.28.03 I.06.43 15.48 15.43 2.07.269 1338 Feb. 20 26.4i N I.I.03 0.34-40 I6.28 I4.5I 1.09.20

10 1339 JulY 7 0.04 S II59.51 1.07.08 I5.47 I5.48 2-14.J612 1341 Dec. 9 I6.I6 N 6.I7.28 0.54-34 I6.49 17-05 1.29.0813 I342 May 5 30-46 N 0.25.00 o.i6.oi 15.5I i6.oi 0.32.02I5 1344 Oct. 7 2.35 S 10.42-46 Io05o00 I5.52 15.02 2.I0.0Oi6 I345 Sept. 27 20-54 N 4.i0.58 0.59.23 I6.24 15.56 1.3946

To save space I have omitted the following columns which, combined underthe generalcaption, "Coniunctionesvise solis et lune," occur in the chart betweenthe day of the month and the latitude of the moon: Anni Arabum, numerusmensis,Name of the Arabicmonth,dies, hora,minuta, secunda. . Also the columngiving the number of the Christian month (7 for July, I2 for December, etc.)which occurs between the columns for the Christianyear and month.Oppolzerlists eclipses for July I6, I330, May I4, 1333, and Sept. 26, I345.For the others his days of the month are the same.

TABLE OF SOLARECLIPSES FROMSLOANE IIIO (AND 2465)

Cycle Year MonthDay Initium (Sloane2465) PunctaTempus casusDuratio7 I448 Aug. 29 21.22.I3 (Aug. 28, 20.-6.02) 9.I5.04 I.05-I4 2.TO.287 1450 Feb. 13 2.I7.07 (Feb. I2, I.52.39) 0.I8.02 0.24.27 0.48.54O 1453 Dec. i 2.28.37 (Nov. 30, T.25.46) 9.59.39 1.02.52 2.05.44I7 I460 July i8 15.42.00 0.02.47 0.56.47 1.53-34

I9 1462 Nov. 21 23.27.15 (Nov. 20, 23.00.25) 1.09.OI 0.20.50 0.50.40" Harley 3731, fols. Ig6rb, I95vb.


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ECLIPSES IN FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES 5 7TABLEOF SOLARECLIPSESFROMSLOANE 82 AND 2397

(First comes the Golden number, then the Dominical letter)5 f 1448 Aug. i8 bc 20.J6.59 9.15-04 1.05.14 2.10.287 d 1450 Feb. 12 a a I.52.39 0.58.22 0.24.27 0.48-55t1 g 1453 Nov. 30 Cl e 1.25.46 9-59-39 1.02.52 2.05.45

17 e 1460 JUIYI7 b c 15.42.00 7.02.47 0.46.47 1.53-3419 C 1462 Nov. 20 b C 23.00.25 I.09.0I 0.522.50 0.53-41'c in Sloane282, fol. 14V.226 in Sloane282.

Oppolzer lists solar eclipses for Aug. 29, I448 and Aug. i8, 1449, Feb. 2, 1450.Nov. 30, 1453, July i8, 1460, and Nov. 21, 1462.The above table of solar eclipses from 1330 to 1345 omits that of March 2.

1337, noted by Geoffrey of Meaux in connection with the comet of the sameyear,28and concerning which John of Genoa composed a separate treatise.29 Ina manuscriptat Munich, an instructionfor depictinga solar or lunar eclipse takesas examples the lunar eclipse of February i6, 1356, which is correct, and a solareclipse of 1360.30IA History of Magicand ExperimentalSci-e'nce, flI, 286.'Noted by Duhem, Le syst0me du monde,IV, 74, from MS 728I, ff. 208v-2IOv, of theBibliothMqueationale,Paris. AnotherMS of itis at Cambridge,University Library,EeJII.6x,ff. 75r-8ir. On the fly-leaf of the latter MS is

noted a solareclipseof the afternoonof May 17,1482; at ff. 12v-I5r, the calculationof another

eclipsefor the afternoonof May 28, 1481.mCLM Io66I, I5-I6th century, fol. I70(94)r-v: rubric, "Canon et modus pingendieclipsimsoils et lune"; incipit, "Eclipsin solisvel eam lune volens figurare pono exemplum.Primo de luna anno 1356 completo die I6Februarii . . ."; desinit, ". . . et evenit (?)figura eclipsis solis ut hic pro anno 1360."1

thorndike, l; eclipses in the 14th century

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