Three challenges: social Three challenges: social applications I cannot applications I cannot achieve without GIS achieve without GIS

Ludi Simpson, Bradford Council Ludi Simpson, Bradford Council

and CCSR, University of and CCSR, University of ManchesterManchester

0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 -0.1 -0.1

0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0.1 -0.1 -0.4 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0.1 -0.1 0.7 -0.1 0.1 -0.3 0.8 0.8 -0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.1

0.9 1 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 0.6 0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 1 1 0.1 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.9 -0.9

0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.9

-0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0 0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.9 -0.3 -0.3

-0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0 0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 -0.1 -0.1 0.9 0.9 -0.3 -0.3

-0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0 0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 0.3 0.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 -0.1 -0.1 0.9 0.9 -0.3 -0.3

-0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.6 -0.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 -0.1 -0.1 0.9 0.3

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0 0 0.3 0.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 -0.1 -0.1

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.3 0.3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.4 -0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.1 -0.1

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -0.8 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 -0.6 -0.6 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.4 -0.4 0.6 0.6 1 1

-0.3 -0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 -0 -0 -0.6 -0.6 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 -0 -0 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0 0 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.3 -0.3 0.7 0.7 -0 -0 -0 -0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4

0.1 0.1 0.6 1 0.8 0.8 0 0 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 1.2 1.2 -0.8 0.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 1.3 1.3 1 1 1.7 1.7 -0.5 -0.5 1.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0 0.7 0.7

0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 -0 -0 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 0.9 0.9 0.1 1.7 1.7 -0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1 1 1 0.4 0.4 0 0 0.3 0.3

-0.1 -0.1 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 -0 -0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -1.2 -1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 -0 -0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.4 -0.4 -0 -0 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 -1.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -0 0.4 0 0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.4 -0.4 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.2 -0.7 -0.7 -0.5 -1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.4 -0.1

1.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 1.3 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 -0.7 -0.5 -0.9 -0.9 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -1 -1 -1 -1 -0.3 -0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.1

0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 -0 -0 -0.1 -0.1 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 -0.3 -0.3 0.4 0.4 -0.6 -0.6 0.5 0.5 -2.6 -2.6 -0.9 -0.9 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1 -1 -0.1 -0.1 -1 -1 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -0.4 -0.4

0.3 0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.5 -0.5 0 0 0.6 0.6 0 0 0.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -1 -1 -2.6 -2.6 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1 -1 -0.1 -0.1 -2.5 -2.5 -2.5 -2.5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -0.4 -0.4

-0 -0 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.7 -0.7 -1.2 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5 -1.3 -1.3 -1.4 -1.2 -1.2 1.3 -0 -0 -0 -2.5 -1 -1 -1 -0.6 -0.4 -0.4

-0 -0 -0 -0 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -1.1 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.5 -1.2 -1.4 -1.4 1.2 1.2 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 -0.8 -1.3 -1.3 0 0 -1.2 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5 -1.2 -1.2 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 1 1 0.7 0.6

-0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.9 -0.9 -1.6 -1.6 -0.4 -0.4 -1.7 -1.7 -0.7 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

0.7 0.7 1.4 1.4 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.9 0.9 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 0 0 -1.7 -1.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.1 -0.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -0.8 -0.8 -1.5 -1.5 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.3 1.4 0.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 -0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.1 -0 -0 -0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.1

0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 -0.2 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 0.1 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.7 -0.7 -0.9 -0.9 -0.1 -0.1 1 1

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0 -0 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.4

0.5 0.9 0 0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0 -0.5 -0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 -0 -0

2.4 0.6 1.1 1.1

Net migration within UK Loss over 0.5% Stable within 0.5% Gain over 0.5%

2000-01 net migration within UK, % of population 2001, LAs, White

-4 -4.9 -0.8 -0.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

5.3 1.8 1.8 3.1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 1.9 -1.1 -1.1

-5.6 -5.6 -8.9 -8.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 -1.1 -1.1

-0.5 -0.5 -7.5 -3 2.4 2.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3

-1 -1 3.9 -4.6 -3 0.6 3.6 3.6 -0.3 -0.3

-4.1 -4.1 -4.6 -4.6 -2.3 -2.3 -2.4 -2.4 -3.6 -3.6 1.6 1.6

5.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -2.8 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -4 -4 -4 -18 1.6 1.6

-0 -0 -0 5.3 -0.6 -0.6 0.1 -0.7 -1.2 -1.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 -0.6 -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.6

-0.9 -0.9 -0.5 -0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.8 -0.8 -1.7 -1.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 -4.2 -4.2 -0.7 -0.6

-2.4 -0.9 2.3 2.3 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -2.9 -0 -0 -0.2 -0.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.5 0 0

-2.4 -2.4 -0.9 -0.9 2.3 2.3 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0 -0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 0.4 0.4 2.5 2.5 0 0

-2.4 -2.4 -0.5 -0.5 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.3 0.7 0.7 -0.1 -0.1 -1 -1 -0.2 -0.2 -0 -0 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 -1.6 0.4 0.4 2.5 2.5 0 0

-2.4 -2.4 -0.5 -0.5 0.1 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.7 0.7 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -1 -1 -0 -0 -0 -0 0.6 0.6 -0.7 -0.7 0.4 0.4 2.5 -0.7

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 1.7 1.7 0.7 0.7 1 1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0 -0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -3.4 -3.4

-0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.5 -0.5 1 1 1 1 0.7 0.7 1 1 3.4 3.4 -1 -1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 1 1 1 1 -3.4 -3.4

-0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -3.5 -3.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 1 1 -0.4 -0.4 2.2 2.2 -0.8 -0.8 0.2 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 1 1 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 6.3 6.3 1.9 1.9 -0.2 -0.2 2.4 2.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.4 3.3 3.3 0.4 0.4 -2.4 -2.4 0 0 -0.8 -2.5 -2.5 0.6 1.4 1.4

-1.3 -1.3 0.4 0.4 3.4 3.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -1 -1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 2.5 2.5 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 -0.5 -0.5 0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 0.6 0.6 1.5 1.5

-1.3 -1.3 -5.7 8 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 -0.7 -0.7 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 3 3 3.9 5.3 5.3 0.5 -4.4 6.7 0.3 0.3 3.2 3.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 -0.4 -0.4 3.3 5.8 5.8 -1.7 -1.7 -0.4 2.6 2.6

-0.7 -0.7 0.7 0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 3.4 3.4 0.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.7 3.7 3.7 5.5 5.5 2 2.1 2.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6

-6.7 -6.7 -2.2 -2.2 0.7 0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.9 -0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 0.5 0.5 3.5 3.5 0.7 0.7 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.6 0.6 0.6

-2.2 -2.2 -5.3 -5.3 -0.7 -0.7 -0.9 -0.9 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.6 -0.6 0.5 0.5 2.9 2.9 0.7 0.7 3 3 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 -0.6 3.6 3.6 2.3 2.3 3.3 3.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.7

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -8.9 3.8 2.3 2.3 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 4.8 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.8 4.8 3.7 3.7 5.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 -0.4 0.9

-3.2 -3.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 -1.4 -1.4 1.8 1.8 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 2 2 2 2 0.2 0.2 3.6 3.6 2.2 2.2 0.5 0.5 2.9 1.1 0.4 0.4 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 0.9 0.9 5.9 5.9 -1.3 -1.3 -0.4 -0.4 0.9 0.9

2.4 2.4 1 1 1 1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.4 -1.4 -6.4 -6.4 1.6 1.6 6.7 6.7 3.6 3.6 -0.8 -0.8 -5.3 -5.3 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -0.7 -0.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.8 2.8

2.4 1 -9 -9 -4.1 -4.1 -0.9 -0.9 1 1 -1.4 -1.4 -2 -2 0 0 2.5 2.5 -0.7 -0.7 0.8 0.8 -0.5 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 2.5 2.5 0.4 0.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 2.8 2.8

-1.9 -1.9 0.1 0.1 -2.1 -2.1 -4.7 -4.7 1 1 4.3 4.3 4.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.4 -0.5 -0.5 4.6 4.6 0.7 0.7 3 3 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.1 -1 -1 -2.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 2.8 2.8

-1.9 -1.9 -1.9 -1.9 0.1 0.1 -2.1 -2.1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.8 2.8 3 3 -1.4 -1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.7 -1.7 -1.8 -1.8 -1.8 -1.8 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1 1 -5.3 -5.3 0.4 0.4 2.6 2.6 0.6 0.6 5.1 5.1 3 3 -1.4 -1.4 -1 -1 -2.6 -2.6 -1.7 -1.7 -1.7 -1.8 2 2 2 2 -0.9 -0.9 4.2 4.2 3.3 -3.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.7 -1.4 -0.3 -0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 -1.1 -1.1 1.6 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.8 -0.8 0.5 2.9 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 2 2 1.9 1.9 -0.5 4.2 3.3 3.3 -3.6 -3.6

-5.2 -5.2 0.4 0.4 2.4 2.4 9.9 -1.4 0.8 0.8 3.1 3.1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2.3 2.3 -0.8 -0.8 0.5 0.5 2.9 2.9 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7 -0.5 -0.5 7.9 7.9 -4.5 -4.5

5.1 -1.9 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -1.6 -1.6 1.3 0.6 -1.4 -2.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -3.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 0.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 0.6 0.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 -4.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 5.7 5.7

3.6 3.6 4.2 4.2 -0.5 -0.5 0.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 1 1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 4.2 4.2 -3.7 -3.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 4.1 4.1 -0.7 -0.7 -3.2 -3.2 2.8 2.8 -4.2 -4.2 -0.8 -0.8

5.7 0.7 0.7 -2.3 2 2 -1.9 4.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1 4.5 4.5 0 0 4.2 4.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 -0.2 -0.2 1.3 1.3 -2.7 -2.7 0 0 -4.4 -4.4

3.9 5.7 2.3 2.3 2 2 2 -1.9 -1.7 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 1.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -3.8 -3.8

44 -3.4 5.2 5.2

Net migration within UK Loss over 0.5% Stable within 0.5% Gain over 0.5%

2000-01 net migration within UK, % of population 2001, LAs, Not-White2000-01 net migration within UK, % of population 2001, LAs

White Not White

Manchester

Which map is different and by how much?

1

3 0

12

11

1

How to keep data confidential?

Targeting areas: which 20 areas of population 25,000 have most unemployment?

QuestionsQuestions

Does the toolkit include a solution?Does the toolkit include a solution? Has that solution been applied to this Has that solution been applied to this

problem?problem?

(1) Change between maps(1) Change between maps- different groups or different times- different groups or different times

Rates based on small numbersRates based on small numbers Spatial averagesSpatial averages Empirical Bayes, shrinkage to spatial averageEmpirical Bayes, shrinkage to spatial average

Correlation within and between mapsCorrelation within and between maps Correlation with neighbours’ averageCorrelation with neighbours’ average Correlation with same point on another mapCorrelation with same point on another map What makes an outlierWhat makes an outlier

Luc Anselin, Illinois

Data vs local spatial average -> outliers

Simulation: statistical significanceCorrelation between mapsGeoDa, after GeoTools

http://www.communitystats.org.uk/

(2) Keeping confidential data(2) Keeping confidential data

Keeping confidential dataKeeping confidential data Addressed geo-coded administrative dataAddressed geo-coded administrative data Aggregate to any area – point in polygonAggregate to any area – point in polygon Restrict access to personal dataRestrict access to personal data 1. Restrict enquiries1. Restrict enquiries

Minimum area, eg. Population. Differencing.Minimum area, eg. Population. Differencing. 2. Perturb data2. Perturb data

Aggregate to non-confidential areasAggregate to non-confidential areas• Output Areas; Super-Output AreasOutput Areas; Super-Output Areas

Perturb dataPerturb data• Re-distribute aggregated data (Community Statistics Project)Re-distribute aggregated data (Community Statistics Project)• Spatial smoothingSpatial smoothing• Spatial perturbationSpatial perturbation• Respect multivariate relationshipsRespect multivariate relationships

1

3 0

12

11

1

Community Statistics Project:

1. Aggregate to EDs

2. Spread back to all addresses

3. Spreading variable spatially correlated to data, but not perfectly

4. Maintains correct values for each ED

(3) Targeting areas of need

• Indices of deprivation

• Data for much smaller areas

• Automatic zoning, homogenous with respect to deprivation

• No need for complete zoning

• Different from ‘redistricting’

• Target size X from policy purpose

Targeting areas of needTargeting areas of need

‘‘Brushing’ – a moving window on the map Brushing’ – a moving window on the map Spatial sum around all points, with Spatial sum around all points, with

constraints:constraints: Population totalPopulation total Natural area – compactnessNatural area – compactness

Select seed points rather than all pointsSelect seed points rather than all points AutomateAutomate