three d security
TRANSCRIPT
The Military’s The Military’s Growing Role in Growing Role in
DevelopmentDevelopment
Dr. Reuben E. Brigety, IICenter for American Progress
Presentation at The Stimpson Center
June 30, 2008
Introduction
• January 2007-January 2008, CFR IAF at USAID working on civil-military issues
• June 2007 conducted three-country tour (Kenya, Djibouti and Ethiopia)
• Over 100 interviews• Three US Ambassadors• Senior and field-grade US military officers• USAID field staff• NGOs• Host nation officials• Aid beneficiaries
• Dozens of site visits• Well digging projects, refugee camps, school projects, housing for IDPs,
food distributions, agricultural and veterinary development, etc.
Shidley
“We’ll keep drilling ‘til we run outta steel.”$250,000 vs. $10,000
Winning hearts and minds with an ear to the ground – The new American “Way of War”
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UNCLASSIFIEDDATE UPDATED: 02 Apr 07 POC: CJ-5
TENSIONS
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
YEMEN
SOMALIA
UGANDA KENYA
TANZANIA
DJIBOUTI
E2 Border conflict
AIAI and ONLF
Al Qaida (E. Africa), AIAI, and Al-Shabab
Eastern FrontAl Houthi
OLF
Darfur (SLA, G19,JEM and
Janjaweed)
SPLM/A and SSDF
Dispute (Somaliland/Puntland)
Religion Tribes / Clans
LRA
ADF
Karamajo Cluster
Threat Analysis and Sustainable Security
• Failed and Fragile States• NSS 2002• USAID Failed and Fragile States Strategy• NMS
• Limited utility of conventional military force• Three-D Security Paradigm• Sustainable Security as alternative/addendum
• Development Assistance as instrument of national power
The State Department operates U.S. Embassies and Consulates. Two main Embassy focus areas are formulating U.S. foreign policy and strengthening ties between the U.S. and the host country. - Governmental relations - Public diplomacy - Opening markets for trade
To be successful, the U.S. Government implements the combined power of three main foreign policy institutions.
CJTF-HOA’s MissionPrevent ConflictPromote Regional StabilityProtect Coalition Interests in order toPrevail Against Extremism
What Are The Three D’s?
USAID is the primary U.S. developmental agency. USAID supports long-term and equitable economic growth to include agriculture, trade, global health, democracy, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance.
SuccessfulU.S. Foreign Policy
Development
Defense
CJTF-HOA is DOD’s member of the team. Two main concerns for DOD are security and stability. Security and stability reduce the specter of conflict, war and terrorism. - Civil military operations - Military training - Foreign military sales
CJTF-HOA’s Area of Operations
Comoros DjiboutiEthiopia EritreaKenya MadagascarSeychelles Somalia Sudan Tanzania Uganda Yemen
U.S. foreign policy seeks to expand democracy, open free markets and improve lives of people around the world. The Defense Department, State Department and Agency for International Development play key roles. Each organization has different missions but all are aligned in common purpose.
Diplomacy
Military and Development:Definitions
• Military vs. Civilian conceptions of “humanitarian”• Civilian:
• Emergency, life-saving assistance immediately following a natural disaster or complex emergency
• Military• “Assistance to the local populace provided by predominately
U.S. forces in conjunction with military operations and exercises”
• Civilian “humanitarian” = Foreign Disaster Relief/Emergency Response
Military and Development: Doctrine
• Sea-change in military approach to non-kinetic instruments and missions• DOD 3000.05• EUCOM “Active Security”• Navy Operating Concept
• “Organic” rather than “directed” change
Isolate the Enemy
Increase Friendly Freedom
of Action / Reduce Enemy
Freedom of Action
DOD GWOTDOD GWOT CampaignCampaign ConceptConcept
FRIENDLY
FRIENDLY
Critical Capability
Indirect Approach
ENVIRONMENTINFLUENCING THE
ENVIRONMENT
Stabilize
Shape
Lines of Operation
Increase Friendly Freedom of Action /
Reduce Enemy Freedom of Action
Enable Partners to Combat VEOs
Deter Tacit and Active Support for VEOs
Erode Support for Extremist Ideologies
Disrupt Violent Extremist Orgs. (VEOs)
Deny access and use of WMD/E by VEOsIsolate the Threat
Strategic Aims
ENEMY
Defeat the Isolated Threat
Isolate the Threat
Prevent
Em
erge
nce
Re-
Constitution
Direct
Ap
pro
ach
Global CombatingTerrorism Network
Military and Development: Organization, Operations, Funding
• ORGANIZATION: Changes in organization reflect change in doctrine and approach• In Washington:
• OSD/DGP• USAID/OMA• USAID/CMM• S/CRS
• Regional HQs: • AFRICOM• SOUTHCOM
• OPERATIONS: Shifts in military practice• PRTs (Afghanistan and Iraq)• Africa Partnership Station – Gulf of Guinea• Pacific Partnership 2008• CJTF-HOA
• FUNDING: Almost 22% of US ODA channeled through military• Approximately $67 million for OHDACA in FY07• Request total of $1 billion in CERP for FY 2008• USAID about $9.2 billion in programs in FY 2007• Real issue is flexibility, authority, and politics of both, with local military
commanders generally have more flexibility in dispersal of funds than USAID missions
Analysis:Rationale for MHA
• Controversy of military involvement is mainly in Phase Zero “shaping” ops, not disaster assistance
• Relevant question regards comparative advantage• “Security perspective” is unique adv of military• “Humanitarian paradox” is a problem
• Controversy of military involvement is mainly in Phase Zero “shaping” ops, not disaster assistance
• Leads to “second order” problem• How to move beyond causally linking resources to
human improvement, and link human improvement to strategic success
Implications• National Development Consensus
• Must be grassroots and broad bi-partisan agreement in Congress on the role of development in national security
• National Development Strategy• Overarching framework necessary for linking development activities to other
instruments of national power• Process is as important as the product
• Instrumental vs. Fundamental Assistance:• Threat analysis suggests strategic value of development assistance as means
(instrumental) and ends (fundamental)• US budgets and bureaucracies must protect and coordinate both missions
• Appropriate congressional oversight• Grand bargain on legislative restrictions
• Disperse development experts in NSC, OSD, and AUS/USMC deployable combat brigades
• Assessment is vital• Establishing causal link between development assistance and strategic
objectives/outcomes is the most important aspect of this activity, and also the most difficult
• Task should be partnership of DOD, State, USAID, and academia• Results must be transparent
QuestionsQuestions