three distinct estimates of historical land-cover change and land-use conversions for over 200 years

7/31/2019 Three distinct estimates of historical land-cover change and land-use conversions for over 200 years

1/18

QNPNMQ@G MQYE@DN

Ygqnn iepyeb`y kdfamd npyejmynp fl gepyfqe`md dmbi*`f|nq`gmbkn mbi dmbi*~pn `fb|nqpefbp lfq f|nq 133 unmqp

Sqmpmbyg JNEUMSSMB$ My~d H" OMEB ' %

Insmqyjnby fl Myjfpsgnqe` P`enb`np$ ^be|nqpeyu fl Eddebfep$ ^qambm$ ED 3"> qnpfd~yefb mbi inp`qean ygn mqnm fl 17 dmbi*`f|nq yusnp mbi qnpsn`ye|n ~binqduebk dmbi*~pn yqmbpeyefbp"Ygn qn`fbpyq~`yni imym pnyp mqn qndn|mby lfq py~ienpmiiqnppebk ygn ejsm`y fl dmbi* f|nq `gmbkn fb aefknf* sgupe`p$ aefknf`gnjepyqu$ {mynq `u`dn$ mbi kdfamd `dejmyn"

Hnu{fqip gepyfqe`md dmbi ~pn$ dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn$ dmbi*~pn `fb|nqpefbp$ inlfqnpymyefb$ GUIN$ Jfinqmyn Qnpfd~*yefb Ejmkebk Psn`yqfqmiefjnynq 'JFIEP%

= Ebyqfi~`yefb

G~jmb m`ye|eyenp gm|n yqmbplfqjni bmy~qmd n`fpupynjp ebyfjmbmkni mqnmp eb mdjfpy n|nqu smqy fl ygn {fqdi 'Lfdnu ny md"$ 133>813==%" My sqnpnby$ bnmqdu 93. fl ygn Nmqygp e`n*lqnn dmbi p~qlm`n ep anebk ~pni lfq mkqe`~dy~qmd m`ye|eyenp$ mfl {ge`g gmi sqn|ef~pdu annb `f|nqni au bmy~qmd|nknymyefb 'Qmjmbh~yyu ny md"$ 13378 Nddep ny md"$ 13=3%"P~`g dmqkn*p`mdn `gmbknp eb dmbi `f|nq mlln`y qnkefbmd mbikdfamd `dejmyn ygqf~kg aefknfsgupe`md 'Afbmb ny md"$ =5518Sendhn ny md"$ 1331813==8Lniinjm ny md"$ 133>8Aqf|heb ny md"$ 133


2/18

|nknymyefb 'qnsqnpnbyebk sqejmqu dmbi `f|nq eb ygn mapnb`nfl g~jmb m`ye|eyenp% yf npyejmyn ygn `gmbknp eb dmbi `f|nq"Ygn jnygfi mifsyni yf qnsdm`n sfynbyemd |nknymyefb |mqenplqfj pejsdn sqfsfqyefbmd `dnmqebk 'n"k"$ Omeb mbi Umbk$133>8Seyjmb ny md"$ 1335% yf m q~dn*ampni mssqfm`g ampnifb pn|nqmd dfke`md mpp~jsyefbp mbi sqefqeyezmyefbp ygmy anpy inp`qean ygn yqnbip mppfèmyni {eyg gepyfqe`md D^@@ 'n"k"$G~qyy ny md"$ 1333"> qnpfd~yefb

mbb~mddu lqfj =>33 yf 1=33 'MI% 'G~qyy ny md"$ 13==%" Ygepeb`d~inp gepyfqe`md ebs~y imym `f|nqebk ygn snqefi =>33 133> mbi imym lfq ygn lf~q Qnsqnpnbymye|n @fb`nbyqmyefbSmyg{mup 'Q@S% p`nbmqefp 'Jfpp ny md"$ 13=3% lfq ygnl~y~qn '133> 1=33%" Ygn D^@@ mbi D^@ `fb|nqpefbnpyejmynp mqn ~p~mddu yqmbpdmyni yf ygn psnè` dmbi*`f|nq `dmppnp p~eymadn lfq ~pn eb m sqf npp*ampni jfind mbip~apn}~nbydu ~pni lfq ejsm`y mppnppjnbyp 'n"k"$Dm{qnb`nny md"$ 13=1%" Omeb mbi Umbk '133>% ~pni m j~`g pejsdnq yn`gbe}~n fl p~snqejsfpebk ygn gepyfqe`md `qfsdmbi imym'ampni fb Qmjmbh~yyu mbi Lfdnu$ =555% fb m 3">3"> sfynbyemd |nknymyefb jms '{eyg nm`g kqei `ndd f``~seni aufbn sfynbyemd |nknymyefb% yf npyejmyn ygn `gmbknp eb dmbi`f|nq" Pejedmq a~y |mquebk jnygfip lfq p~snqejsfpebk m`fjjfb `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi {nqn mifsyni au nm`gfl ygn pn|nb `dejmyn jfindp ygmy smqyeèsmyni eb mbebynq*`fjsmqepfb py~iu mejni my ~binqpymbiebk ygn gepyfq*e`md ejsm`y fl dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn ' Seyjmb ny md"$ 1335%"Ygnpn npyejmynp gm|n annb ~pni mp ebs~yp yf ynqqnpyqemd`mqafb jfindp$ iubmje` |nknymyefb jfindp$ mbi nmqygpupynj jfindp yf mppnpp ygn ejsm`yp fl D^@@ 'n"k"$

Pgn|demhf|m ny md"$ 13358Umbk ny md"$ 13=38Dm{qnb`n ny md"$13=1% fb aefknfsgupe`p mbi&fq aefknf`gnjepyqu" Gf{n|nq$jfpy fl ygnpn sqn|ef~p py~ienp gm|n bfy `fbpeinqni dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn mqepebk i~n yf ebieqn`y mbygqfsfknbe` 'n"k"$`dejmyn iqe|nb dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn% fq bmy~qmd iepy~qamb`ndehn qnp$ adf{if{bp$ mbi ebpn`y f~yaqnmhp" Pn|nqmd df`md*yf bmyefbmd*p`mdn py~ienp gm|n injfbpyqmyni ygneq ejsfq*ymb`n mbi n`fdfke`md pekbemb`n 'n"k"$Kekdef ny md"$ 13=38|mb inq [nql ny md"$ 13=38 mdpf pnnLfdnu ny md"$ 1330mbiDmjaeb ny md"$ 1330%" Lfq nwmjsdn$ m``fqiebk yf Lfqnpy Qnpf~q`np Mppnppjnby 'LMF$ 133 lqfj G~qyy ny md" '13==%'npyejmyni au `fjaebebk eblfqjmyefb fb sqejmqu mbipn`fbimqu dmbi {eyg m ampnjms {ge`g `dmppenp nm`g kqei`ndd mp neygnq lfqnpy fq bfb*lfqnpy ampni fb sfynbyem|nknymyefb aefjmpp$ mp sqf|eini au G~qyy ny md" '13333 j qnpfd~yefb Jfinqmyn Qnpfd~yefb Ejmkebk Psn`yqf*qmiefjnynq 'JFIEP% @fddn`yefb > dmbi*`f|nq imym 'Lqenidny md"$ 13=3% lfddf{ebk Ebynqbmyefbmd Knfpsgnqn*AefpsgnqnSqfkqmjjn 'EKAS% `dmppe `myefb p`gnjn ' Df|ndmbi mbiAnd{mqi$ =55;% mkkqnkmyni yf 3"> 3"> qnpfd~yefb'gnqnmlynq qnlnqqni yf mp JFIEP*EKAS imym% ebie`myn sqfbf~b`ni iellnqnb`np eb jmkbey~in mbi psmyemd iepyqea~*

Lek" = Kdfamd iepyqea~yefb fl lfqnpy mqnm i~qebk 133> ampni fb 'm% JFIEP*EKAS imym$ mbi 'a% npyejmynp au G~qyy ny md" '13==% '^bey?. snq kqei `ndd mqnm%

Sqmpmbyg JNEUMSSMB ny md" Ygqnn iepyeb`y kdfamd npyejmynp fl gepyfqe`md D^@@ lfq f|nq 133 unmqp


3/18

yefb 'Lekp" ='m% mbi 'a%%" Kdfamddu$ G~qyy ny md" '13==%npyejmyni lfqnpy mqnm {mp maf~y 7=3< hj 1 gekgnq ygmb ygnJFIEP*EKAS npyejmyni |md~n fl 0="> =3< hj 1 eb 133>"Pejedmqdu$ fygnq py~ienp mdpf f|nqnpyejmyni ygn kdfamd lfqnpy nwynby lfq ygn qn`nby smpy my pejedmq jmkbey~inp 'qnlnq yfPn`y" 9%" Ey ep nppnbyemd yf qn fb edn p~`g iellnqnb`np ebnpyejmynp$ npsnèmddu eb ygn `fbynwy fl py~ienp miiqnppebkygn aefknfsgupe`md ejsm`yp fl dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn"

Ygn faon`ye|n fl ygep py~iu ep yf a~edi ~sfb mbi nwynbiygn mssqfm`gnp fl sqn|ef~p py~ienp eb fqinq yf sqf|einnpyejmynp fl gepyfqe`md dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn 'mbi ~binqduebkD^@ `fb|nqpefbp% ygmy mqn `fbpepynby {eyg pmynddeynfapnq|myefbp" [n ~pn m q~dn*ampni mssqfm`g yf mppekb sqefqeyenp lfq `fb|nqyebk dmbi `f|nq i~n yf |mqef~p g~jmbdmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp" J~dyesdn unmqp fl pmynddeyn imym pnyp mqn~pni yf }~mbyelu ygn iellnqnb`np eb npyejmynp ygmy jmu anmqepebk i~n yf ~bm``f~byni dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn mbignynqfknbneyu mppfèmyni {eyg D^@@ ygmy `mbbfy an

`msy~qni ~pebk pejsdn q~dnp lfq `dnmqebk |nknymyefb"Ygnpn iellnqnb`np mqn ~pni yf `fbpyqmeb mbi m``fqiebkdumio~py ygn sqefqeyenp lfq `gmbkebk dmbi `f|nq$ ygnqnau sqfi~èbk dmbi `f|nq jmsp `fbpepynby {eyg pmynddeynfapnq|myefbp lfq qn`nby unmqp" Ygn {fqh sqnpnbyni gnqnymhnp ebyf m``f~by dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn i~n yf lf~q jmofq dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp? =% `qfsdmbi nwsmbpefb mbi mambifb*jnby$ 1% smpy~qndmbi nwsmbpefb mbi mambifbjnby$ 0%~qambezmyefb$ mbi 9% qnkqf{yg i~n yf {ffi gmq|npy" I~n yf~b`nqymebyenp mppfèmyni {eyg gepyfqe`md mkqe`~dy~qmd dmbi*~pn$ {n gm|n ~pni ygqnn kdfamd gepyfqe`md imym pnyp fl `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi 'qnlnq Pn`y" 1"=% eb `fjaebmyefb{eyg m `fjjfb imym pny lfq gepyfqe`md {ffi gmq|npy mbi~qamb dmbi$ yf sqfi~`n ygqnn iepyeb`y npyejmynp" Ygn `fqn sqfi~`yp {n knbnqmyni {nqn mbb~md jmsp 'my 3"> 3">qnpfd~yefb% fl dmbi `f|nq mbi D^@ `fb|nqpefbp pymqyebklqfj ygn sqn*ebi~pyqemd unmq fl =; ~byed 13=3 fq anlfqn'ampni fb ygn nbiebk yejn fl ygn ygqnn `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi imym pnyp%" Ygn mbb~md dmbi `f|nq imym pnyp mqnqnsfqyni mp mqnm lqm`yefbp fl 17 dmbi*`f|nq yusnp 'Ymadn =%lfq nm`g 3"> 3"> kqei `ndd mbi ygn mbb~md D^@`fb|nqpefb jmsp mqn qnsfqyni mp ygn mqnm `fb|nqyni lfq nm`g fl ygn 51 ~be}~n `fb|nqpefbp sfppeadn 'qnlnq p~ssdnjnbymqu Ymadn P=% mjfbk ygn 17 dmbi*`f|nq yusnp"Ygn qnp~dyp mqn `fjsmqni {eyg fygnq qn`nbydu s~adepgni

jfind qnp~dyp mbi imym*ampni py~ienp" Lebmddu$ ygn pf~q`npfl ~b`nqymebyenp eb ygn sqnpnby py~iu mqn iep`~ppni"

1 Jnygfip

Ygn jnygfi ~pni yf `gmqm`ynqezn gepyfqe`md dmbi* f|nq `gmbkn `mb an inp`qeani eb |n pynsp? =% Gepyfqe`md dmbi*~pn `gmbkn imym pnyp mqn sqf`nppni yf p~ey ygep py~iu8 1%Dmbi `f|nq jms lfq ygn unmq =; mqn knbnqmyni au`fjaebebk sfynbyemd |nknymyefb jms$ `qfsdmbi$ smpy~qn*dmbi$ mbi ~qamb dmbi jms lfq ygmy unmq8 0% Dmbi* f|nq `gmbkn mbi D^@ `fb|nqpefbp pymqyebk {eyg ygn =; dmbi

`f|nq jms mqn npyejmyni ~pebk m q~dn*ampni mssqfm`g lfq sqefqeyezebk D^@ `fb|nqpefb lfq nm`g fl ygn lf~q dmbi*~pnm`ye|eyenp8 9% Npyejmynp lqfj ygn sqn|ef~p pyns mqn`fjsmqni {eyg pmynddeyn imym" Sqefqeyenp mqn m``fqiebkdumio~pyni yf `fqqn`y lfq ygn iellnqnb`np8 >% Kqmppdmbi$ smpy~qndmbi$ mbi `qfsdmbi npyejmynp mqn pnsmqmyni ebyf @0& @9 sgfyfpubygnye smyg{mup"

1"= Pyns =? Sqf nppebk fl gepyfqe`md dmbi*~pn `gmbkn imympnyp

Ygn ygqnn iellnqnby imym pnyp fb `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbimqn ampni fb? =% GUIN 0"= 'Gepyfqe`md Imymampn fl ygnKdfamd Nb|eqfbjnby% 'Hdneb Kfdin{eoh ny md"$ 13==%$ 1%bn{ smpy~qndmbi npyejmynp mbi ~simyni `qfsdmbi npyejmynp ampni fb Qmjmbh~yyu mbi Lfdnu '=555% 'B" Qmjmbh~yyu$ snqpfbmd `fjj~be`myefb$ 13==%$ mbi 0% qnkefbmd npyejmynp ampni fb Gf~kgyfb ' 1337 %" Ygnpn ygqnn mkqe`~dy~qmd dmbi

~pn imym pnyp mqn gnb`nlfqyg qnlnqqni yf mp GUIN$ QL$ mbiGG imym$ qnpsn`ye|ndu" Ygn ~qamb dmbi imym pny ep lqfjHdneb Kfdin{eoh ny md" '13=3%" Gepyfqe`md {ffi gmq|npy imymmqn ampni fb mbb~md {ffi gmq|npyebk qmynp lqfj G~qyy ny md"' 13==%" QL mbi GG imym mqn my mb mbb~md yejn p`mdn" Ygin`mimd yejn qnpfd~yefb GUIN imym {mp debnmqdu ebynq* sfdmyni yf uendi mbb~md jmsp" Mdd ygnpn imym pnyp nw`nsy GGimym mqn kqeiini imym pnyp my 3"> 3"> fq bnq qnpfd~yefb"Lebnq qnpfd~yefb imym {nqn mkkqnkmyni yf 3"> 3">qnpfd~yefb" Ygn GG imym pny sqf|einp ygn mbb~md qmyn fl inlfqnpymyefb&qnlfqnpymyefb i~n yf `qfsdmbi$ smpy~qndmbi${ffi gmq|npy mbi pgelyebk `~dye|myefb lfq ynb qnkefbp'in bni eb Gf~kgyfb ny md"$ =570% `f|nqebk ygn nbyeqnkdfan$ qmygnq ygmb au knfkqmsge` inymedp" GG qnkefbmd imympnyp lfq `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi qnp~dyebk lqfj inlfqnpym*yefb {nqn `fb|nqyni yf kqeiini npyejmynp ~pebk ygn D^@`fb|nqpefb npyejmynp inqe|ni ampni fb QL imym" Miieyefbmdinymedp fb ygn jnygfi ~pni yf psmyemdezn GG imym$ inymedpmbi sqf`nppebk fl fygnq imym pnyp mqn m|medmadn ebp~ssdnjnbymqu ynwy" Ygn ygqnn dmbi* f|nq `gmbkn mbiD^@ `fb|nqpefb npyejmynp knbnqmyni lqfj ygep py~iu'gnb`nlfqyg qnlnqqni yf mp EPMJ*GUIN$ EPMJ*QL mbiEPMJ*GG% ampni fb ygqnn mkqe`~dy~qmd imym pnyp 'GUIN$QL$ mbi GG% ~yedezni ygn pmjn {ffi gmq|npy mbi ~qambdmbi imym" EPMJ*GUIN$ EPMJ*QL$ mbi EPMJ*GG

npyejmynp nwynbi yf ygn unmq 13=3$ 133; mbi 133>$qnpsn`ye|ndu"

1"1 Pyns 1? Dmbi f|nq jms fl =;

M dmbi `f|nq jms lfq ygn unmq =; {mp knbnqmyni mp mqnlnqnb`n jms yf yqm`h dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn mbi D^@`fb|nqpefbp" [n pymqyni {eyg ygn kdfamd jms fl sfynbyemd|nknymyefb inqe|ni my > jeb psmyemd qnpfd~yefb au Qmjmb*h~yyu mbi Lfdnu '=555%" Lf~qynnb fl ygn => |nknymyefb`dmppnp sqnpnby eb ygn sfynbyemd |nknymyefb jms ieqn`ydu`fqqnpsfbi yf ygn sfynbyemd dmbi*`f|nq yusnp ~pni eb ygeppy~iu 'Ymadn =%" Ygn dmbi*`f|nq `dmppe`myefb ~pni eb ygep

=19 Lqfby" Nmqyg Pè" $


4/18

py~iu ep `gfpnb yf an `fbpepynby {eyg ygn dmbi*`f|nq yusnpqn}~eqni lfq ygn Ebynkqmyni Pènb`n Mppnppjnby Jfind'EPMJ% 'Omeb mbi Umbk$ 133>8Umbk ny md"$ 13358 13=3% lfq {ge`g {n fqekebmddu sqfi~`ni ygnpn imym pnyp" Jewni lfqnpy '{ge`g ep bfy smqy fl EPMJ dmbi*`f|nq `dmppe `myefb% lqfjygn sfynbyemd |nknymyefb jms {mp qn`dmppeni ebyf mbu fbnfl ygn pn|nb lfqnpy yusnp au pnmq gebk lfq ifjebmby 'kqnmynq ygmb ;3. fl ygn mqnm `fbpeinqni% lfqnpy yusn {eygeb m 99 qnpfd~yefb {ebif{ mqf~bi ygn kqei `ndd" Ygn {ebif{pezn {mp eb`qnmpni ~byed ygn qn}~eqnjnbyp lfq ifjebmby lfqnpy yusn {nqn pmyepni" Pm|mbbm '~p~mddu inbni mpyqfse`md kqmppdmbip% sqnpnby f~ypein yqfse`md qnkefbp {mpqn`dmppeni yf fygnq gnqam`nf~p yusnp$ ~pebk ygn jnygfimifsyni lfq qn`dmppeluebk jewni lfqnpy" Qmjmbh~yyu mbiLfdnu ' =555% mppekbni pebkdn sfynbyemd |nknymyefb yf nm`g> jeb kqei `ndd lqfj = hj IEP@f|nq pmynddeyn*ampni kdfamddmbi `f|nq imym 'Df|ndmbi mbi And{mqi$ =55; % n|nb eb kqei`nddp {gnqn mbygqfsfknbe` dmbi `f|nq {mp mapnby" Eb p~`gkqei `nddp$ {n ~pni JFIEP*EKAS imym lfq ygn unmq 133> yf

qnmppekb ygn kqei `ndd mqnm '`~qqnbydu f``~seni au neygnq =33 . lfqnpy fq bfb*lfqnpy% yf lqm`yefbmd mqnm fl lfqnpy mbibfb*lfqnpy" Ygn lfqnpy mbi bfb*lfqnpy yusnp {nqn inynq*jebni ~pebk m `fjaebmyefb fl JFIEP*EKAS imym mbi ygnjnygfi mifsyni yf qn`dmppelu jewni lfqnpy" Ygep qni~`niygn yfymd mqnm fl lfqnpy eb ygn sfynbyemd |nknymyefb jms lqfj>>"1=3< hj 1 yf maf~y 97" jeb qnpfd~yefb sfynbyemd|nknymyefb jms yf 3"> 3"> qnpfd~yefb yf uendi ygn

lqm`yefbmd mqnmp fl => dmbi*`f|nq yusnp {eygeb nm`g kqe`ndd" Gnb`n$ nm`g kqei `ndd eb f~q sfynbyemd |nknymyefb jm`mb an f` ~seni au jfqn ygmb fbn yusn fl bmy~qmd|nknymyefb" [n mpp~jn {mynq*`f|nqni mqnmp yf an `fbpymby lfq n|nqu unmq"

Lebmddu$ {n inqe|n ygn dmbi `f|nq jms lfq ygn unmq =; au eb`d~iebk ygn =; `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi jmsp lqfjQL mbi ygn ~qamb dmbi jms 'Hdneb Kfdin{eoh ny md"$ 13=3%8ygn 3"> 3"> qnpfd~yefb sfynbyemd |nknymyefb jms epknbnqmyni au pejsdn sqfsfqyefbmd mio~pyjnbyp yf ygn sfynbyemd |nknymyefb mqnmp {eygeb nm`g kqei `ndd" Ygn j{mp ~pni mp m pymqyebk sfeby yf sqfi~`n mdd ygqnn npyejmfl dmbi* f|nq `gmbkn mbi D^@ `fb|nqpefbp" [n mdpfmpp~jn mdd lfqnpy eb ygn =; dmbi `f|nq jms mp sqejmqulfqnpy" My ygep pymkn$ {n if bfy iepyebk~epg any{nnb @0&@9yusnp lfq kqmppdmbi$ smpy~qndmbi$ mbi `qfsdmbi" @dmppe`m*yefb yf @0&@9 smyg{mup ep m``fjsdepgni eb ygn bmd pyns'Pn`y" 1">%"

1"0 Pyns 0? Npyejmyebk gepyfqe`md D^@@ mbi D^@`fb|nqpefbp

Yf inqe|n ygn D^@@ mbi D^@ `fb|nqpefb npyejmynp$ {nin bn m pny fl q~dnp yf `gmqm`ynqezn nm`g fl ygn lf~q dmb~pn m`ye|eyenp" Ygnpn q~dnp ejsfpn m dfke`md pn}~nb`n mb sqefqeyu fqinq eb {ge`g dmbi `f|nq ep jfie ni" Ampni fbygnpn q~dnp$ m sqefqeyu lm`yfq ep mppekbni yf nm`g dmbi*`fyusn {eygeb nm`g kqei `ndd$ `fqqnpsfbiebk yf nm`g fl ygnlf~q dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp 'Lek" 1%" Ygn sqefqeyu lm`yfq lfqdmbi*`f|nq yusn ebie`mynp ygn sqfamaedeyu fl ygmy |nknymyef anebk mdynqni i~n yf ygmy smqye`~dmq dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyu" sqefqeyu lm`yfq lfq mb ebie|ei~md dmbi*`f|nq yusn {eygeb

Ymadn = Dmbi*`f|nq `dmppe `myefbp ~pni eb ygep py~iu Bf" Dmbi*`f|nq yusn Pujafd Bf" Dmbi*`f|nq yusn Pujafd

=/ Yqfse md n |nqkqnnb aqfmidnml lfqnpy YqsNAL =>/ Sfdmq inpnqy&qf`h&e`n SiQE

1/ Yqfse md inèi~f~p aqfmidnml lfqnpy YqsIAL =< Pn`fbimqu yqfse`md n|nqkqnnb aqfmidnml lfqnpy Pn`YqsNAL

0/ Ynjsnqmyn n|nqkqnnb aqfmidnml lfqnpy YjsNAL =; Pn`fbimqu yqfse`md inèi~f~p aqfmidnml lfqnpy Pn`YqsIAL

9/ Ynjsnqmyn n|nqkqnnb bnnidndnml lfqnpy YjsNBL =7 Pn`fbimqu ynjsnqmyn n|nqkqnnb aqfmidnml lfqnpy Pn`YjsNAL

>/ Ynjsnqmyn inèi~f~p aqfmidnml lfqnpy YjsIAL =5 Pn`fbimqu ynjsnqmyn n|nqkqnnb bnnidndnml lfqnpy Pn`YjsNBL

@9 `qfsdmbi @9`qfs

=1/ Fsnb pgq~admbi Fsnbpgq~a 1< @0 smpy~qndmbi @0 smpy

=0/ Y~biqm Y~biqm 1; @9 smpy~qndmbi @9 smpy

=9/ Inpnqy Inpnqy 17 ^qamb dmbi ^qamb

Bfyn? / Bmy~qmd dmbi*`f|nq `dmppnp ~pni eb ygep py~iu" Nw`nsy lfq {mynq&qe|nqp 'Bf" 10%$ mdd fygnq bmy~qmd dmbi*`f|nq `dmppnp {nqn ieqn`ydu inqe|ni lqfj ygn|nknymyefb jms fl Qmjmbh~yyu mbi Lfdnu '=555%" Sdnmpn bfyn ygmy @0 mbi @9 kqmppdmbi 'Bfp" 5 mbi =3% mqn `fbpeinqni yf an m pebkdn dmbi*`f|nq `dmpp eb ygn sfynby|nknymyefb jms mbi i~qebk ygn ebeyemd pymknp fl `md`~dmyefb" Smqyeyefbebk yf @0 mbi @9 yusnp ep `mqqeni f~y eb ygn dmpy pyns 'Pn`y" 1">%



5/18


6/18

`ndd ifjebmyni au lfqnpy ep jfqn dehndu yf gm|n m gekgnq lqm`yefb fl mambifbni `qfsdmbi mqnm yf an ~pni mp m pf~q`nfl smpy~qndmbi ygmb m kqei `ndd ifjebmyni au kqmppdmbi"Pejedmq yqnmyjnby nwepyp lfq in`qnmpn eb smpy~qndmbi mqnmm``fjsmbeni au eb`qnmpn eb `qfsdmbi&~qamb dmbi$ eb {ge`gm smqy fl `dnmqni smpy~qndmbi mqnm ep `fbpeinqni m pf~q`n lfq `qfsdmbi&~qamb dmbi" Ey pgf~di an bfyni ygmy eb `mpn fl p~``nppefb$ lfqnpy qny~qbp mp pn`fbimqu lfqnpy '|nknymyefbb~janqp =< yf 11 eb Ymadn =%$ {gnqnmp {n gm|n bfy iellnqnbyemyni gnqam`nf~p dmbi*`f|nq yusnp mp sqejmqu& pn`fbimqu" An`m~pn ygn imym pnyp lfq lf~q dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp`fbpeinqni eb ygep py~iu `fjn lqfj jfqn ygmb fbn pf~q`n$`nqymeb `mpnp nwepy {gnqn ygn inpeqni `fb|nqpmyefbp$ mpinynqjebni au ygn mppekbni sqefqeyezmyefb lm`yfq$ `f~di bfy an `mqqeni f~y lfq mdd lf~q dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp" Eb p~`g `mpnp${n mppekb ygn lfddf{ebk fqinq fl sqnlnqnb`n yf jfielu dmbi`f|nq? ~qamb dmbi$ `qfsdmbi$ {ffi gmq|npy$ mbi smpy~qn*dmbi" Ygep fqinq fl sqnlnqnb`n {mp `gfpnb `fbpeinqebk ygn

~b`nqymebyenp eb jmkbey~in$ psmyemd iepyqea~yefb$ mbiin beyefbp mppf`emyni {eyg nm`g dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyu" Gnb`n$ygn `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi mqnmp eb EPMJ*QL$ EPMJ*GUIN$ mbi EPMJ*GG {edd an pdekgydu dnpp `fjsmqni yfygn fqekebmd QL$ GUIN$ mbi GG imym pnyp eb `nqymeb kqei`nddp"

Ygn dmbi `f|nq jms fl =; inqe|ni lqfj Pyns 1 'Pn`y"1"1% ep ~pni mp ygn ebeyemd `fbieyefb lqfj {ge`g {n jf|nlfq{mqi eb yejn$ jfieluebk dmbi `f|nq au p~snqejsfpebkygn unmq*yf*unmq dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp lfddf{ebk ygn jnygfiinp`qeani maf|n"

1"9 Pyns 9? @mdeaqmyefb ~pebk pmynddeyn imym

Gepyfqe`mddu$ p~apymbyemd dmbi `f|nq*`gmbknp gm|n f``~qqnii~n yf `dejmyn lnniam`hp ' Smqqu ny md"$ 133;% mbi ygqf~kgbmy~qmd iepy~qamb`np dehn lfqnpy qnp 'Kekdef ny md"$ 13=38|mb inq [nql ny md"$ 13=3%$ adf{if{bp$ mbi ebpn`y f~yaqnmhp 'Lfdnu ny md"$ 13308 Dmjaeb ny md"$ 1330%" I~nyf ygn ~bm|medmaedeyu fl eblfqjmyefb fb ygn jmkbey~in mbipsmyemd nwynby yf {ge`g ygnpn nlln`yp gm|n mdynqni dmbi `f|nq gepyfqe`mddu my m j~dye*`nbynbbemd yejn p`mdn$ ygneq ejsm`ypfb dmbi `f|nq gm|n annb nw`d~ini lqfj ygn q~dn*ampni

mssqfm`g lfq npyejmyebk gepyfqe`md dmbi* f|nq `gmbkn"Miieyefbmddu$ ygn q~dn*ampni mssqfm`g ep m pejsdeniqnsqnpnbymyefb fl knbnqmd yqnbip mppf`emyni {eyg gepyfqe`dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn i~n yf g~jmb dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp$ {ge`gep p~aon`y yf |mqemyefbp my ygn qnkefbmd mbi kqei `ndd dn|I~n yf ygn lm`yfqp iep`~ppni maf|n$ ygnqn nwepy iellnqnb`np any{nnb pmynddeyn fapnq|myefbp mbi npyejmynp lqfj ygn q~dn ampni mssqfm`g 'Pyns 08 Pn`y" 1"0%" Lfq nwmjsdn$ ygn yfymlfqnpy mqnm npyejmyni ~pebk q~dn*ampni mssqfm`g 'Lek" 0'miellnqp lqfj pmynddeyn npyejmynp 'Lek" ='m%% lfq `nqymeb k`nddp" F~q npyejmyni lfqnpy mqnm |mqenp lqfj 0


7/18

jmy`gnp {eyg pmynddeyn imym {gnb ygn `fqqn`yefb lm`yfq epj~dyesdeni au ygn sqefqeyu lm`yfq npyejmyni eb Pyns 0" Ygn|md~n fl ygn `fqqn`yefb lm`yfq ep2 = lfq dmbi*`f|nq yusnp{eyg eb`qnmpni sqefqeyu mbi4 = lfq dmbi*`f|nq yusnp {eygin`qnmpni sqefqeyu" Mb miieyefbmd `fbpyqmeby ep ejsfpni pfygmy ygn p~j fl ygn `fqqn`yefb lm`yfq j~dyesdeni au sqefqeyulm`yfq lfq mdd dmbi*`f|nq yusnp$ `fqqnpsfbiebk yf nm`g dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyu$ mii ~s yf ="3$ m ampe` `qeynqem inp`qeani eb Pyns0 'Pn`y" 1"0%" Lfq ygn kqei `nddp {gnqn dmbi*~pn imymebie`mynp ygn mapnb`n fl mbygqfsfknbe` dmbi*`f|nq yusnp$ mpejsdn debnmq ebynqsfdmyefb ep ~pni yf mio~py ygn mqnm fl bmy~qmd |nknymyefbp any{nnb ygn pymqyebk mbi nbiebkqnlnqnb`n unmqp$ eb fqinq yf jmhn ygn sqnpnby*imu npyejmynp`fbpepynby {eyg pmynddeyn imym" M pejedmq mssqfm`g {mpmssdeni yf kqei `nddp {gnqn ygn jmkbey~in fl gepyfqe`mddmbi*~pn {mp pjmdd mbi `fqqn`yefb lm`yfq mdfbn epebp~l ènby lfq nlln`yebk ygn `gmbknp bnnini yf jmy gpmynddeyn npyejmynp" Ygn `gmbknp nlln`yni ygqf~kg debnmq

ebynqsfdmyefb mqn qn

n`yni eb mbb~md dmbi `f|nq jmsp$ a~y mqn bfy qn`fqini mp D^@ `fb|nqpefbp" Gnb`n$ f~q npyejmynpfl D^@ `fb|nqpefbp mqn fbdu myyqea~ymadn yf ygn lf~q ieqn`y g~jmb dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp" Yf m|fei ~binqnpyejmyefb fl lfqnpy mqnm lqfj pmynddeyn imym$ {ge`g jmu qnp~dy i~n yf ygnnw`d~pefb fl qnkqf{ebk lfqnpy$ {n mdpf ~pn lf~q miieyefbmdunmqp fl JFIEP*EKAS imym `f|nqebk ygn snqefi 133= 1339 yf npyejmyn ygn `fqqn`yefb lm`yfq " Ygep jnygfiqnp~dyp eb m `dfpn jmy g any{nnb JFIEP*EKAS lfqnpy iepyqea~yefb 'Lek" ='m%% mbi f~q npyejmyni lfqnpy iepyqea~yefb'Lek" 0'a%%"

1"> Pyns >? Pnsmqmyefb fl kqmppdmbi$ smpy~qndmbi$ mbi`qfsdmbi yf @0&@9 yusnp

[n fbdu `dmppelu kqmppdmbi$ smpy~qndmbi$ mbi `qfsdmbi yf@0&@9 yusnp eb mbb~md dmbi `f|nq jmsp$ bfy mbb~md D^@`fb|nqpefb jmsp" Yf pnsmqmyn ygn kqmppdmbi mbi smpy~qn*dmbi mqnm lqm`yefbp ebyf @0 mbi @9 yusnp$ {n lfddf{ni ygnjfie ni mssqfm`g fl Pyedd ny md" '1330 %" El ygnqn ep my dnmpy fbn jfbyg eb m unmq {gnb ynjsnqmy~qn ep maf|n `qfppf|nq ynjsnqmy~qn 'ygn ynjsnqmy~qn my {ge g ygn @0 }~mby~juendi n}~mdp @9 }~mby~j uendi% mbi qmeblmdd ep `fb`~qqnbydumaf|n 1> jj$ ey ep mpp~jni ygmy ygn @9 kqmpp lqm`yefb epn}~md yf ygn b~janq fl jfbygp {gnqn @ 9 sgfyfpubygnpep ep

lm|fqni qndmye|n yf ygn b~janq fl kqf{ebk pnmpfb jfbygp{eyg m ynjsnqmy~qn kqnmynq ygmb >@" Jmygnjmye`mddu$@9 lqm`yefb : 'b~janq fl jfbygp {eyg Y meq 2 `qfppf|nq

ynjsnqmy~qn mbi qmeb2 1>jj% & 'b~janq fl jfbygp {eygY meq 2 >@%

[n ~pn ygn jfbygdu meq ynjsnqmy~qn 'Y meq % mbi sqnèseym*yefb imym my 3">3"> qnpfd~yefb ampni fb @Q^ YP 0"3'~simyni ampni fb Jey`gndd mbi Ofbnp$ 133>%$ `f|nqebk ygn snqefi =53= 133iellnqnby `qfsp m`qfpp ygn {fqdi my > jeb au > jeb psmyemdqnpfd~yefb lfq ygn unmq 1333 'Jfblqnim ny md"$ 1337%" @0mbi @9 inpekbmyefbp {nqn mppekbni yf nm`g `qfs yusn ampnifb hbf{b smyg{mu `gmqm`ynqezmyefbp" M jms ebie`myebk ygnlqm`yefbmd `f|nqmkn fl @9 `qfsdmbi {mp knbnqmyni my 3">3"> qnpfd~yefb" Eb kqei `nddp {gnqn ygnqn {nqn bf `qfs sqnpnby$ =33. fl ygn kqei `ndd {mp mppekbni yf @0 `qfsdmbi"

Ygep jms {mp ~pni yf pnsmqmyn mbb~md gepyfqe`md `qfsdmbinpyejmynp ebyf @0 mbi @9 yusnp"

0 Qnp~dyp

0"= @fjsmqepfb fl `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi npyejmynpmjfbk 0 imym pnyp

@fjsmqepfb fl kdfamd `qfsdmbi pymyepye`p fl QL mbi GUINimym m|nqmkni f|nq ygn snqefi 133= 133> pgf{p pejedmq dn|ndp fl `qfsdmbi mqnm$ |mquebk lqfj =9"0 yf =>"0jeddefb hj 1$ {eyg GUIN npyejmynp anebk 7. gekgnq ygmbQL npyejmynp 'Ymadn 1%" Gf{n|nq$ ygep kdfamd se`y~qn |mqenpqnkefbmddu" Ygn jfpy sqfbf~b`ni iellnqnb`np mqn lf~bi ebSmè ` In|ndfsni qnkefb mbi @gebm$ {gnqn ygn `qfsdmbimqnmp npyejmyni au GUIN imym mqn ;3. mbi 10 . gekgnq ygmb QL imym$ qnpsn`ye|ndu" Ygn jmofq iellnqnb`np any{nnbygn y{f imym pnyp qnp~dy lqfj ygn lm`y ygmy ygnpn imym pnymifsyni iellnqnby jnygfip 'Qnlnq p~ssdnjnbymqu ynwy% mbimkqe ~dy~qmd eb|nbyfqu imym pnyp" [gedn GUIN eb|nbyfquimym {mp ampni fb LMF '1337 %$ QL npyejmynp qndeni jfqnfb bmyefbmd*dn|nd `nbp~p pymyepye`p$ mdfbk {eyg LMFnpyejmynp lfq qn`nby unmqp 'Qmjmbh~yyu ny md"$ 1337%" GGnpyejmynp fl afyg kdfamd mbi qnkefbmd `qfsdmbi mqn df{nq

ygmb QL mbi GUIN npyejmynp" Ygep ep an`m~pn GG imymeb`d~inp fbdu `qfsdmbi ygmy {nqn `qnmyni fq mambifbni fbdmbi fqekebmddu `f|nqni au lfqnpy"

[gedn kdfamd `qfsdmbi pymyepye`p npyejmyni ampni fb QLmbi GUIN imym jmy`g qnmpfbmadu {ndd {eyg nm`g fygnq$ smpy~qndmbi pymyepye`p kdfamddu pgf{ p~apymbyemd iepmkqnjnby$ {eyg n|nb jfqn qnkefbmd iepmkqnnjnby" Ygep ep an`m~pn ygn kdfamd smpy~qndmbi mqnm npyejmyni au ygn`nbp~p qnsfqy ~pni eb QL eypndl ep pekbe`mbydu df{nq ygmbLMF ' 1337 % npyejmynp fl smpy~qndmbi ~pni eb GUIN imym"Kdfamddu$ GUIN imym npyejmynp fl smpy~qndmbi mqn 1


8/18


9/18

iep`~ppefb qndmyebk yf `fjsmqepfb fl gnqam`nf~p dmbi*`f|nq yusnp"

0"0 D^@ `fb|nqpefbp i~qebk =; 133>

Kdfamddu 0"0 1"9 1"3 1"1 >"7 0"= 1"9 9"> ="3 3"< ="1 7"9 7"7

N~qfsn 1"> 1"3 ="< ="0 ="> ="3 =" = ="1 ="9

Bfqyg Mlqe`m mbi Jeiidn Nmpy 3"1 3"= 3"= 3"= 4 3"= 4 3"= 4 3"= r3"=

Yqfse`md Mlqe`m >"0 ="1 ="1 3"5 3"9 3"0 3"> 1"; 0"3

Lfqjnq PPQ 7"= ="9 ="7 3"5 3"7 ="= 3"; >"5 "7 1"3 1"= 1"9 3"; 3"9 ="1 1"3 0"=

Sm`e ` In|ndfsni Qnkefb ="1 3"9 3"9 3"9 3"0 3"1 3"0 r="=

[fqdi 9>"> =9"; =9"9 =9"> 7"3 7"0 ;"1 ;"7

@0 `qfsdmbi 1"5 >"5 "> =3"3 =="< >"

@0 smpy~qndmbi 0"3 5"= 5"= 0"0 =7"3 19"9 9"1 =7"3 19"< 9"0

@9 smpy~qndmbi ="1 0"3 0"< ="; >"5 ;"; 1"< >"> ;"0 1""9 13"1 = 3"> 3">



10/18


11/18

smpy~qndmbi nwsmbpefb$ ygn jmofqeyu fl {ge`g `fbpepyni fl kqmppdmbip" Ey ep ebynqnpyebk yf bfyn ygmy ygf~kg ygn mqnmp fl `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi npyejmyni au QL mqn maf~y =jeddefb hj 1 mbi @fjsmqepfb fl qnkefbmd lfqnpy mqnm npyejmyni eb ygep py~iu {eyg fygnq s~adepgni py~ienp lfq ygn unmq =553" Ygn qnp~dyp lqfj ygep py~iu mq

sqf|eini mp m qmbkn fl lfqnpy mqnm npyejmyni lqfj EPMJ*QL$ EPMJ*GUIN$ mbi EPMJ*GG" Mb miieyefbmd ynpy `mpn {mp snqlfqjni 'lfddf{ebk ^JI

dmbi `dmppemyefb p`gnjn% yf lm`edeymyn ieqn`y `fjsmqepfbp {eyg LMF npyejmynp '^bey? jeddefb hj1%

QnkefbpUmbk ny md"

' 13=3%Hdneb Kfdin{eoh

' 133=%G~qyy ny md"

' 133m Ygep py~iu

Ynpy `mpn

LMF aYgep py~iu

'^JI p`gnjn%

Bfqyg Mjnqe`m 5"> 7"; 5"0 5"0 >"7

Dmyeb Mjnqe`m 5"3 5"1 5"3 7"< ;"9 7"0 =3"1 5"7 =3"=

N~qfsn 1"= 1"1 ="< ="> ="0 ="9 ="; =">

Bfqyg Mlqe`m mbi JeiidnNmpy

3"= 4 3"= 4 3"= 4 3"= 4 3"= 3"= 3"9

Yqfse`md Mlqe`m 9"0 0"0 9"9 9"3 1"7 0"=> ="; ="7 1"3

Pf~yg , Pf~yg*NmpyMpem 9"= 0"0 0"0 0"9 0"= 0"1 0"< 0"0 0"9

Sm`e ` In|ndfsni Qnkefb ="1 ="9 ="= ="= ="= 1"1 1"9 0";

[fqdi 91"0 9="> 93"5 05"5 15"3 03"= 05"< 0;"1 9="0 Bfynp? m Ampni fb G~qyy ny md" '13==%$a lqfj Kdfamd Lfqnpy Qnpf~q`n Mppnppjnby 'LQM% 13=3



12/18

GUIN npyejmynp anebk my ygn gekg nbi lfq Yqfse`md Mlqe`mmbi Smè ` In|ndfsni qnkefbp" Pejedmq yqnbip {nqnfapnq|ni {gnb JFIEP npyejmyni lfqnpy mqnm '^JI`dmppe myefb p`gnjn% lfq ygn unmq 133> {mp ieqn`ydu`fjsmqni {eyg LMF lfqnpy npyejmynp lfq ygn pmjn unmq ' LMF$ 13=3%"

> Iep`~ppefb mbi `fb`d~pefbp

Ygep py~iu lf`~pni fb `gmqm`ynqezebk gepyfqe`md dmbi*`f|nq `gmbkn mbi D^@ `fb|nqpefbp ~pebk mbb~md jmsp fl `qfsdmbi$ smpy~qndmbi$ {ffi gmq|npy$ mbi ~qamb dmbi mpebs~yp" I~n yf ~b`nqymebyenp mppfèmyni {eyg npyejmynp fl gepyfqe`md dmbi*~pn m`ye|eyenp$ ygqnn iellnqnby imym pnyp fbmkqe`~dy~qmd nwynby {nqn ~pni yf inqe|n ygqnn iellnqnby npyejmynp$ `fbpepynbydu ~pebk ygn pmjn q~dn*ampni jnygfifl sqefqeyezebk mbi fb|nqyebk |nknymyefb" Eblfqjmyefb lqfj

qnjfyn pnbpebk imym {mp ~pni yf `fbpyqmeb mbi jfielu ygnq~dn*ampni jnygfi yf ejsdeèydu m``f~by lfq dmbi*`f|nq `gmbknp i~n yf ebieqn`y mbygqfsfknbe` fq bmy~qmd `m~pnp"Ygn iellnqnb`np mjfbk ygn ygqnn npyejmynp sqfi~`ni eb ygeppy~iu `mb an dmqkndu nwsdmebni au ygn psmyemd mbi ynjsfqmdiellnqnb`np eb npyejmynp fl `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi mqnmpmjfbk ygn ygqnn imym pnyp" Ygnqnlfqn ygnpn imym pnyp fllnq m{ein qmbkn fl sdm~peadn qnkefbmd npyejmynp fl ~b`nqymebyumbi ygn nwynby yf {ge`g iellnqnby n`fpupynjp gm|n~binqkfbn `gmbknp gepyfqe`mddu"

Ygn imym pnyp sqfi~`ni eb ygep py~iu gm|n pn|nqmdmppfèmyni dejeymyefbp" Peb`n ygn mbb~md `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi jmsp qn|nmd fbdu ygn bny `gmbknp eb mqnm$ {n`f~di bfy `md`~dmyn ygn nlln`y fl pgelyebk `~dye|myefb eb ygeppy~iu" G~qyy ny md" '133%$ psmyemd mbi ynjsfqmd smyynqbp fl gepyfqe`md `qfsdmbi smpy~qndmbi gm|n pekbemby ~b nqymebyenp" Ygep eqn n`yni eb ygn iepyqea~yefb fl bfb*lfqnpyni dmbi*`f|nq yusnp mp npyejmyni ~pebk ygqnn mkqe`~dy~qmd imym pnyp>%" Mp m qnp~dy$ fbdu ygn yfymd bfb*lfqnpyni dmbi mp m aqfmi `mynkfqu jmy`gnp {eyg pmynddeyn npyejmynp" Yebie|ei~md lfqnpy mqnm$ gf{n|nq$ ifnp pnnj yf mkqnnqnmpfbmadu {ndd any{nnb ygn ygqnn npyejmynp$ sqejmqei~n yf ygn `mdeaqmyefb `mqqeni f~y eb Pyns 9 'Pn`y" 1"9%@fbpyqmebebk nm`g dmbi*`f|nq yusn 'npsnèmddu gnqam`nf~pyusnp% yf an `dfpn yf pmynddeyn npyejmynp ep ejsfppeadn$ mp`qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi npyejmynp sqnp qeani ampni fbebs~y imym pnyp bnni yf qnjmeb ~bmdynqni" Eb miieyefjnie~j&`fmqpn*qnpfd~yefb pmynddeyn imym gm|n dnpp m``~qmeb `dmppeluebk gnqam`nf~p dmbi*`f|nq yusnp ygmb yqnnp f amqqnb dmbi 'Lqenid ny md"$ 13=3%"

Pn|nqmd qnkefbmd mbi bmyefbmd*dn|nd qn`fbpyq~`yef~pebk bnq qnpfd~yefb `nbp~p imym gm|n qn|nmdni pekbe`mby iellnqnb`np eb npyejmynp fl `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi`fjsmqni yf fdinq |nqpefbp fl QL mbi GUIN kdfamd imympnyp" Lfq nwmjsdn$ De ny md" '13=3 % lf~bi ygmy QL imym

f|nqnpyejmyni `qfsdmbi mqnm eb @gebm au m lm`yfq fl 1= lfq ygn unmq =;33 mbi ="< lfq =553 {gnb `fjsmqni {eyg ygn`qfsdmbi imym fl Bfqygnmpy @gebm 'Un mbi Lmbk$ 13==%qn`fbpyq~`yni ampni fb `fjaebebk `mdeaqmyni gepyfqe`mdimym lqfj j~dyesdn pf~q`np" Pejedmqdu$ ygnu lf~bi pek*be `mby iellnqnb`np eb ygn psmyemd iepyqea~yefb fl `qfsdmbi eGUIN imym lfq ygn =7yg mbi =5yg `nby~qu" Gepyfqe`mdqn`fbpyq~`yefbp f|nq Mjmzfbem ' Dneyn ny md"$ 13==% ~pebkj~be esmd*dn|nd `nbp~p imym {eyg gekgnq dn|nd fl inymedpmdpf pgf{ `fbpeinqmadn iellnqnb`n eb psmyemd smyynqbp mbjmkbey~in `fjsmqni yf QL imym" Ygn qmbkn fl ~b`nqymebyenpeb qnkefbmd npyejmynp ep nwsn`yni yf gm|n bmqqf{ni eb jfpy qn`nby QL mbi GUIN imym ~pni eb ygep py~iu$ a~y



13/18

pekbe `mby iellnqnb`np pyedd nwepy" An`m~pn ygn ygqnnnpyejmynp sqfi~`ni eb ygep py~iu mqn ieqn`ydu insnbinby fb ygnpn kdfamd dmbi*~pn imym pnyp$ f~q kdfamd imym pnyppgf~di mdpf an ~pni {eyg `m~yefb {gedn iqm{ebk eblnqnb`nplqfj qnkefbmd*dn|nd mbmdupep" Peb`n bf pebkdn mkqe`~dy~qmddmbi*~pn imym pny ~pni gnqn `mb an sfebyni f~y mp anyynq fq {fqpn ygmb mbfygnq$ ey ep qn`fjjnbini yf ~pn mdd ygqnnnpyejmynp mdfbkpein fbn mbfygnq yf kmeb m anyynq se`y~qn fl ygn qmbkn fl ~b`nqymebyenp"

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~binqpymbiebk fl yqnbip mbi lmyn fl D^@@ mbi eypejsde`myefbp"

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Qnlnqnb`np

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14/18

@emep S$ @fb{mu Y O$ Keddnyy B S$ Gf~kgyfb Q M$ Jmqdmbi K '133;%"@fbyqea~yefbp yf m``ndnqmyebk myjfpsgnqe` @F1 kqf{yg lqfjn`fbfje` m`ye|eyu$ `mqafb ebynbpeyu$ mbi nl enbù fl bmy~qmd pebhp"Sqf` Bmyd M`mi Pè ^PM$ =39'9;%? =779Nddep N @$ Hdneb Kfdin{eoh H$ Penanqy P$ Dekgyjmb I$ Qmjmbh~yyu B

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15/18


16/18

P~ssdnjnbymqu Dmbi*~pn gmbkn imym pnyp

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= YqsNAL - Pn`YqsNAL 19 AfqNBL - ^qamb 9; SiQE - @qfs ;3 Pn`AfqIBL - ^qamb

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17/18

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QL `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbi imym

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18/18

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PK lqm`yefb e$ o $h =" PKlqm`yefb'e$o$h%$ ke|np m |md~

any{nnb 3 mbi = lfq nm`g kqei*`ndd$ {ge`g ep ebie`mye|n fl ygn qndmye|n mjf~by fl lfqnpy `fb|nqyni yf `qfsdmbi {eygeb

nm`g qnkefb" Pejedmqdu$ `qfsdmbi*yf*lfqnpy `fb|nqpefb qmynpnpyejmyni ~pebk EPMJ*QL {nqn ~pni yf psmyemdezn GGqnlfqnpymyefb npyejmynp" Ygn pmjn mssqfm`g {mp mifsyni yfpsmyemdezn smpy~qndmbi imym" Peb`n Gf~kgyfbp npyejmynpymqyp lqfj =733$ {n mpp~jn `qfsdmbi mbi smpy~qndmbimqnmp lqfj =; yf =;55 yf an ygn pmjn mp ygfpn eb ygn dmbi`f|nq jms fl =; knbnqmyni lqfj Pyns 1 'Pn`y" 1"1%"

^qamb dmbi mbi {ffi gmq|npy imym

[n ~pn ygn GUIN 0"= psmyemddu nwsde`ey ~qamb dmbi mqimym pny inp`qeani eb Hdneb Kfdin{eoh ny md" '13=3%" [n

sqf`npp ygn imym ~pebk ygn jnygfi inp`qeani lfq GUIN`qfsdmbi imym 'Pn`y" 1"=% yf inqe|n ygn lqm`yefbmd mqnm~qamb dmbi my 3">3"> qnpfd~yefb"

G~qyy ny md" '13==% npyejmyni ygn mbb~md qmyn fl {ffigmq|npyni mqnmp my 3">3"> qnpfd~yefb lfq ygn snqefi=>33 133>" [ffi gmq|npyebk qmynp mbi ~qamb dmbi mqnmmlynq 133> mqn mpp~jni yf an pmjn mp eb 133>" Ygn~qamb dmbi mbi {ffi gmq|npy lfq ygn snqefi =; yf13=3 ep ~pni eb `fjjfb {eyg mdd 0 pnyp fl `qfsdmbimbi smpy~qndmbi imym"


three distinct estimates of historical land-cover change and land-use conversions for over 200 years

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