three memory processes encoding – making a mental representation to be placed into memory...
TRANSCRIPT
MEMORY:REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING
THREE MEMORY PROCESSES Encoding – making a mental
representation to be placed into memory (meaningful association)
Storing – placing encoded information into permanent storage
Retrieving – getting or recalling information that has been placed in storage
WHAT DO WE REMEMBER?
Things that are unusualinvolve youare connectedyou can seeinterest you
SENSORY MEMORY
Initial sensory process
Raw form information from the senses
Held for a brief period from an instant to several seconds
SENSORY MEMORY
Iconic memory holds visual information ¼ second (after image)
Echoic memory holds auditory for 1-2 seconds (What? / Repeat)
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Working memory – holds an average of 7-9 items of information usually 2 to 30
secondsphone numbers,
social security number
FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Maintenance rehearsal – intentionally repeating or rehearsing informationremains longer in short –term
memory ○phone number
FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Interference – new information enters short-term memory
pushes out current information forgetting the phone number
FEATURES OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Chunking – combining separate items into chunks of information (social security number, combination
lock)
PRIMACY vs RECENCY Primacy – better recall of information
presented at the beginning of a listmore time to rehearse
Middle of the list is forgotten unless the subject stands out
Recency – better recall of information presented at the end of a list in sensory memory
example – going to the store game
LONG-TERM MEMORY
Storing unlimited amounts of information over a long period of time
Transferring information from short-term to long-term memory
DECLARATIVE MEMORY: EVENTS, FACTS AND STORIES
Semantic – facts, concepts, words, definitions, language rules (learned in school)
Episodic – knowledge of events, personal experiences, places, songs, activities (episodes)
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
Memories for skills (bike riding, tooth brushing, driving)
Memories for conditioned fears and phobias (snakes, spiders)
ENCODING Automatic Encoding – transferring
information from short-term into long-term memory with little effort and little awarenessevents that hold your interest and attention
Effortful Encoding – working hard to repeat information and make associations between new and old information elaborative rehearsal
UNUSUAL MEMORIES
PHOTOGRAPHIC MEMORY
Occurs in adults –ability to form sharp detailed images after examining a picture or page
EIDETIC IMAGERY
Photographic memory in children
Ability to examine and remember details of a picture
Only 5% of children / lost by adolescence
FLASHBULB MEMORY
Vivid recollections – detail of dramatic, emotionally charged events
Lasting memory (accidents, romantic experiences, President assassinated)
REASONS FOR FORGETTING
FORGETTING Repressed Memories – mind
pushes a threatening or traumatic memory into the unconscioususually cannot be retrieved sometimes implanted by therapists
Poor Retrieval Cues – problem with mental reminders we create to access informationassociation between new information and
already learned information
RECALL AND RECOGNITION
Recall – retrieving information with no external cues or choices EX: fill in the blank on a test
Recognition – retrieving information with external cues EX: multiple choice, true-false,
matching test questions
FORGETTING
Amnesia –loss of memory may occur after a blow to the head, drug use, or psychological stress
INTERFERENCE Forget information because related
old or new information blocks or mixes up retrieval cue
Proactive interference – old information blocks new information “forward”
Retroactive interference – new information blocks old information “backward”
RETRIEVAL CUES
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Unable to recall information from memory recall later in a
different situation Caused by
interference
STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING
Easier to recall information when you are in the same physiological state as when you originally encoded information
Anger – produces angry memories
Sadness – produces sad memories
EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY MISCONCEPTIONS
Juries assume eyewitness testimony to be accurate
Juries assume confidence as accuracy Misleading /biased questions by police Distinguishing among people of other
races Stress of violent crimes over non-
violent crimes Photos of suspects before reviewing a
line-up