three new species and a nomenclatural synopsis of urera (urticaceae) from mesoamerica dcjmb4038

7/29/2019 Three New Species and a Nomenclatural Synopsis of Urera (Urticaceae) From Mesoamerica DCJMB4038

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Three New Species and a Nomenclatural Synopsis of "Urera" (Urticaceae) from MesoamericaAuthor(s): Alexandre K. Monro and Alexander RodrguezReviewed work(s):Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 96, No. 2 (Jul., 2009), pp. 268-285

Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40389934 .

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THREENEW PECIESANDANOMENCLATURALYNOPSISOFURERAURTICACEAE)ROMMESOAMERICA1

AlexandreK. Monro2 nd AlexanderRodrguez3

AbstractUrera Gaudich. is unique amongMesoamerican Urticaceae in having bright, leshyfruits.WithinMesoamerica,there ssignificantonfusion vertheapplicationofmanynames,especially U. corallina (Liebm.) Wedd., U. elata (Sw.) Griseb.,andU. eggersiiHieron.Threenewspecies, U.fenestrataA. K. Monro& Al. Rodr. Costa Rica and Panama), U. guanacastensisA.K. Monro & Al. Rodr. (Costa Rica), and U. lianoides A. K. Monro& Al. Rodr. (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Panama, Peru, and Bolivia), are described and illustratedon the basis of stami ate flowers,staminateinflorescences, tem, eaf morphology,nd habit. The affinities f the new species are discussed. The first ecord of antassociations for hegenus is documented n relation o U.fenestrata.n addition, key s presented o the 10 species of UrerarecognizedforMesoamerica; nomenclatural eview s given in which U. mitis Veil.) Miq. is lectotypified;U. baccifera L.)Gaudich. ex Wedd., U. caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb., U. mitis, nd Urticanitida Veli, are epitypified; nd Urera denticulataMiq., U. eggersii,U. subpeltataMiq., and U. subpeltatavar.morifoliaMiq. are neotypified;nd a list s providedof more han900 exsiccatae from 3 herbaria.

ResumenUreraGaudich. es un gneronico entre as Urticceas de Mesoamerica por presentarfrutos ustrososy suculentos.EnMesoamericaexisteuna confusin ignificativa n la aplicacin de muchosde los nombres, specialmenteen las especies U.corallina (Liebm.) Wedd., U. elata (Sw.) Griseb.y U. eggersiiHieron. Tres nuevas especies, U.fenestrataA. K. Monro& Al.Rodr. Costa Rica yPanama), U. guanacastensisA. K. Monro& Al. Rodr. Costa Rica) yU. lianoides A. K. Monro& Al. Rodr.(Mexico,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Panama, Peru,Bolivia), son descritase ilustradas obre a base de susflores inflorescencias staminadas,tallo,morfologa e hojas yhbito. Las afinidadesde las nuevas especies son discutidas.Se registra orprimervez la asociacin de una hormiga on el gnero,especficamente n U.fenestrata.Adicionalmente epresentauna clave para las 10 especies reconocidaspor Urera en Mesoamerica; se entregauna revisin en la cual U. mitis(Veli.) Miq. es lectotipificada;U. bacciferaL.) Gaudich. ex Wedd., U. caracasana (Jacq.)Griseb.,U. mitisyUrticanitidaVeli,son epitipificadas; Urera denticulata Miq., U. eggersii, U. subpeltata Miq. y U. subpeltata var. morifolia Miq. sonneotipificadas;y se suministra na lista de ms de 900 especmenes existentes n 13 herbarios.Keywords: Flora Mesoamericana, IUCN Red list, Mesoamerica, Urera, Urticaceae.

The genusUreraGaudich. comprises hrubs, rees,and vines that occur mostfrequentlyn ripariananddisturbed vegetation in Mesoamerica. Within theUrticaceae, Urera is characterizedby fleshyfruits(formed y the inflation f the tepals), penicillate orcapitate stigmas,glabrouspistillodes,and hairswithbulbous bases that re stingingn somespecies. Urerahas a nearly pantropical distribution Neotropics,Africa,Australasia, and the Pacific Islands) but isabsent fromAsia (pers. obs.). Currently, singlespecies, U. kaalae Wawra, has a CriticallyEndan-

gered CR) status, ccording o UCN Red List criteria(IUCN, 2001).Within MesoamericanUrticaceae, Urera s uniquein having bright leshy ruits.t is also characterizedby stemsthatfrequentlyelease a watery atex whencut (a trait shared withMyriocarpaBenth.) and, insome species, stinging, ulbous hairs. It is for thesestinginghairs that the genus is mostwidelyknown,hence the widespread local name of "chichicaste,"which is derived from he Nahuat word"tsijtsikast"meaning"to vibrate" Bonilla A., pers. comm.). It is

1We are gratefuloNormanRobson (BM) forhelpwith heLatindiagnoses;CharlieJarvisBM) and SandraKnapp (BM) forcomments n themanuscript;RoyGereau (MO) and Melanie Wilmot-Dear K) forreviewing hemanuscript;RosemaryWise(OXF) for he illustrations;VictorSteinmannfor ending mages oftypematerial t IEB; and thecurators t BM, C, F, GH,INB, K, LL, MEXU, MO, NY, P, PMA, TEX, and US for he oan of, nd access to,collections.Some of theparatypematerialwas collected with upportfromDarwin Initiativegrant15/027.2Department f Botany,The NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,SW7 5BD, UnitedKingdom, [email protected] acional de Biodiversidad,ApartadoPostal22-3100, SantoDomingode Heredia,Costa Rica, [email protected]: 10.3417/2006121Ann. MissouriBot. Gard. 96: 268-285. Published on 7 July2009.

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Volume96, Number2009 Monro& Rodrguez 269New Species and Synopsis ofUrera

also from hese stinginghairs that Urera derives itslimited economic and medical importance:U. bacci-fera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. is used as "livingfences"in Guatemalaand Costa Rica (Standley& Steyermark,1952; Burger, 977) and is also the focusofresearchfor its anti-inflammatoryroperties Badilla et al.,1999). In addition,Urera includes species that areused to treat rthritisGonzales, 1994; House et al.,1995), fever (House et al., 1995), hemorrhage(Gunchez, 1999), erysipelas Gunchez, 1999), andsyphilis House et al., 1995), and species that are ofmoderate mportance s foodforLepidoptera Janzen& Hallwachs, 2005).The genus Urera was firstdescribed by Gaudi-chaud-Beaupr in 1830, for which he proposed thesubtribe Urerinnae (as Urereae) of the familyUrticaceae, which was later raised to tribal rank(Urereae) byWeddell (1856). This was subsequentlyrenamed Urticeae by Friis (1989). Urera wasexpanded to include the monospecificgenus Scepo-carpusWedd. by Friis (1989), and chloroplastDNAsequence data (trnL-F) suggeststhat Ureracould besister to Poikilospermum ipp. ex Miq. withintheUrticaceae (Monro, 006).Urerahas attracted o monographicttention inceWeddell (1856, 1869), and, to date, no subgenericclassificationhas been published (althoughWeddelldid dividethespecies intounnamedgroups ccordingto inflorescence tructure nd distribution). ystem-atic work n Urera has largelyresultedfrom ocalizedfloristictreatments n and adjoining Mesoamerica(Standley& Steyermark, 952; Burger,1977; Pool,2001; Steinmann, 005).Thereare currently38 publishedspecies epithetsforthe genus (The International lant Names Index,

2008), of which 133 appear legitimate.Of theseepithets,16 have since been transferredo LaporteaGaudich., Gyrotaenia Griseb., Dendrocnide Miq.,BoehmeriaJacq., and GirardiniaGaudich. by subse-quent authors. Of the remaining117 names, Friis(1989) estimatesthatthere are ca. 35 good speciesand Pool (2001) estimates35 to 75.WithinMesoamerica, here re 25 specificepithetsfor 10 recognized species of Urera, and there issignificant onfusionover the application of manynames, especially U. corallina (Liebm.) Wedd., U.elata (Sw.) Griseb., and U. eggersii Hieron. This,combinedwith lack ofregionalkeys,thesimilarityof formand habit, and the extent of overlappingvariationn charactersbetween pecies, has made thedetermination f collections difficult. he result isthat a significantproportion f herbariummaterialfromMesoamerica s misidentified.

Materials and MethodsThis workwas undertaken s partofthe revision fMesoamerican Urticaceae for the Flora Mesoamer-icana project. The definition f Mesoamerica is asgiven in the Flora (Davidse et al., 1994): a regionboundedto ts north ytheMexican statesofYucatn,Campeche,Tabasco, QuintanaRoo, and Chiapas, andto its south by the Panama-Colombia border. Inaddition, material from Mesoamerica and areasadjacent to Mesoamerica (Oaxaca and Veracruz[Mexico], Greater Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela,Ecuador, and Peru) fromBM, C, F, GH, INB, K, LL,

MEXU, MO, NY, P, PMA, TEX, and US wasexamined, resulting in 995 collections that wereexamined and determined, 50 fromMesoamerica.Determinations are listed in Appendix 1. Thenomenclatural evisionwas based on theexaminationof the original published descriptions for all 24accepted names,as well as typematerial.The macro-morphological haracters used mostfrequently y previousauthorsfor hedelimitation fspecies are leaf shape, leaf margin morphology,inflorescence morphology nd structure,trichomedistribution nd morphology, ruitsize and color,cystolith shape, and stigma shape. In this study,emphasis was also placed on stem morphologyndhabit,togetherwithpersonalobservationsn the fieldthatsome species release a thin,watery atex whencut. Althoughno reference o this was found n thedescriptions on collection labels, a number ofcollections had a dark stain on the rimof the cutstem. This was taken as an indication that thesecollectionsmayhave released a wateryatex,and it sfor his reason that his was noted n the observationsmade and in thedescriptions elow. All materialwasexaminedusing a stereomicroscopet X64 to X400magnification,nd up to 138 observationswere madefor ach specimen sampled. These observationswerethen used as a guide to delimit taxa within amorphologicalpecies conceptand in thepreparationof a key to the identification f the Mesoamericanspecies. Once species weredelimited, heywere thenmatchedto typematerial.Taxonomic reatmentUrera Gaudich., Voy. Uranie 496. 1826 [1830].TYPE (designatedby Britton& Wilson, 1924:243): Urera baccifera L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd.,Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot.,sr. 3, 18: 199. 1852.ScepocarpusWedd.,Prodr.DC.) 16(1): 98. 1869. TYPE:ScepocarpusanniWedd.



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270 Annals of theMissouri Botanical Garden

Key o theMesoamericanpecies fUreraDistributionsor achspecies regiven ocountryevelwithin esoamerica, ith he xceptionfMexicoandspeciesthat re onlyknown rom single ountry,nwhich ase they regiven ostate evel. Globaldistributionsn thekeyare givento regionalevel (e.g., SouthAmerica,West ndies),followingloraMesoamericanarotocolsDavidse tal.,1994).Some f he haractersnthe ollowingeys, .g., ystoliths,reonly isible ndriedmaterial.everal ypesfhairsi.e.,bulbous,traight,ndcurved)refoundn the urfaceof he eaves ndyoungtems fMesoamerican rera. ere define ulbous airs s thosewith swollen ndinflatedasegivinghebasea bulbous rbottle-shapedppearance.la. Leaves obed; tem eleasing hite atexwhen ut l.U. laciniataIb. Leaves not obed; tem eleasingatex rnot;when eleased,atexgrayneverwhite).2a. Stem nd eaveswithpines;eaves oarselyentate,he eethpaced verya.0.5-1cm; chene -3.2mm;epalscoveringhebasal 1/4 r essof chene riorothe nflationf epals 1. U.baccifera2b. Stem nd eaves acking pines; eavesdentate,renate,rentire, hen oothedheteethpaced< 0.5 cm

apart; chene .75-2mm; epals overing/4 r more f he chenepriorothe nflationf he epals.3a. Adaxial urface f eavessparsely ubescentrglabrous.4a. Leafmarginhallowlyrenate, renate-serrate,inuate,rentire; airsnever rticating.5a. Shrub rsmall ree; eaf-bearingection f tem ever ollow.6a. Ratio f eaf engthowidthess than :1;abaxial eaf urface ithoutomatian the xils fthe econdaryeins;matureleshyruitsink rorangeoorange-red 4. U.glabriuscula6b. Ratio f eaf engthowidthreaterhan :1;abaxial eaf urface ith omatian the xils fthe econdaryeins;matureleshyruitsed 5. U.guanacastensis5b. Shrub,ax shrub,rvine; eaf-bearingection f tem ollow,a. 5-10 mm iam.7a. Young hoots ubescentodensely ubescent,hehairs .125-1mm;taminatelowersa.1.25 X 1.25mmmmediatelyrioroanthesis 8. U. lianoides7b. Young hoots parsely ubescent r glabrous,hehairswhenpresent .125-0.25mm;staminatelowersa. 2 X 2.5 mmmmediatelyrioro anthesis 3. U.fenestrata4b. Leafmarginrominentlyerrate,renate,rdentate; airs rticatingr noturticating.8a. Young temglabrous r sparsely ubescent,hehairs^ 0.25mm; tem oarsely ulcate,frequentlyenestrate;tems,eaves, ndpetiolesacking ulbous airs; taminatenflorescenceto 110mm;matureleshyruitsed-pink 3. U.fenestrata8b. Young temparselyodensely ubescent,hehairs 0.5 mm;temoarselyulcate utneverfenestrate;tems,eaves, ndpetioleswith rwithoutulbous airs; taminatenflorescenceo80 mm;matureleshyruitsrange rorange-pink.9a. Tertiaryenationf baxial eaf urface ream opale green, oticeablyaler hanamina;stipules orkedrnot orked;tem parsely ubescent 6. U.killipiana9b. Tertiaryenationf baxial eaf urfacearkerrrarely aler han he amina,where alerthan he aminapale brown oorange-brownn color; tipules otforked;tem enselypubescent.10a. Leavesovate rcordiform,ever bovate r anceolate; airs rticating2. U. caracasana10b. Leavesobovate, anceolate, lliptic, rovate,never ordiform;airsurticatingr

not 9. U.simplex3b. Adaxial urface f eavespubescentodensely ubescent.Ila. Leaves bllate;staminate eduncleunbranched t base for 40-80 mm;pistillate eduncleunbranchedt basefor 7-98 mm 10. U. verrucosalib. Leavesnotbllate; taminatendpistillateeduncles nbranchedtbasefor 25 mm.12a. Leavesovate rcordiform,ever bovate r anceolate; airs rticating... 2. U. caracasana12b. Leaves bovate,anceolate,lliptic,r vate, everordiform;airs rticatingrnot . . 9. U.simplex1. Urera baccfera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd., Ann.Sci. Nat., Bot., sr. 3, 18: 199. 1852. Basionym:Unica baccifera ., Sp. PL, d. 2, 2: 1398. 1763.TYPE: Plumier, PL Amer.: tab. 260. 1760

(lectotype, designated by de Rooij [1975:302]). EPITYPE: Jamaica. StonyHill, 13 Mar.1898, Fawcett 7177 (epitype,designated here,BM!).Urera rmigeraC. Presi)Miq.,Fl. Bras. Martius) : 192.1853. Basionym:Unica armigeraC. Presi, Bot.Bemerk.C. Presi):110. 1844 [1845].TYPE: Brazil,"near Rio de Janeiro," . Lhotsky.n. (lectotype,designatedyde Rooij 1975:302],PR not een).

Urera enticulataMiq.,Fl. Bras. Martius) : 192. 1853.TYPE:Brazil.MinasGerais:Viosa, d.E from hachavalley, azendada Creciuma,0 May1930,Y. Mexia4679 (neotype,esignatedere, M!; sotype, O notseen).Urera acciferaar.hrridaKunth)Wedd.,Arch.Mus.Hist.Nat.9: 151. 1856. Basionym: rtica rrida unth,Nov. Gen.Sp. [HBK] quarto d.) 2: 4L 1817. UrerahrridaKunth)Miq.,Fl. Bras. Martius): 192.1853.TYPE: Colombia. Santander, agdalena ropeAn-gosturade Carare,"Humboldt Bonpland1639(lectotype,esignatedyde Rooij 1975: 302], P!).Urtica itidaVeli.,Fl. Flumin.con.10: t.20. 1827 1831].TYPE: Fl. Flumin.con.10: tab.20. 1827. EPITYPE:Brazil.MatoGrosso o Sul:Mpio.Paraguai, erra es



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Araras, azendaCurrupira,510'S,565'W,24 Jan.1995, Dubs 1770 (epitype,designatedhere, K!;duplicates, not een,ESA not een).Urticagrandidentataiebm.,Kongel.Danske Vidensk.Selsk.Skr. Trondheim)er.5, 2: 296. 1851. TYPE:Costa Rica. Cartago: Irasu,"Jan.1848, A. rsted14283 lectotype,esignatedyde Rooij 1975: 302],C!).An epitype s selected for Urerabacciferabecausethe type illustration,although accurate, is notsufficient o supportthe unambiguousfixingof thename to this species. Fawcett 7177 was chosenbecause it includesfloweringnd vegetativematerial

that onformsoLinnaeus' (1763) description Urticafoliisalternis, ordatis"and is from he West Indies,as was the Plumier material hatformed he basis ofthetype llustration.Anepitype s selectedforUrticanitida because thetype llustration,lthough ccurate, s not ufficientosupportthe unambiguousfixingof the name to thisspecies. Dubs 1770 was chosen because it includesflowering nd vegetativematerial that conforms oVellozo's description and is fromBrazil, as wasthe material that formed the basis of the typeillustration.A neotype is selected for Urera denticulatabecause, althoughde Rooij (1975: 302) cites Martiuss.n. at M as lectotypefor U. denticulata,no suchcollections could be traced either at M (M. Esser,pers. comm.) or BR (P. Stoffelen, ers. comm.).Thecollections database fromthe Field Museum's De-partmentfBotany Field Museumof NaturalHistory,2006), which ncludes thenegatives fphotographsfEuropean type material taken by Macbride, does,however,nclude a negative no. 8845) cited as beingfrom Martius ollectionthatrepresents ypematerialof U. denticulataat M. Such a negativecannot beconsideredisotypematerial,but it does indicate theexistenceof a typespecimenexistingpriorto WorldWar II. It may be that de Rooij based hislectotypificationn this photograph r that he didsee the typecollectionat M priorto 1975, and thatthis collection has since been lost. The specimendesignated as neotype was selected because itincludes good leaf, stem,and fruitingmaterialandis from he same country nd state as the materialcited in Miquel's description.Local names. Bringa mosa (Panama: C. White-foord& A. Eddy249, BM), chichicaste Guatemala:/.A. Steyermark8770, F; Honduras: P. C. Standley20526, F; El Salvador: P. C. Standley 22344, F;Nicaragua: P. C. Standley 11202, F), chichicastecuyanigua (El Salvador: P. C. Standley21880, GH,US), chichicastenigra El Salvador:S. Caldern1539,NY), cow itch Belize: P. H. Gentle 781, F, GH, NY,

US), nigua, niguilla (El Salvador: P. C. Standley22394, GH), ortigaCosta Rica: R. Anderson S. Mori147, F; Panama: P. C. Standley30536, US), ortigadelos caballos (Mexico: A. Schott796, BM, F), rscatebien (Honduras:A. Molina R. 868, F, GH).

Habitat and distribution. Evergreenor seasonalforest, iparianvegetation, rom ea level to 1400 m,Mexico to Panama, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil,Paraguay.Comments. This species most closely resemblesUrera aciniata Goudot.ex Wedd. These species canbe distinguished from each other based on thepresence of latex and spines and leaf marginmorphology s follows: (1) for U. baccifera, leaf-bearing stem releasing gray but never white latexwhen cut, leaf margin coarsely dentate; (2) for U.laciniata, leaf-bearing stem releasing white latexwhencut, eaf margin eeply lobed or laciniate.Selected pecimensxamined.BELIZE. Cayo: Chiqui-bul,Las Cuevas, 643'N,8859'W,A. K. Monro 71 (BM,BRH, MO). BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: A. M. Bang,N. LBritton H. H. Rusby 209 (A, BM, GH, MO). COSTARICA.Alajuela: Ro Sarapiqu t bridge n rd. to Colonia

Virgen elSocorro, mi.SE of anJos-Puertoiejo hwy.,1016'N, 8411'W, T. B. Croat68307 (BM, MO). ELSALVADOR.La Libertad: Cordillera e Balsam,SanJulin d., owardshePacific, 341'00"N, 938'32"W,A.K.Monrot l. 3676 BM, TIC,LAGU,MO).GUATEMALA.Izabal: Montaasel Mico,4-5 kmW ofSantoTomsdeCastilla,W.D. Stevenst l. 25612 BM,MO).HONDURAS.Atlntida:1542'N,8651'W,R. L Uesner 6275 (MO).NICARAGUA. o SanJuan:NearCaoChontaleo0 kmNE ofEl Castillo, . Neill& P. C. Vincelli589 (BM, MO).PANAMA. arin: RoCocalito, . WhitefoordA.Eddy249 (BM,MO).PARAGUAY.Canindey:Karapa, altoa5 km elpuesto, .Marn, . JimnezM.Chocarro. 763(BM,FMB).PERU. Pasco: Oxapampa,istr. uancabamba,Sector rapanazu,imite arqueNac.Yanachaga-Chemillen,R. Rojas,K. Meza,J.Lingan, . Camavilca& M. Villaran1832 BM,MO).2. Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb.,FI. Brit.W. I.154. 1859. Basionym:Urticacaracasana Jacq.,PL Hort. Schoenbr.3: 71. 1798. TYPE: Jacquin,PL Hort. Schoenbr.3: t. 386. 1798. EPITYPE:Venezuela. Araugua: Tovar, 1854-1855, A.Fendler1275 (epitype,designatedhere,K!).Urera lceifolia Poir.)Gaudich.,Voy.Uranie,Bot. 497.

1826 1830].Basionym:rticalceifolia oir., ncycl.(Lamarck)uppl. : 227. 1816.TYPE:French uyana.Cayenne:.d.,Martin.n. lectotype,esignatedydeRooij 1975:304], P!).Urtica iliifolia unth, ov.Gen.Sp. [HBK] quarto d.) 2:34. 1817,as "tiliaefolia."YPE: Colombia. olvar:Ro Magdalena, umboldt Bonpland 633 (lecto-type, esignatedyde Rooij 1975:306], P!).Ureraacquiniivar.ulmifoliaKunth)Wedd.,Arch.Mus.Hist.Nat.9: 145. 1856. Basionym: rtica lmifolia



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Kunth,Nov. Gen. Sp. [HBK] (quartoed.) 2: 141. 1817.TYPE: Colombia. Bolivar,Humboldt& Bonpland 1427(lectotype, esignatedbyde Rooij [1975: 306], P!).Ureramitis Veil.) Miq., Fl. Bras. (Martius)4(1): 191. 1853.Basionym:Urtica mitisVeil, Fl. Flumin. 10: tab. 19.1827 [1831]. Urera aracasana var.mitis Veil.) Wedd.,Prodr. DC.) 16: 90. 1869. TYPE: Fl. Flumin. con. 10:tab. 19 (lectotype,designated here, tab. 19!). EPI-TYPE: Brazil. Amazonas: Marapata, MunicipalityofCarauary, 25 May 1933, B. Krukoff 568 (epitype,designatedhere,BM!).Ureracorallina (Liebm.) Wedd., Prodr. DC.) 16: 90. 1869.Basionym: Urtica corallina Liebm., Kongel. DanskeVidensk. Selsk. Skr.,Naturvidensk.Math.Afd., er. 5,2: 295. 1851. TYPE: Costa Rica. Alajuela: MonteAguacate, rsted 14282 (lectotype,designated by deRooij [1975: 304], further esignationhere, C sheet"26/2003/2"!).Ureracapitata Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 3, 18: 201.1852. TYPE: Bolivia. Yungas: Dec. 1846, Weddell4317 (holotype, !).Urerasubpeltata Miq., Fl. Bras. (Martius)4(1): 189, pl. 66.1853. Urera acquinii var. subpeltata (Miq.) Wedd.,Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: 145. 1856. Ureracaracasanavar.subpeltata Miq.) Wedd.,Prodr. DC.) 16: 90. 1869.TYPE: Brazil. Bahia: 1839, Blanchet 927 (neotype,designatedhere, BM!; isotype,G notseen).Urera ubpeltatavar.morifoliaMiq., Fl. Bras. (Martius)4(1):190. 1853. TYPE: Brazil. Par: Santarm,July 850, R.Spruces.n. (neotype,designatedhere,BM!).Ureraacquinii var.miqueliiWedd., Arch.Mus. Hist. Nat. 9:145. 1856. Urera caracasana var. miquelii Wedd.,Prodr. (DC.) 16: 90. 1869. TYPE. Peru. Gay s.n.(holotype,P notseen).Ureraacuminata Miq., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 4(1): 190. 1853,nom.illeg. non Ureraacuminata (Poir.) Gaudich.

Jacquin's riginal escriptionfUrera aracasanais based solely on staminatematerial.Originalmaterial or henamehas notbeen ocated tBMorLINN, ndanymaterialhatmay avebeen tW hasprobablyeendestroyedmaterialouldnot e tracedatW).Based on the ypellustration,t s not ossibletodistinguishetween . caracasana ndU.corallina(Liebm.)Wedd.on sterile haracterslone.Materialexaminedhathadbeen determineds U. corallina(including he holotype) y Weddel and as U.caracasanadid notuncoverny ignificant orpho-logical ifferences.nepitypesselected ecause hetypellustration,lthoughccurate,snot ufficientosupportheunambiguouspplicationf thename othis pecies.A lectotypes designated or UrticamitisVeil,becauseVellozo 1827)doesnotrefero theplate stypematerial s his descriptionredates he typeconcept. abulae19 can be consideredriginalypematerial.An epitype s selected for Ureramitisbecause thetype llustration,lthoughccurate,snot ufficiento upporthe nambiguousixingf hename to this species. The epitypewas selectedbecause it includesboth eaves and inflorescences

and is from he same countrynd region s theholotype.A neotypes selectedfor Urera ubpeltata ar.morifoliaecause lthoughe Rooij 1975:306) citesSpruce33 M)as lectotype,oSpruceollectionittingthis escriptionouldbe tracedithertM M.Esser,pers. omm.)rBR(P. Stoffelen,ers. omm.).Miquel(1853: 190), in his original escription,ites twocollectionsrom heBrazilianAmazon,Martiusnsilvis mazonicis,d Barra o RioNegro"nd Sprucead Santarm,"eitherfwhich ouldbe traced itheratM M.Esser, ers. omm.)rBR (P. Stoffelen,ers.comm.). Spruce ollection as,however,ocated tBMwithhe nnotation,Invicinibusantarm,rov.Par."This s selected s neotypenthebasis hat hecollections fromhe ame ollector,ountry,nd tateand includes ood eaf,pistillate,nd mmatureruitmaterial.A neotypes selected orUreraubpeltataecausealthoughe Rooij 1975:306) citesMartius.n.atMas lectotypeorU. denticulata,o such collectionscouldbe traced ithert M M.Esser, ers. omm.)rBR (P. Stoffelen,ers. omm.). hespecimen esig-nated as neotypewas selectedbecause it includesgood eaf, tem,ndpistillatendstaminate aterialand s fromhe ame ountrynd tate s thematerialcited nMiquel's1853description.De Rooij 1973: 306) citesMakin .n. not raced)as typeholotype?)orUreraacquiniivar.miquelii.Weddell 1856), however,ites onlyClaudeGay'scollection rom eruin his descriptionnd this smaintaineds holotype.Local names. Chichicaste (El Salvador: E.Sandoval 1854, BM; Nicaragua:P. C. Standley10712,F), chichicaste lancopicante El Salvador:E. Sandoval& R. Chinchilla 04, MO),chichicastecujanigua e altura El Salvador: . Sandoval& R.Chinchilla 182,MO),chichicasteojo picapica ElSalvador: O. Martnez .n. (ISF225), MO), pancaliente Honduras:C. Nelson et al. 3955, BM),migirilloCosta Rica: A. Sanchez10, F), miguito(CostaRica:/.A. Echeverra. 268,F),ortigaCostaRica: /. A. Echeverra . 268, F), pan caliente ElSalvador:M. L van Severen 13, F), zulsimtezla(Mexico:A. MndezG.8945,BM).Habitat and distribution. loud forest, hadecoffee orest, ine forest, uercus .-Liquidambarh-Pinus L. forest,romea level to 2300m.Mexico(Chiapas), elize,Guatemala, onduras,l Salvador,Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,Vene-zuela,Ecuador, eru,Bolivia, razil, ndArgentina.Comments.Herbarium aterialfthis pecies scommonlyetermineds Ureraorallina. his pecies



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mostclosely resembles U. verrucosa Liebm.) V. W.Steinm. The two species can be distinguishedfromeach other based on leaf texture nd inflorescencepedunclesize as follows:1) forU. caracasana, leaveschartaceous, taminatepeduncle branchedto base orunbranched t base for2-13 mm,pistillatepedunclebranched o base orunbranched t base for -20 mm;(2) for U. verrucosa, leaves bllate, staminatepeduncle unbranched at base for 40-80 mm anddenselypubescent,pistillatepeduncle unbranched tbase for27-98 mm.Selected pecimens xamined. ARGENTINA. Jujuy: San

Pedro, ierra ta. Barbara, . Venturi633 (K). BELIZE.Cayo: Caracol Maya ruins,14km W of Las Cuevas,1645'N,8807'W,T.Hawkins132 (BM,MO).BOLIVIA.Cochabamba:Carrasco,a. 11 kmbelow ehuencas, .R.I. Wood 0275 BM,K).BRAZIL.Roraima: lhadeMarac,SEMAEcologicalReserva, ofCachoeira e Fumaa,W.Milliken46 (K). COSTA RICA. Puntarenas:W. Haber&W. Zuchowski 294 (MO). ECUADOR, s. loe., Eggers 15611(K). Pichincha:newAlluriqun-Quitod.,Km4, P. J.M.Maas & L Cobb 770 (K). EL SALVADOR.La Libertad:Mpio.Antiguouscatlan,Laderas e La Laguna," . Lemass.n. "WB-01217" BM, LAGU,MO). GUATEMALA.Ju-tiapa: D. Dunn t al. 23234 (MO).HONDURAS.Ocotepe-que: Alrededores e Beln Gualcho,C. H. Nelson,E.Romero,A. Rubio & M. Pereira 3955 (BM, MO). MEXICO.Chiapas: RanchoPuyUkum, obre a carr.a 2 km deBochil,Mpio.de Bochil,A. MndezG.8945 (BM,MEXU).NICARAGUA. inotega: El Recreo," kmal N de Sta.Gertrudis,. Moreno J.C. Sandino7897 (BM,HNMN).PANAMA.Chiriqui/Bocas el Toro: AlongContinentalDivideon trail n Zona Palo Seco,0847'N,8213/W, .Knapp& J. Mallet9169 (BM, MO, PMA,SCZ). PERU.Loreto: Ro Itaya,T. B. Croat18829 (K). VENEZUELA.Falcn: Sierra e San Luis,ca. del Puentede Jobo ntreCurimagua SanLuis,J.A.Steyermark9249 K).3. Urera fenestrata A. K. Monro& Al. Rodr., sp.

nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Guanacaste: Monte-verde,Cordillerade Tilarn,Pacificslope,aboveQuebrada Cuecha, 1540-1600 m, 6 May 1976,V. J. Dryer 179 (holotype,F!; isotype,CR!).Figure1A-E.Speciesnova Urerae aracasanae Jacq.)Griseb. imilis,sed ab ea floribustaminatisetrapartitis,amulisetiolisqueespinosisramulis aepe fenestratistque foliorumervislateralibuser2/3 ongitudinisisibilibusiffer.Shrub, lax shrub, vine, or small slender tree,dioecious (?). Main stemsarching2-10 m,stemsnotreleasingwhite atexwhencut;withoutpines; youngshoots glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the hairs0.125-0.25 mm, erect, straightto weakly curved;internodes f eaf-bearingectionsofstem9-30 X 4r-10 mm,pale brownto red-brown, oarsely sulcate,hollow, nd frequentlyenestrate hen^ 5 mmdiam.Stipules5-18 mm, anceolate,notforked, ubescent;petioles52-350 X 1.5-1.75 mm,glabrousorsparsely

pubescent, the hairs 0.25-0.5 mm; leaf blade 103-320 X 64-220 mm, ovate, broad-ovate,or broad-elliptic,chartaceous;adaxial surfacesparsely pubes-cent or glabrous,the hairs0.375-0.675 mm,weaklyappressed, weakly curved or crooked; the cystolithspunctiform o oblong, radially arranged; abaxialsurface sparsely pubescent to pubescent, the hairs0.25-0.5 mm,appressed, weakly curved; the cysto-liths oblong, parallel to veins; primaryveins 3,primary o quinternaryr hexternaryeins visible tothe nakedeye,the ateralprimary einsvisiblefor /3ofthe leaf length;domatia notpresent n the axils ofthesecondaryveins; base cordate or obtuse;marginsentire rweaklycrenate toserrate; pex subcuspidateto cuspidate. Peduncular bracts 2-3 mm;bracteoles0.375-0.5 mm;staminate nflorescences1 to 16 perstem,peduncle branched to base or unbranched rombase for -21 mm,pubescent, he hairsto0.125 mm,the whole inflorescence15-110 mm,bearing160 to350 flowersn a symmetrical ymewith3 or 4 ordersof dichotomous branching; the flowers borne inclusters of 10 to 35, pedicellate to subsessile, thepedicels whenpresentto 0.5 X 0.125 mm. Pistillateinflorescences to 4 perstem, hepedunclebranchedto base or unbranched at base for2-26 mm,pub-escent, the hairs ca. 0.125 mm, erect, straight, hewhole inflorescence10-80 mm 47-80 mm in fruit),broader han ong oras longas broad),bearing224 to750 flowers n a symmetricalymewith 5 orders ofdichotomous ranching, heflowers orne n clustersof3 or4, pedicellate tosubsessile, thepedicels whenpresent to 0.25 X 0.125 mm, glabrous. Staminateflowers2-2.5 X 1.25-1.5 mm immediately riortoanthesis; tepals 4, ca. 3 mm; stamens 2.5-3 mm;pistillode ca. 0.5 mm diam., glabrous. Pistil-late flowers ca. 1 X 0.5 mm, the lateral tepals0.5-0.675 mm, symmetricallyvate;the dorsaltepal0.50-0.675 mm, ovate, with a subapical dorsalthickening, he ventral tepal ca. 0.375 mm,ovate;stigma penicillate, erect. Fruit priorto inflation ftepals ca. 1.25 X 1 mm;basal 3/4ofachene obscuredby tepals, the laterals ca. 1 mm, the dorsal tepal0.675-0.75 mm, the ventral ca. 0.5 mm; achene0.75-1 X 0.75 mm, asymmetrically lliptic, keel-shaped, surfacesmooth.Fruitwhenripe withtepalsinflated nd berry-like, a. 1.5 X 1 mm,red-pink,red-violet, ink,or orangewhenfresh.

Local names. Ortiga A. Smith100, F, NY).Habitat and distribution. Urera enestratas foundinpremontane, ontane,nd cloudforest,requentlyndisturbedhadedareas close to treamsr mallrivers,t800-3000 m. t occursonthePacific nd the CaribbeanslopesoftheCordillera e Tilarn n Costa Rica andtheCordillera e Talamanca inCostaRica and Panama.



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Figure 1. A-E. Urera enestrataA. K. Monro& Al. Rodr. - A. Habit,with taminate nflorescences. B. Leaf abaxialsurface.- C. Stem. - D. Pistillate inflorescence. E. Pistillateflower.A, B: Dryer179 [F]; C-E: Kirkbride Duke 770[NY]). F- I. U. guanacastensisA. K. Monro& Al. Rodr.- F. Habit,with taminate nflorescences. G. Leaf adaxial surface.- H. Pistillate nflorescences. I. Immature ruit.F-I: Delgado 24 [MO]).



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Volume96, Number Monro& Rodrguez 2752009 New Species and Synopsis ofUrera

IUCN RedListcategory.ConservationorUrerafenestrata ust e considereds Least ConcernLC)accordingo IUCN Red List criteriaIUCN, 2001),owing o thefact hat he pecieshasbeencollected28 times n several ocalities n Costa Rica andPanama.

Etymology. rom heLatin fenestratus,"ean-ing"windowed,"eferringo the stemswhich,whengreater han or equal to 5 mm diam., becomecharacteristicallyindowed.Discussion.Thisspecies s characterizedythegnarled, indowed,eaf-bearingtemections ndtheovate, ntire r subentireoweaklyndentedeaves.Ureraenestrataas most requentlyeendeterminedas U.elataor U.caracasana ndmay edistinguishedfrom hem s follows:1) forU. caracasana, temswhen reaterhan requalto5 mm iam.hollow,utneverfenestrate,ackingspines; petiole lackingspines;the eafmarginserrate,errate-dentate,rcrenate-serrateo dentate; taminate lowers4)5-parted;2) forU. elata,stemswhengreaterhan requal to 5 mmdiam.hollow, utneverfenestrate,small pinespresent; etiolewith mallspines;theleaf margins errate, errate-dentate,r dentate;staminatelowers-parted;3) forU. enestrata,temswhengreaterhanor equal to 5 mmdiam.hollow,fenestrateith rominenta. 5 mmwindows,ackingspines; etiolesackingmall pines; he eafmarginsentirerweaklyrenateoserrate;taminatelowers4-parted.Bothauthors ave observed ntsof thegeneraCrematogasterund, nd PheidoleWestwoodFor-micidae,Myrmicinae)ccupyinghehollowtems fthisspecies in thefield. Collections f these antspecies are availableat the Instituto acionaldeBiodiversidadntomologyollections.

Paratypes.OSTARICA.Alajuela:La Palma e SanRamn,.M.Brenes36 5544) CR,F,NY);La Palma eSanRamn,. M.Brenes20 4208) CR,F);rd. oFincaLosEnsayosffwy.5, a. 7.5mi.Nof arcero,.B. Croat43488MEXU, O); ordilleraeTalamanca,.J.Dryer4(CR);CordilleraeTilarn,.J.Dryer79 CR), 33 CR),234 (CR);Cantne SanRamn, eservaanta lena,CordilleraeTilarn,00mNW f tation,. Penney19(INB);VaraBlancade Sarapiqu, slopeof CentralCordillera,etw. os & Barbavolcanoes,. F. Skutch3602 NY);Cordilleraentralear anJuan eLaja,ca.15 kmN ofZarcero, 0. Williams, . MolinaR, T. P.Williams D. N. Gibson8972 F,NY);Reserva orestal eGrecia, uenca uperiorel Ro Rosales,G.Herrera , G.Umao& H. Gmez 42 (BM, INB, MO); aboveQuakersettlementt Monteverde,. Utley H Utley 352 (MO).Cartago: Cantn e Paraso,Reserva orestal oMacho,Ro Pejivalle, . Alfaro 799 (INB);TapantHydroelectricReserve longRoGrande e Orosi,T. Croat 6151 (CR);Orosi, arhwegonRioMacho,nwestlicherichtungumStausee, . Dbbeler162 (CR);Tapanti.C.E. Reservation,

9 mi.fromridge verRoGrande eOrosi,A.Gentry043(MO);a la veradel RioTurrialba,amino ntre acayasySantaCruz eTurrialba,.Gmez-L 078 CR);Tausito, ofTresRos, erros e a Carpintera,.Khan,M. Tebbs A. R.Vickery318 (BM);ca. S ofTapanti, longRo Grande eOrosi, .W. ent 06 CR);Tausito, W. ent 803 F,NY);ParqueNacional apant, ector os Amigos, . Mora543(INB);Reserva orestal o Macho, ector l Embalse,G.Mora643 (INB);Reserva orestal oMacho, enderotrzda casa a direito, . Nilsson& R. Manfredi93 (CR); ElEmpalme,nteramericanaur,L J. Poveda 306 (CR); ElGuarco, arqueNac.Tapant-Macizoe la Muerte,erro ela Muerte, 00 m N de Chespirito,. Solano 77 (INB);Turrialba,amino Moravia,ntesdel Ro Pacuare, O.Williams J.J.Crdoba668 (CR);Guanacaste:Palmira,fogzone,A. Smith 00 (F, NY). Heredia: ParqueNac.BraulioCarrillo, urqui tation,ust above Los Guarumostrail, . Boyle 450 (BM,CR);ParqueNac.Braulio arrillo,sector urqui, .A. Chacn 881 (CR); La Palma,RoBajode Honduras, raulioCarrilloNati.Park,N. Garwood, .Gibby, J.Hampshire C. J.Humphries86 (BM,CR);Quebrada lMochte,orde e Cerro urqui, D. Gmez,.A. Chacn,G. Herrera,M. M. ChavarrCa 1040 (CR);Porrosate Barva,A. Jimnez R. Rodrguez23 (CR);Cantn e Heredia,Cordillera entral, eadwatersfRoSantoDomingo, slopeof VolcnBarva,M. Grayum237(INB);S slopeofVolcnBarva,W.H Hatheway354 CR);ParqueNac. Braulio arrillo,stacin arva,G.Rivera 58(INB),G. Rivera 59 (INB);RoPorrosat,0 m N deparadade busesde Paso Llano,G. Rivera 32 (INB); S slopesofVolcnBarbabetw.Ro Cirueles Sacramento,.UtleyK. Utley 319 (NY); ParqueNac. BraulioCarrillo,enderohaciaQuebrada rqu, amora 25 CR).Limn: Cantn eTalamanca, ordilleraalamanca,ampRoLori,J.Bittner1882 (INB),1894 (INB). Puntarenas: Cantn e BuenosAires, stacin resColinas, incaBenitoAcua, . Alfaro745 INB);Cantn eCotoBrus, onaProtectoraasTablas,Las Tablas, endero chandi, . Alfaro260 (INB);Cantnde CotoBrus, ona Protectoraas Tablas, Camp.ACLA,camino Cerro chando, . Alfaro 569 (CR); near theContinentalivide a. 2-5 kmE & SE ofMonteverde,.C.Burger J.L Gentry639 (CR),8752 (CR).Puntarenas-Alajuela border: 2-5 km E & SE ofMonteverde, . C.Burger& R L Liesner 639 (F); Reserva Santa Elena,Monteverde,. S. Penneys9 (CR). San Jos: VsquezdeCoronado, arqueNac. BraulioCarrillo,endero renteEstacin urqu, Acosta80 (CR, NB),L Acosta 86 (CR,INB); valley f Ro HondurabelowLa Palma),NE ofSanJernimo, .C. Burger R G. Stolze 912 (CR, F); RoClarovalleyRoLa Hondura rainage),elow aPalma,NEofSan Jernimo, . C. Burger R G. Stolze7646 (F);bosquecillosresiduales ntre as Nubes y Cascajal deCoronado,.Gmez-Laurito535 (CR);near uebrada ajoMquina, kmNEofCascajal,R W. ent 500 BM);AcostaPalmichal,onaProtectoraerros e Escaz,El Cedrai, a.de Ia casa, S. Lobo 661 (CR); Cantnde Aserr, onaProtectoraerros eEscaz,Cerros scaz- a Carpintera,acimadel Cerro aser,AltoHierbaBuena, .F. Morales LBohs 787 INB);Cerro edrai, aldaNW, .F. Morales866(CR, INB); Tarraz, an Carlos,Bajos de La Virgen,confluenciaosNegro Blanco,Albergue osParaso,A.Quesada1161 CR);Turrubares,anLuis, anRafael, incade Melvin havarra, . Rodrguez313 (INB);Altode laPalma, a. de6 kmN of anJernimo,.Utley K.Utley35(CR). PANAMA.Bocas del Toro: Chiriqu railbetw.quebrada iguern Gutierrez,.H.KirkbrideJ.A. Duke770 NY);Caribbeanlopes fCerro bregatfootf Falso



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Fbrega," . K. Mojito& S. Cafferty855 (BM, NB,MO,PMA), 856 BM, NB,MO,PMA).Chiriqui:vie.ofGualacaca. 10.7mi.from lanesde Homito, a Fortuna d.to damsite,T. Antonio111 BM);betw. ambita Cerro unta, .B. Croat 0593 MO);betw. alo Alto& top fridgedivide)nearCerro ate Macho boveRo PaloAlto,W.D'Arcyt l.12658 BM);Boquete, ajoChorro, . E. Davidson 49 (F);near ortunaam,R.J.HampshireC.Whitefoord214BM),203 (BM); ower eaches f rail oCerro ando, . K.Monro,S.Knapp, .Mallet, .Mallet,. Mallet V.Mallet 520 BM,MO); uebrada elo,R.E. WoodsonR.W. chery57 MO);vie.ofBajoMona& quebrada hiquero, . E. Woodson R.W.Schery93 (GH, MO); Bajo Mona,mouthfquebradaChiquero,longRoCaldera, .E. Woodson,. H. Alien R.J.Seibert 005 MO,NY).4. Urera glabriiisculaV. W. Steinm.,Acta Bot.Mex. 71: 22. 2005. TYPE: Mexico.Veracruz:Mpio.San Andrs uxtla,Volcn San Martn,1300m,2 Apr. 985,CedilloT.3175 (holotype,IEB!; isotype, EXU not een).

Localnames. K'anal ulzimtezMexico: .MndezG. 9054, BM).Habitat nd distribution.Montaneorest,ecidu-ous and evergreen forest,Liquidambar-TaxodiumRich,forest rom 00-2800m.El Salvador,Mexico(Chiapas,Oaxaca,Tabasco,Veracruz), uatemala.

Comments. Ureraglabriuscula is mostsimilar toU. lianoides n its glabrous r sparsely ubescentleaves that re entire rdiscretelyivided. he twospecies an bedistinguishedromach other asedonhabit, tem, tipule, taminate lower,nd achenemorphologys follows:1) forU.glabriuscula,hrubor small tree, eaf-bearingection of stemneverhollow, ith nternodesess than 0 mm; tipulepexminutelyorked; istillode .75mmdiam.;achenesurfaceverrucate;2) for U. lianoides,vine orscramblinghrub,eaf-bearingection f tem ollowat ca. 5-10 mmdiam. with nternodesreaterhan20 mm; tipule pexnotforked;istillode.375mmdiam.; chene urface mooth.

Selectedpecimensxamined.GUATEMALA. uezalte-nango: J.A. Steyermark4292 (F). MEXICO. Chiapas:Mpio.Maragritas,enejapa, oloniaMaravilla, . Mndez .9054 (BM, MEXU). Oaxaca: HectorM. Hernndez A.Chacn 487 (MO). Tabasco: Mpio. Teapa, en CerroMadrigal 500 m al E de Puyacatengo, niversidadAutnomahapingo, . M. Martnez., J. Colonico oto,A. M. Hanan-Alipi, . A. Hernndez, . Martinez N.Peregrino4699 BM,MEXU).Veracruz:A.Gentry,. Lott& UNAM ropicalotanylass32227 (BM,MO).5. UreraguanacastensisA. K. Monro Al.Rodr.,sp. nov.TYPE: CostaRica. Guanacaste: arqueNacionalGuanacaste, antn e Liberia, sta-cinCacao, 1055'45"N, 528'15"W,1100m,

3 June1990,R. Delgado24 (holotype,NB!;isotype,MO!). Figure1F-I.SpeciesnovaUrerae impliciWedd.similis, ed ab earamulis labris, oliis ngustioribusupra arcepubescenti-bus vel galbris ubtus omatiis raeditis,edicellis lorumstaminatorumreviorbustquefructuubro iffer.

Shrubto small tree,dioecious ?), mainstemsarching, -Am,notreleasingwhite atex,withoutspines;young hootsglabrous;nternodesf leaf-bearingections f tem -10 X ca. 2 mm, alegrey-brown, othollow,acking dark stainon thecutportion f the stem.Stipules5-12 mm,narrowlylanceolate,orked,parsely ubescent; etioles -90X ca. 0.5 mm, labrousosparsely ubescentowardleaf base, the hairs 0.25-0.375mm, tronglyp-pressed, traight;eaf blade 55-230 X 8-55 mm,narrowlyanceolate, lanceolate to oblanceolate,chartaceouso ubcoriaceous;daxial urfaceparselypubescentoglabrous,hehairsmost requentowardthe eafbase,hairs .375-0.5mm,weakly ppressed,straight;hecystolithsunctiform,nflated,enselyscattered; baxial surfaceglabrous; he cystolithspunctiformooblong,ccasionallyppearingnflated,scatteredndparallel o theveins;primaryeins3,primaryotertiaryndoccasionallyuarternaryeinsvisibleto the nakedeye,the ateralprimaryeinsfiner hanmidrib nd visiblefor1/3of eaf ength;domatia resentn the axilsofthesecondaryeins,composed fhairs;base obtuse;marginssymmetri-callydiscretelyrenate o serrate;pex pungentosubacuminate.eduncular racts -2 mm; racteoles0.25-0.5mm, taminatenflorescencesa. 15 perstem, eduncleunbranchedrom ase for -9 mm,pubescent,hehairs o0.25 mm, hewhole nflores-cence 5-40 mm, earinga. 110 flowersn a weaklyasymmetricalosymmetricalymewith or 5 ordersof dichotomousranching;he flowersubsessile,bornen clusters f5 to7; pistillatenflorescencesto21 per tem4 to 7 infruit),hepeduncle ranchedtobase orunbranchedt basefor -12 mm6-17 mmin fruit),parsely ubescent,hehairsca. 0.1 mm,erect,traight;hewholenflorescence-40 mm23-30 mm n fruit),onger han broad or as longasbroad), earing0 to 250 flowers59 to67 infruit)na symmetricalymewith or5 orders fdichotomousbranching,lowersedicellate,orne n clusters f3,rarely to 4, thepedicelssubsessileto 0.25 X0.175mm,glabrous. taminate lowers -1.25 X1.50-1.75mm mmediatelyrior o anthesis; epals4, ca. 2 mm; stamens and pistillodenot seen.Pistillate lowers .4-0.6 X 0.25-0.6mm, ateraltepals a. 0.4 X 0.25 mm, vate; orsal epal a. 0.4X 0.25 mm, ovate,the ventral epal ca. 0.4 X0.25 mm, vate; tigma enicillate,rect. ruit rior



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Volume96, Number2009 Monro& Rodrguez 277New Species and Synopsis of Urera

to nflation ftepalswith chene entirely bscuredbytepals,the aterals ca. 1.75 mm, he dorsal ca. 1 mm,the ventralca. 0.675 mm,achene 1-1.375 X 0.75-1.25 mm, lliptic, urface mooth, ruitwhenripewithtepals inflated nd berry-like, -1.25 X ca. 2 mm,red.

Habitat and distribution. Ureraguanacastensis sfound in montane and cloud forest,disturbedandundisturbed forest, at 820-1350 m, known onlyfromthe Cordillera de Guanacaste in the Cantnde Liberia, Guanacaste ConservationArea in CostaRica.IUCN Red List category. Conservation or Ureraguanacastensis s considered s Near Threatened NT)accordingto IUCN Red List criteria IUCN, 2001).This is based on an evaluation of the potentialdistribution f U. guanacastensis, the threat to itshabitat within hatarea, and the numberof existingrecords for the species. Extrapolatingfromthe 12collection localities of U. guanacastensis plottedonGoogle Earth, this species' potential distributioncovers an area of ca. 680 km2. All 12 records arefrom orest ocalities (Google Earth,2008; collection

label data) thatformpart of Costa Rica's protectedareas' network.Currently,a. 50% of the potentialdistributions deforestedGoogleEarth,2008) and norecords xistfrom eforestedocalities. We thereforeassume that ca. 50% of the originalpopulationhasbeen lost and that the futureof this species isdependent on the maintenance of Costa Rica'sProtectedAreas Network.Etymology. Ureraguanacastensis is named afterthe Guanacaste ConservationArea, whereall knownrecordsof thisspecies have been collected.Discussion. Ureraguanacastensis s characterizedby narrowlyanceolate, lanceolate, or oblanceolate,glabrousto sparselypubescent eaves thatfrequentlypossess domatiaon the abaxial surface omposedof acluster f hairs n the axilsof thesecondary eins,andbythered colorof the mature leshy ruitsnot uniquewithin hegenus). It is most ikelyto be confusedwithU. simplexWedd.,fromwhich tmaybe distinguishedby leaf width, pubescence, and the presence ofdomatia, as well as by the lengthof the staminatepedicels and color of the fruit s follows: 1) forU.guanacastensis, young stems glabrous; leaves 8-38 mmwide,adaxial surfacevery parselypubescentto glabrous, baxial surfacewithdomatia n the axilsof the secondaryveins; pedicels of staminate lowersless than0.5 mm;mature, leshy ruit ed; (2) for U.simplex,youngstems pubescent,frequently enselyso; leaves 37-210 mmwide, adaxial surfacepubes-cent, frequently ensely so, abaxial surface acking

domatia; pedicels of staminateflowersgreaterthan1 mm;mature, leshy ruit range.Paratypes.COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Cantn deLiberia, arqueNac.Guanacaste, ordillera eGuanacaste,EstacinCacao, senderoMaritza, ngulo88 (INB);EstacinCacao,bosquesprimarios orillasde bosque,W,E. Bello 2237 (INB);EstacinCacao,C. Chvez 5 (INB);ParqueNac. Rincn e La Vieja,Cordillera e Guanacaste,Estacin as Pailas,R.Espinoza 71 INB);Estacin acao,sendero casa de Fran, . Gamboa 5 (CR, NB);EstacinMengo, olcnCacao,sendero ntre stacin potreroosNaranjos,W, B. Hammel& E. Chavarra 7536 (BM);EstacinMengo,endero l Potrero,adosur,// NBio 183(BM, INB); EstacinCacao, cerroCacao, sendero CasaFran,W,A. Mora 7 (INB);Estacin acao,cerro acao,M.Moraga60 (INB); EstacinCacao, CerroCacao, W, F.Quesada275 (INB);Sector as Pailas,RoColorado, guasArriba,G. Rivera651 (INB); Cordillera e Guanacaste,sendero laguna antaMara,W,G. Rivera 152 INB).6. Urera killipiana Standl. & Steyerm., ieldiana,Bot. 24: 427. 1952. TYPE: Guatemala.Quetzal-tenango:Volcn Junil,1700 m,8 Aug. 1934, A.F. Skutch982 (holotype, !; isotype,GH!).

Local names. Chichicaste (Guatemala: P. C.Standley 76980, F), chichicaste comn (Guatemala:P. C. Standley4714,F), nigitaGuatemala: . C.Standley5549,F).Habitat and distribution. isturbed egetation,montaneorest,iversides,rom 00-3000m,Mexico(Hidalgo, Queretaro,Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas),Guatemala,ndEl Salvador.

Comments.Urerakillipiana s mostfrequentlydetermineds U. eggersii = U. simplex) r U.caracasana.Thesespeciescanbe distinguishedromeachother asedonvenation,tipulemorphology,ndstem ndumentums follows:1) forU. killipiana,youngtemsparsely ubescent,tipule pexforkedrnotforked,hesecondaryeins of the abaxial eafsurface ithoutomatiantheirxils, ertiaryenationof baxial eaf urfaceoticeablyaler han heamina;(2) forU.caracasana, oungtems ensely ubescent,stipule pexnotforked;hesecondaryeins of theabaxial eaf urfacerequentlyith omatiaflap-likeor tufts fhairs) n their xils,tertiaryenation fabaxial eaf urfacearker rof he ame olor one sthe amina; 3) forU. simplex, oungtems enselypubescent,tipulepexnot orked;he econdaryeinsoftheabaxial eaf surfacewithout omatian theiraxils, ertiaryenationf baxial eaf urface arkerrof he ame olor one s the amina.

Selected pecimensxamined.EL SALVADOR. SanSalvador: 5. Caldern 27 (GH,NY).GUATEMALA. anMarcos: San Marcos, incaArmenia,wyer 5338 (MO).MEXICO.Chiapas: Ocozocoautlae Espinosa, . B. Croat



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40599 MO).Hidalgo: Puerto bscuro earKm328onhwy.betw. antaAna& Chapulhuacn,acalaDistr., . E. Moore5049 BM).Oaxaca: B. Hammel M. Merello5457 MO).Queretaro:3^1 km l S de La Parada,Mpio.deJalpan, .Servin 57 (BM).Tabasco: C. L Gilly& E. Hernandez .320 (GH,MEXU).7. Urera laciniata Goudot. ex Wedd., Ann. Sci.Nat., Bot., sr. 4, 18: 203. 1854. TYPE:[Colombia]Nouvelle Grenade."Quindui" [Quin-dio?], La Bolsa, 1844, /. Goudot .n. (lectotype,designated by de Rooij [1975: 308], P#00281783!).Unicagirardinioideseem.,Bot.Voy.Herald 194. 1854.TYPE: Panama.1846-1849,B. Seemann 94 (lecto-type, esignatedyde Rooij 1975:308],BM!).

Both epithets,Urera laciniata and Urticagirardi-nioides,werepublished n 1854. According o Stafleuand Cowan (1988: 139), the probable month ofpublicationforWeddelFs publication s March,whilethat or eemann'spublicationsJulyStafleu& Cowan,1985: 476), thereby ivingpriorityo Urera aciniata.Local name. Pringamoza (Panama: J. A. Duke9266, MO).Habitat and distribution. Urera aciniata has beencollected from iverside crub and from ea level to1200 m. Its rangeextendsfromHonduras,Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,and Peru to Bolivia.Comments. The deeply obed laciniate leaves andlarge (2-2.5 mm) asymmetricalfruit are uniqueamongstMesoamerican Urera, and this species isunlikely o be confusedwith nyother.Selectedpecimensxamined.BOLIVIA.La Paz: Franztamayo, arqueNac.Madidi, endaAzariamas-an FerminsectorMutun, Ticona,A.ArajoM.,V.Torrez,. Perez,G.Jove A. Urbano 49 (BM,MO).COSTARICA.San Jos:A. F. Skutch266 (GH,MO,NY). HONDURAS.Gracias aDios: J. Saunders 204 (NY). NICARAGUA.Jinotega:CaoLitutus, ioBocay,W.D. Stevens,.H.Beach,J.Schal& 0. M. Montiel . 16650 (BM, MO). PANAMA, . loc:1846-1849, B. C. Seemann494 (BM). PERU. Junin:Cataract l Tirol,A. K.Monro, . T.PenningtonA. Daza3993 (BM,MOL).

8. Urera lianoides A. K. Monro& Al. Rodr., sp.nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Alajuela: San MiguelOeste, Naranjo, subiendo por ladera sur delCerroEsprituSantohasta bosque residual en elflanco noreste del mismo, 1005'20"N,8424'20"W, 1000-1200 m, 24 Nov. 1988, G.Herrera 2326 (holotype, NB!; isotypes, BM!,MO!). Figure2A-F.

SpeciesnovaUrerae labriusculae. W.Steinm.imilis,sed ab ea habituianiformi,arte oliiferaaulis5-10 mmn

diametroava, tipulis pice ntegrison urcatis,istillodiominoretque chenio aevidiffer.Vine, scrambling hrub,dioecious (?); main stemscane-like,to25 m,young hootspubescenttodenselypubescent, the hairs 0.25-1 mm, erect or weaklyappressed, weakly curved or crooked, occasionallystraight; ntemodes of leaf-bearing ections of stem21-84 X 3.5-10 mm, ed-brown,ccasionally yellow-green,hollowwhere 5-10 mmdiam., lackinga darkstain on the cut portionof the stem. Stipules 4-12 mm, narrowlyovate or lanceolate, not forked,sparsely pubescent to pubescent; petioles 11-90(-170) X 0.75-1.5 mm,sparsely pubescent to pu-bescent,the hairs0.125-1 mm, ppressed,occasion-ally erect, curved, occasionally crooked or straight;leaf blade 72-280 X 29-110 mm,narrowly vate,obovate,elliptic,or oblanceolate,always longerthanwide, chartaceous and occasionally bllate; adaxialsurface sparsely pubescent,the hairs 0.5-0.75 mm,appressed, weaklycurved or crooked; the cystolithspunctiform,blong or occasionally fusiform, cca-sionally nflated, andomlycattered nd occasionallyparallel to veins, rarely arrangedradially around ahairbase; abaxial surfacepubescent, he hairs 0.125-

0.5(1) mm, appressed or erect, weakly curved,occasionally straight; he cystolithsfusiform,cca-sionally oblong, parallel to the veins, occasionallyrandomly cattered;primary eins 3, occasionally 5,primaryoquinternaryeinsvisible to the naked eye,the ateralprimary eins visiblefor /2-2/3 f the eaflength; domatia not present in the axils of thesecondaryveins;base subcordate robtuse,occasion-ally cunate; marginsdentate,occasionally crenate-dentateor nearlyentire;apex cuspidate. Peduncularbracts 1.25-2 mm; bracteoles 0.25-0.5 mm. Stami-nate inflorescences 1 to 12 per stem, pedunclebranched to the base or unbranched from he basefor 4.5-9 mm, densely pubescent, the hairs to0.25 mm, he whole nflorescence 9-56 mm,bearing192 to384 flowers n an asymmetrical ymewith or5 orders ofdichotomousbranching;flowers orne inclustersof6 to12, sessile; pistillate nflorescences a.6 per stem,unbranchedbase ofpeduncle 7-13 mm,5-11 mm nfruit, enselypubescent, hehairs0.125-0.25 mm, rect, traight; he wholeinflorescence 2-40 mm (12-45 mm in fruit),broader than long,bearing112 to 448 flowers n an asymmetricalyme,with 4 to 6 orders of dichotomousbranching;theflowers borne in clusters of 3, pedicellate, thepedicels 0.5-0.675 X 0.125-0.25 mm, glabrous.Staminate flowers a. 1.25 X 1.25 mmimmediatelypriorto anthesis; tepals 4, 1-1.5 mm; stamens ca.1.75 mm; pistillode ca. 0.375 mm diam., glabrous.Pistillate flowers0.5-1 X 0.375-0.5 mm,white toyellow-green; ateral tepals 0.375-0.75 mm, asym-



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Volume96, Number Monro& Rodrguez 2792009 New Species and Synopsis of Urera

Figure 2. Urera ianoides A. K. Monro& Al. Rorir. A. Habit with taminate nflorescences. B. Clusterof staminaleflowers. C. Staminateflowert anthesis. D. Leaf ahaxial surfacewith ystoliths. E. Habit,withpistillate nflorescences.- F. Immature ruit.A-D: Johnson1600 |GH]; K, F: Shank & Molina R. 4405 [NY]).



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metrically vate, dorsal tepal 0.25-0.75 mm,ovate,with subapical dorsalthickening; entral epal0.25-0.75 mm, ovate, stigma penicillate. Fruit prior toinflation f tepals ca. 1.5 X 0.75 mm;basal 3/4 ofachene obscured by tepals, lateral tepals ca. 1 mm,dorsal tepals ca. 0.75 mm,ventral epals ca. 0.5 mm;achene 1.25-1.5 X 1-1.25 mm, asymmetricallyelliptic,keel-shaped, urface mooth. ruitwhenripe,with epals inflated nd berry-like .5-2.25 X 1.25-1.75 mm,orangewhen fresh.Habitat and distribution. The new species isfound n premontane,montane, nd cloud forest, ndisturbedand undisturbedforest, rom ea level to1300(1900-2500) m. Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Panama, Peru,andBolivia.IUCN Red List category. ConservationforUreralianoides mustbe consideredas Least Concern (LC)accordingto IUCN Red List criteria IUCN, 2001),owingto thefact thatthe species has been collected50 times n several ocalitiesacross Central nd SouthAmerica.Etymology. From the English "liana" or "vine,"

derived fromthe French, "lier," which, in turn, sderivedfrom he Latin"ligare" or "to tie,"referringothe liana-likehabit of thisspecies.Discussion. Urera ianoides is distinguished y itsscandent habit, hollow stems, sparse non-urticatinghairs,and orange,mature, leshy ruit.Materialof U.lianoides fromChiapas differs rom thercollectionsof this species in having densely pubescent youngstemand abaxial leaf surfaces,withveryshorthairs(0.5 mmorless). This species corresponds o "sp. A"in the treatmentf Urera n theFlora de Nicaragua

(Pool, 2001: 2495). Urera lianoides most closelyresembles U. glabriuscula with which it shares adistributionn Chiapas, Mexico. The twospecies canbe distinguished rom ach other s follows: 1) forU.lianoides, a vine or scrambling hrub,ca. 5-10 mmdiam., leaf-bearing tem section hollow,with inter-nodes greaterthan 20 mm; stipule apex not forked;pistillode0.375 mmdiam.;achene surface mooth; 2)for U. glabriuscula, a shrub or small tree, ca. 5-10 mmdiam., eaf-bearing tem sectionneverhollow,with internodes less than 20 mm; stipule apexminutelyforked;pistillode 0.75 mm diam.; achenesurfaceverrucate.

Paratypes.BOLIVIA. Beni: Provincia allivian, ilnLaja, 130km de San Borja,M. Moraes 70 (K). La Paz:Provincia orYungas, a. 2 km l S de Coreico, . G. Beck21926 (K); Santa F Tacana, al lado de la parcelapermanentee Santa F, G. Bourdy 746 (K). Tarija:Provincia rce, 08 kmdeTarijahaciaBermejo, . Ehrich494 (K). COSTARICA.Alajuela: Cantn e San Ramn,

Reserva Biologica Monteverde, ordillerade Tilarn,Refugio e Eladio,Valle del Ro PeasBlancas,E. Bello5181 (INB);La Palmade SanRamn, .M. Brenes 793 (F,NY); MataCartago, a Palmade San Ramn, .M. Brenes6308 (F, NY); quebradaAzul (San Carlos),A. M. Brenes23063 NY);Guatuso, arqueNac. VolcnTenorio,l Piln,colectadoen bosque primario orillas de senderoLosMisterioselTenorio,.L Chvez 74 (INB);Cantn e LosChiles,Refugio atural e Vida Silvestre aoNegro, oFro, incaBetel,K. Flores M. Flores 30 (INB);ReservaBiolgicaMonteverde,o Peas Blancas,Finca WilsonSalazar, ertientetlntica,W.Haber& E. Bello7403 INB,MO); ReservaMonteverde,oco Sol 13 kmS Fortuna,W.Haber& W.Zuchowski377 (BM, NB);pala,Bijagua, lPiln, abecera el RoCeleste,G.Herrera 293 BM, NB);N side ofVolcnArenal, . W.Lent 922 (F); pala,ZonaProtectora iravalles, kmWofBijagua, idgesboveRoZapote,D. S. Penneys W.Haber710 (INB);ParqueNac.Rincn e La Vieja,Colonia a Libertad,incaJulio oto,G.Rivera1485 (INB); ColoniaBlanca,Finca Ro Negro,G.Rivera 563 (INB); San Carlos, arqueNac. Arenal, erroChato, endero ue llevaa la Laguna,A. Rodrguez, . H.Ramrez, G. de La 0 & G. Soto 6254 (INB); ColegioAgropecuario,anta Clara,Cantnde San Carlos,A. S.Weston,D. F. Weston& J. Weston3104 (MO). Cartago:Cantnde Turrialba,Valle del Reventazn, arolina,Moravia e Chirrip,. Campos176 (INB); 1/2km S ofChitara,near rd. #CR233, R. W. Lent 237 (NY).Guanacaste: Cantn e Tilarn, ordillerae Tilarn, -2 kmW ofLagode Cote,13 kmN ofTilarn, ontinentaldivideon SE, slope of VolcnTenorio,W. Haber & W.Zuchowski1624 (INB).Heredia: L. R. Holdridge'sincaLa Selva,Ro Puerto iejoatquebrada l Sura& quebradaEl Salto, a. 1 mi.above et.RoSarapiqui,G. B. Rossbach3690 (GH);roadside ank bout 5 kmNE ofAlajuela,R.J.Taylor 536 (NY). Limn: Level areasbetw. iquerresRioPacuare, teephills of herailroadridgever heRioPacuare, W. C. Burger& R. L Liesner6952 (NY); borde delagoDabagri astaRoLiei,L D. Gmezt al. 23129 (BM);Costado estede lagoDabagri astaRoLiei,L D. Gmeztal. 23172 BM);vecino l puenteobre l Ro ToroAmarillo,5.5km al SO de Gupiles,A. JimenezM. 1067 (F);pantanosos-yolillosose Suerrey Dos Bocas,drenajesdelos RosParisminaReventazn,. J.Shank& A. MolinaR.4265 GH); pantanosos-yolillososeGoldengrove,renaje eRo Reventazn,. /. Shank & A. MolinaR. 4405 (F).Puntarenas:Canton e Osa,Refugio orestal olfo ulce,Pennsula eOsa,LosMogos, ahaChai, ntrada hocuaco,R Aguilar 591 (INB);foothillsfCordillerae Talamanca,justN ofSantaElena onFila Cotn, ofAguaCaliente, .Davidse, G. HerreraCh. & M. H. Grayum 8277 (BM); Osa,Ballena, ntrandoorPuertecito,asta l Cerro scalera,J.Gonzlez C. Aragn 327 (INB); Cantn e CotoBrus,Parque nternacionala Amistad,ordillerae Talamanca,EstacinPittier,Agua Caliente,E. Navarro 11 (INB);cantnde Osa, Pennsulade Osa, RanchoQuemado, .Quesada 167 (INB); deep forest earairport, mi.W ofRincnde Osa, Osa Pennsula, . H. Raven 1623 (MO);Canton e Osa,Refugio orestal olfo ulce,Pennsula eOsa,RanchoQuemado, ilaGuerra, incn,inca elGrupode Conservacin, . Segura4 (INB); ReservaBiolgicaMonteverde,ordilleraeTilarn, anLuis de Monteverde,bosques n a cuencadelRoSanLuis,K. Taylor18 INB);Rincn e Osa, areaN of irport,. Utley K. Utley 173(F). San Jos: Cantonde Prez Zeledn,Cordillera eTalamanca, as Nubes, antaElena,E. Alfaro29 (INB);Wpartof montaas amaica, a. 3 km NE of Bijagualde



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Volume96, Number Monro& Rodrguez 2812009 New Species and Synopsis ofUrera

Turrubares,arara eserve, . H. Grayumt al. 5878 (BM);Zona Protectoraa Cangreja,Mastatal e Puriscal, . F.Morales 27 INB);Acosta, olorado,ila SanJernimo,oColorado, . F. Morales 383 (INB);Acosta,Aserr, guaBuena, abecerasQuebrada aja,J.F. Morales t al. 9937(INB);vie. ofEl General, . F. Skutch863 (GH,MO,NY).GUATEMALA. eten: Dolores, a. 100 m del cementano,lado N,R. Tun 0. 1323 (BM, F). Suchite equez: FincaMoca,A. F. Skutch 479 (GH). HONDURAS.Atlantida:Vic. of La Ceiba, bankof Dantoriver, lopesof MountCangrejal, . G.Yuncker,.M.Koepper K. A.Wagner454(GH, MO,NY). Corts: Aldea de Corinto alrededoresfronteraonGuatemala,5 km al 0 de Puerto orts, .Nelson, . Vargas,M. Erazo,M. Garca& M. Sierra 926A(BM, MO).Olancho: Vaguadadel Rode la poblacin eCulmi,C. Nelson & E. Romero 738 (MO). MEXICO.Chiapas: 2-4 km below xhuatnlongrd. toPichucalco,Muni, fSolosuchiapa, . E. Breedlove 9906 (MO); longgravelrd. betw.Palenque& Bonampak, 0 mi. SE ofPalenque, .B. Croat 0192 MEXU,MO); alonggravel d.betw. alenque& Bonampak,8-90 mi.SE ofPalenque,T.B. Croat 0230 MO); long wy. 95,betw. hiapa e Corzo& Pichucalco,a. 6 mi.NWofPuebloNuevo olistahuacn,alongmiradorverlookingaribbean lope,Selva Negralookout oint ttrail oColoniaPinabeto,ie.Km99, T.B.Croat D. P. Hannon 5180 MO);Crucero orozal,aminoPalenque- oca Lacantum, pio.Ococingo, . Martnez.15439 (BM);a 14 km l NW de Crucero orozal obre lcaminoPalenque-Boca Lacantum,Mpio. Ococingo,E.Martnez . 16642 (BM). Veracruz: camino Bastonal-Tebanca,Mpio.Catemaco, . Cedillo . 3439 BM);EstacinBiolgica osTuxtlas, . Hammel,M. Merello S. Sinaca15492 (MO). NICARAGUA. hontales: On ridge opofCordilleramerisque,.Gentry, .D. Stevens,.Grijalva .& P. P. Moreno3950 MO).Granada: VolcnMombacho,HaciendaUPE-Pancasnantesdel crter), . Grijalva, .Vanegas& R. M. Rueda 2924 (BM); NE del VolcnMombacho,nel emplame e los caminos Sta. sabelyaCutirre, . Moreno 602 (BM, MO); VolcnMombacho,subiendo or a Finca Las Delicias,1.5kmde la hacienda,P. P. Moreno103 (MO);NWslopesofVolcnMombacho,10km ofGranada,M.Nee& J.Miller 7693 MO);NWdeVolcnMombacho,afetales e Finca Cutirre camino uellevaS del volcn,J. C. Sandino1273 (BM,MO). Zelaya[ReginAutnoma elAtlntico ur]: along he d.betw.NuevaGuinea& Verdun, .5. Miller J.C. Sandino 094(MO);Monkeyoint, ao lPato, .5km obrea ribera elCao,P. P. Moreno 2397 MO).PANAMA,. loc.: 5. Hayes683 (K); Canalarea,vie.ofMadden am,P. H. Allen 008(F, NY); Barro oloradosland, . Aviles 06 (F); rd.S-ll,NWofEscobal,T. B. Croat 2466 BM,NY);rd. longRoPia-RoMediadivide,NWpart fCanalZone areaW ofLimon ay,Gatun ocks& Gatun ake), .M.Johnston600(GH);rd. longW sideofGatunake,NWpart fCanalZone(areaW of Limn ay,Gatun ocks& Gatun ake),/.M.Johnston706 (GH); 12 mi.S ofColn, . L Tysont al.4478 (GH). Bocas del Toro: RidgeN of CampamentoLuchio,A. K. Monro E. Alfaro506 (BM, NB, MEXU,MO, PMA); Ro Cricamola,betw. Finca St. Louis &Konkinto, . E. Woodson,. H. Allen& R. J. Seibert1923 (GH, NY); 10-15mi. inland S frommouthofChanguinolaiver,W.H Lewis, .D. Dwyer, . S. Elias &K. R. Robertson67 (GH, K, UC, US). Chiriqui: BajoChorro, oqueteDistr.,M. E. Davidson 49 (MO).Cod:FoothillsfCerro iln, earEl Valle,J.Duke& M.Correa14670(1) (MO); El Vallefromotato armbovevillage oCerro ilon, .Dwyer M.Correa 923 BM).Coln: From

Portobelo wy. o 4 kmup Rio Guanche, . Knapp1016(BM);RoGuache, .J.Sytsma617 BM).Darin: ParqueNac. Darin, errana e Sapo, mite el Parquehasta acima,H. Herrera J.Polanco795 BM).Panam: Piriat,of Pan-Americanwy.,C. Hamilton 58 (BM). PERU.Madre de Dios: ParqueNac. delManu,RioManu,CochaCashuStation, .Terborgh R. B. Foster 488 (K).9. Urera simplex Wedd., Prodr. (DC.) 16(1): 90.1869. TYPE. Colombia.Cundinamarca: ad saltode Tequendama," Mar. 1856, Triara .n. (holo-type,P 00281785!).Ureraggersii ieron., ot.Jahrb.yst. 0: 3. 1895. TYPE:

Ecuador. ichincha: 0 kmW of antoDomingoe losColorados,000ft., 5 Nov.1961,P. C. D. Cazalet&T. D. Pennington150 (neotype,esignatedere,K!;isotypes, not een,NY not een).Urera zedowskii. W.Steinm.,ctaBot.Mex. 1:37. 2005.TYPE: Mexico.Veracruz:Mpio.San Andrs uxtla,8 km l N de San Andrs uxtla, agunaEncantada,1828'N,9510'W,350 m,4 Apr.1981,J. . Calzada8105 holotype,EB not een; sotype,NCB not een).Urera uerckheimiionn.Sm.,Bot.Gaz. 23(1): 14. 1897.TYPE: Guatemala. ltaVerapaz: ansamal, 160m,May1887,H. von Tuerckheim243 (holotype,S notseen; sotype, Y!).A neotypewas selected for Ureraeggersiibecausethetype ollection itedbyHieronymus,ggers14466(B), was destroyedn enemy ctionduringWorld WarII and only photographs f the holotypecould belocated F, MO). The neotypewas selected on the basisthat t includesgood leaf and fertilematerial nd wasfrom he same countrys theholotype.Local names. Bilsimtezla (Mexico: A. Mndez T.6738, BM), chenek'mutMexico:A. MndezT. 4863,BM), chichicaste (Guatemala: P. C. Standley68232,

F; Mexico: M. Heath & A. Long MA 44, BM),chichicaste huevo de cangrejo (El Salvador: E.Sandoval & H. Rivera 1252, MO), sakil zulsimtezlaa (Mexico: A. Mndez T. 6238, BM), tzotznizzulsimtez A.Mndez T. 9066, BM), zulsimtezla Mexico:A. Mndez T. 7022, BM).Habitat and distribution. Disturbed and undis-turbedforest, loud forest,nd humid crub fromealevel to 2500 m. Mexico (Chiapas, Tabasco, Vera-cruz), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador,Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,Ecuador,

Peru,Bolivia, Brazil.Comments. Materialof thisspecies has frequentlybeen determinednd referred o Flora ofGuatemala,Flora deNicaragua, and Flora Costaricensis)s Ureraelata, U. eggersii, r U. tuerckheimii.xamination ftypematerial fthesespecies indicatesthatU. elata isa species endemic to Jamaica,while U. eggersii ndU. tuerckheimiire conspecificwithU. simplex.Pool



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(2001) indicatesU. tuerckheimii= U. simplex)maycorrespondo U. aurantiacaWedd. from outhAmerica Argentina, olivia, Paraguay);however,comparisonf theholotypesuggests hatthe twospecies redistinct,ith . aurantica haracterizedyovate rcordiformeaves ndrelativelyhortistillateinflorescencesnd knownnlyfrom outhAmerica(Argentina,olivia, Brazil, and Paraguay). omecollectionsfU.simplexrom ostaRicaandPanama,e.g., Kennedy939 (GH) and Folsomy Page 5984(PMA),are unusual n the possession f narrowlyoblanceolate ubescenteaves,while ome materialfrom hiapas (Purpus7039, NY) is characterizedby denselypubescenteaves. Urera implexmostclosely esembles . elata. The two peciescan bedistinguishedrom ach otherbased on petiolemorphologynd nflorescenceeduncleize sfollows:(1) for U. simplex, etiole lackingsmall spines;staminatelowers-parted,ccasionally-parted;2)for U. elata, petiolewith mall spines;staminateflowers-parted.

Selected pecimensxamined.BELIZE. Stann Creek:Middlesex,W.A.Schipp00 BM,F, GH,NY).BOLIVIA.LaPaz: N Yungas,valle de Huarinillas, stacinBiolgicaTunquini,. G. Beck 4612 K, LPB).BRAZIL.Amazonas:E. Ule5465 (K). COLOMBIA. utumayo:Umbra, .Klug1741 (K). COSTA RICA. Puntarenas:Canton e GolfitoDos Brazos eRoTigre, imnez,rilla eQuebrada izote,G. Cordero5 BM, NB,MO).ECUADOR.Pichincha:P. C.D. Cazalet& T. D. Pennington073 (K). EL SALVADOR.Ahuachapn:FincaL'Esperanza, ujutla, . K. Monro t l.2997 (BM, ITIC, LAGU,MO). HONDURAS. Olancho:Catacamas,Ro Catacamas, lope ofSierrade Agalto, .Blackmore G. L A.Heath 916 BM).MEXICO.Chiapas:Finca Mexiquito, . A. Purpus7039 (BM, F, MO, NY).NICARAGUA.Matagalpa:Macizo e PeasBlancas, incaSanSebastian, . TllezV.,R. Riviere,W.D. Stevens,. M.Montiel .,M. Guzmn D. Castro 181 (BM, MEXU).PANAMA. omarca de San Blas: UdirbiReserve, longpark oundary,.F. McDonaght l 257 (BM,MO).PERU.Huanuco: Vic. ofTingoMara liffsboveRoMonzn, .E. Mathias& D. Taylor 343 (K).10. Ureraverrucosa Liebm.)V.W.Steinm., ctaBot. Mex. 71: 39. 2005. Basionym:Unicaverrucosa iebm., Kongel. Danske Vidensk.Selsk.Skr.,Naturvidensk.ath.Afd., er.5, 2:295. 1851. Urera caracasana var. tomentosa(Wedd.)Wedd., rodr. 6: 90. 1869,nom.lleg.,

superfl.TYPE: Costa Rica. Cartago: rasu,Oersted4284 holotype,!).Localnames. ChichicasteMexico: . Kerber33,BM).Habitat nd distribution.Montane orest,hadecoffeearms,inus-Quercus-Liquidambarorest,rom500-2800 m. Mexico (Chiapas,Veracruz),Guate-

mala,Honduras, l Salvador, ostaRica, Panama,Peru, nd Bolivia.Comments. Ureraverrucosamost loselyresemblesU. aracasana.he wopecies anbedistinguishedromeach other ased on leaftexturend inflorescencepeduncle ize as follows:1) forU. verrucosa,eavesbllate;taminateedunclenbranchedt basefor 0-80 mm,denselypubescent; istillate eduncleun-branchedt basefor 7-98mm;2) forU.caracasana,leaves hartaceous;taminateeduncleranchedobaseorunbranchedt base for -13mm; istillateedunclebranchedobase orunbranchedt basefor -20mm.

Selected pecimensxamined.BOLIVIA. La Paz: M.Lewis 82155 (K). COSTA RICA. Cartago: N ofCartago,RoReventada,.Khan,M. Tebbs A.R. Vickery59 BM).EL SALVADOR.Ahuachapn:Lagode Ninfas, ordilleraGrande e Apaneca,NW ofJuayua, .Davidse, . Sidwell,A. Monro,M. A. Renderos C. Cortez 7383 (BM, ITIC,LAGU,MO).GUATEMALA. himaitenango: nhwy. Abetw. urnoffoPatzm Solla,14.8 mi.NNW f urnoffoPatzm,3.5 mi. SE of urnoffo olla,T.B. Croat D. P.Hannen 4732 BM,MO).MEXICO.Veracruz:Orizaba,M.Botteri88 (BM).PANAMA. hiriqui:3 kmNW ofCerroPunta, longdirt d.on rte. o Las Nubes, . Hammel 363(BM,MO,NY).PERU.San Martin:T.D. PenningtonA.Daza 16676 K,MOL).LiteratureitedBadilla,B.,G.Mora,A.J.Lapa& J.A. SilvaE. 1999. Anti-inflammatoryctivityfUrera acciferaUrticaceae)nSprague-Dawleyats.Revista iol.Trop. 7: 365-371.Britton,. L. & P. Wilson. 924.BotanyfPorto ico andtheVirginslands. ci. Surv. orto ico& Virginslands5: 243.Burger,W. 1977. Urera.n Flora Costaricensis.ieldiana,Bot.40: 276-280.Davidse,G.,M. S. Sousa& A. 0. Chater. 994. ntroduccin

general. p. xiii-xiv nG. Davidse,M. S. Sousa & A. 0.Chater editors),Flora Mesoamericana, ol.6, Alis-mataceae Cyperaceae. niversidad acionalAutnomade Mexico,MexicoD. F.; Missouri otanicalGarden,t.Louis;The Natural istory useum,ondon.deRooij,M.J.M. 1975. Urera. p.301-309 nJ.LanjouwA. L. Stofferseditors),lora fSuriname,ol.5(1).E. J.Brill, eiden.Field Museum of NaturalHistory. 006. The BotanyCollectionsDatabase. Department f Botany,FieldMuseum f NaturalHistory, hicago. , accessed Septem-ber2008.Friis,. 1989.The Urticaceae: systematiceview.p.285-308 in P. R. Crane & S. Blackmoreeditors), volu-tion,Systematics,nd Fossil History f the Hamame-lidae, Vol. 2. Systematics ssociation pecial Volume40B. Oxford ciencePublications, xford, nitedKing-dom.Gaudichaud-Beaupr,. 1830. Urera.Pp. ^96-497/inVoyage autourdu Monde, entrepris ar ordreduroi,. excut ur les corvettese S.M. VUraie t laPhysicienne.par M. Louis de Freycinet. otanique.Pp.496-^97 Pillet-ain,aris.



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Gonzales, .C. 1994.BotnicaMedicinal opular, tnobo-tnica Medicinalde El Salvador.Jardn otnicoLaLaguna, uscatln, l Salvador.Google arth. 008.,ccessed12April 008.Gunchez,.J.1999.Plantas maznicase uso medicinalmgico.FundacinPolar,Servicio Autnomo ara elDesarrollo mbientalelAmazonas,aracas.House, . R.,S. Lagos-Witte,. Ochoa,C.Torres,.Meja&M. Rivas. 1995. Plantas Medicinales ComunesdeHonduras. itografapez, S. de R. L. UniversidadNacionalAutnomaeHonduras/ComitnternacionaleMedicina aturalnHonduras/Cooperacinnternacionalpara el DesarrolloProgramae Cooperacin cnicaBritnican Honduras)/DeutscheessellshaftrTech-nische usammenaerbeit,egucigalpa.Internationallant Names ndex.2008. , accessed19June 008.IUCN.2001. UCN RedListCategoriesndCriteria,ersion3.1. Prepared ythe UCNSpeciesSurvival ommission.IUCN, Gland, Switzerland,nd Cambridge,UnitedKingdom.Janzen,. H. & W. Hallwachs. aterpillarood lants f heArea de Conservacin uanacaste, orthwesternostaRica.


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Davidson, . 7202 9);Davidson, . E. 349 (3),484 (9),487(10);Deam,C. C. 85 (1);Delgado,R.24 (5),76 9); Delprete,P. 5150 9);Dbbeler,. 5162 3); Douglas,W.& Krukoff,.A.3522 (2),4001 (2); Dryer, .J.179 (3),233 (3),234 (3),7646 10);Duke,J.A. 9020 10),9266 7),77844 9),72008(7);Dunlap,V.C. 174 2),247 (9);Dunn, . et l. 23234 2);Dwyer,.D. 2414 2),2895 9),75338 5),15365 2);Dwyer,J.D. & Correa,M. 7923 8), 14670 1) (8); Dwyer, .D. &Correa .,M D. 7503 10),7964 9);Dwyer,.D. et l. 4837(9).Ebinger, .E. 812 (9), 967 (2); Echevarra , J.A. 207(10), C. 268 (cf.2); Edwards, . B. 107 (1), P-707 (1);Espinoza, . 771 5).Fernndez,. & Acosta-Zamudio,. 2204 (4); Flores, .& Flores,M. 130 8);Folsom, .P. 5932 1);Folsom, .P. etal. 2240 3),5577 9);Fonseca .,A.79 2),773 9); Fosberg,F. R. 27335 (7); Frankie, . W.79c 2), 738c 9).Gamboa, . 45 (5), Garcia,A. R. & Martinez,. 47 (1);Garwood,. C. et l 386 (3),7734 1),2728 (9); Gaumer, .F. 501 1),936 1);Gentle,. H. 2118 9),2787 1),2808 9),2879 (9); Gentry,. 2043 (3), 6246 (9),6648 (1), 7897 9),8427 (9); Gentry,. etal. 43950 (8),43976 (9), 79328 9);Gi//r,. L & Hernandez.,E. 320 (5); Gmez 5535 (3),8078 3);Gome*. 2207 9),27040 9),23729 8),23772 8);Gonzlez, . & Aragn, . 2327 (8); Grayum, . H. & R.Evans 866 9); Grayum,. H. 7237 cf. ); Grayum,. H. etal 5878 (8); Grijalva, .& Burgos, . 1547 9); Grijalva, .1916 2); Grijalva, . et l 2906 (2),2924 (8); Guadalupe .,S. & Lessette., F. 33 (2).Haber,W. xBello, . 6403 1);Haber,W.& E. Bello7403(8);Haber,W.& Zuchowski, .9293 9),9294 2),9377 8),10889 10),10907 9);Haber,W. t l. 11279 9),77296 cf.2); Hall,J. S. & Bockus, . M. 7564 (2); Hamilton, . &Stockwell, 3537 (9); Hamilton,. 558 (8); Hammel, . &Chavarra,. 17536 5); Hammel, . 1363 (10),7578 10),2749 (2),2676 (9),3076 (10),4769 (9); Hammel, . et al6840 9);Hampshire,.J.& Whitefoord,. 125 9),733 1),203 (3),274 (3); Hampshire,.J.et l. 632 (9);Hancock,W.s.n. 678139) 10);Harmon,W.E. & Dwyer, .D. 3384 (9);Hatch,W.R. & Wilson,. L s.n. 864375) 9); Hatheway, .H. 1354 10);Hawkes, .G. etal. 2150 (9); Hawkins,. 983(9), 7779 (1), 7732 (2); Hayes, . 84 (1), 86 (1), 750 (9);Heath,M. & Long,A. MA44 9),MA53 9);Henrich,.E. &Stevens, .D. 345 (2); Hensold, . 1008 (9);Herrera, .,C.354 (9),360 (1),7293 8),2326 (8),Herrera, .,C. et l. 542(3),2926 2);Herrera,. & Guillen,. 627 9);Herrera,. &Polanco, .795 8);Herrera,. 916 (9);Heyde, . T. & Lux,D. 4067 (10);Holm, . W.& Iltis,H. H. 124 2);Howard, .etal 460 (2); Huft,M. 1933 9).IbezG.,A.30 (9); II INBio183 (5).Jimnez ., A. 1067 (8), 2275 (2); Jimnez ., A. &Rodriguez,. 323 (3);Jimenez,. & Elizondo, H. 746 9);Jimenez,. 876 (9); Johnston,. M. 1600 (8), 7706 (8);Johnston,.R. 1279 (10).Kellerman, .A. 6553 10);Kennedy,. 1939 9);Kernan,C. 430 (9); Khan,R. et al. 915 (1), 959 (10), 7378 (3);Kirkbrider.,J.H. 47 (10),752 (2); Kirkbrider.,J.H. &Duke, .A. 770 3);Knapp,. 1016 8),7435 9); Knapp, . &Mallet, .9169 2);Knapp, . & Monro, .K.9255 9);Knees,S. G. 2706 (9).Lao, E. A. & Gentry,. 450 (9); Lems,K. 640913 (9);Lemus, . s.n. WB-1178' 2),s.n. WB-1217'2); Lent, . W.228 (2),237 (8),806 (2),2067 (9),2500 (3),2605 (10),2922(8),3648 9),3803 (3); Len, .796 9),939 9);Lewis, . B.265 (1);Lewis,W.H. et l 867 (8),947 1),2087 (9);Liesner,R.L& Lockwood,.2443 (1); Liesner, .L 1706 9),7733(1), 7929 9),3038 (2),3727 (9); Liesner, . L. et al 15437

(9),26275 (1); Livingston8 (9); Llodge, . W. .n. 13July1936) 2);Lobo, . 661 3);Long, . E. 130 1);Lundell, . L.6475 (2); Luteyn,.L & Kennedy,. 4149 (10).Maas,P. J.M. 2736 1); MacDougal, .M. et l 3217(9);MacDougall, . s.n.11 Dec. 1952' 10),s.n. 28 Apr. 964'(1);Martnez., E. M. 8491 (1),8492 (8), 15439 8),16642(8), 20777 (2); Martnez., E. M. & Tllez, . 12839 (9);Martnez., E. M. et al. 1755 (2), 20684 (9), 34699 (4),34824 cf. );Martnez,. 31 (9),s.n. ISF225) 2);Matuda,E. 115 (9),3699 (4),3956 (10),4772 (9),5097 (10),15347(9), 15409 2), 15547 5), 76687 9), 16825 2), 17637 1);Maxon,W.R. 7123 2);McDonagh,.F. et l 257 9),550 9aft), 05 9),609 9aff.); cGillivary,. 11 1);McPherson,.15962 9); MndezG.,A. 8945 (2), 9054 (4); Mndez .,A.4863 (9), 6238 (9), 6738 (9), 7022 (9), 7267 (4), 9066 (9);Miller, . S. 2001 (1);Miller, .S. & Sandino, .C. 1094 8),7743 2);MolinaR.,A.868 (1),3782 (9),5520 9),6928 9),10875 2),12900 2),75557 9),27969 cf. );MolinaR.,A. &MolinaR.,A.24719 2),26673 2),30730 2);MolinaR.,A.&Montalvo,. 21603 (10); MolinaR.,A. et al 16046 (10),Monro, . K. 671 1);Monro, . K.& Alfaro,. 4241 2),4346(2),4407 8),4425 2), 8);Monro, . K. et l. 2997 9),3076(1),3520 (3),3679 (1), 3685 (1); Montalvo,. A. 3850 (2);Mora,G.37 (5),543 3),643 3);Moraga,M. 60 (5);Moraks,J.F. 799 10),727 8),5866 3),7383 8);Mora/es,.F. et l.9937 8);Moreno,. P. 167 1),238 (1),437 2),473 2),544(2),978 2),7437 9),7503 2),2602 (8),2689 (2),2775 (9),2858 2),2925 2),3366 9),4095 2),4703 8),6280 9),6327(9),8009 1),8748 1),8377 1),10584 2),70707 2),77047(2), 77707 2), 12397 8), 13525 2), 15976 1), 76468 2),16482 2),76525 2),76972 2),17047 2),77727 2),17265(9), 77297 9), 77873 (2), 78747 9), 19006 9), 19078 9),79765 9),19582 2),79827 2),27469 2),22093 9),24724(1),24263 2);Moreno,. P. & Henrich,.8410 2),8883 1);More/io,. P. & Sandino, .C. 14901 cf. ).Navarro,. 211 (8); Nee,M. & Miller, .27693 (8); Ne,M. & Vega, . 27906 2);Neill, . A. N198 2),825 (2),7907(9), 7967 (1), 7972 (9), 3752 (2), 4758 (9); Neill,D. A. &Viricela, . C. 3243a (1), 3593 (2), 3589 (1), 7477 (9);Nelson, . & Romero,. 4735 (2),4738 (8); Nelson, . 5200(9);Nelson, . et l 2926A 8),3535 (2),3955 2);Nilson, .& Manfredi,. 392 (3).Oersted, . 15112 (7), 21740 (10); 0/>/er,. A. 179 (2);Ortiz, . J.989 (4).PecA;, . E. 504 (1), PecA; 68 (9); Penate,V. et al 1307(2); Pennell,M. et l. 58 (10);Penneys,. S. 19 (3);Penneys,D. S. & Haber,W. 710 (8); Pipoly, . J.3731 (1), 5036 (1);Pittier,. 2939 (9),3804 2),3899 2);PoiN^a, J.306 (3),7707 9),7759 7);Purpus, .A.7039 9),7354 9),7356 9).Quesada,A. 1161 3); Quesada,F. 167 (8),275 (5).amirez, 794 (9); Ramos ., G. & Cowan, . 2685 (9);Ramos ., G. et al. 2859 (4); Raven, . H. 20901(9),21623(8); Renderos, . A. 494 (2); Renson, . 204 (1), 279 (1);Ttoera,G. 258 (3), 259 (3), 432 (cf. 3), 657 (5), 7752 (5),7485 (8), 7563 (8); Robles, . 1119 (1), 7762 (9),2097 (9);Robleto,W.153 2),935 cf. [cf. ]),992 cf. [close o1]);oc/ia, . 6 (2); Rodrguez,. et al. 6254 (8); 7?oe, . et al.731 (4),898 (4), 7259 (2); %as, S. & Rojas,L M. 84 (9);Rosales, .M. 840 2),7338 2),7427 2),7496 2);Rossbach,G.B. 3690 (8),3874 (4).Snchez, . 10 (2); Sandino, .C. 124 2),220 (9),237 (2),570 (1), 7273 (8), 7297 (2), 7369 (9), 7749 (1), 2035 (9),2060 (2), 2543 (1), 2736 (1), 3307 (8), 3384 (2), 3400 (9);Sandino,J. C. et al 3569A (9); Sandoval,E. 1854 (2);Sandoval, . & Chinchilla,. 504 2),7782 2);Sandoval, .& Rivera, . 1252 9);Sandoval, . & Sandoval,M. 1373 9);Saunders, .1204 7); Schipp,W.A. 400 (9),8777 1);Schott,



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A. 796 1), 796a (1); Schubert,. G. & Rogerson,. L 846(9); Seemann, . C. 146 (9),494 (7),495 (1); Segura,M. 4(8);Seibert,.J.608 2); Seymour,. C. 3101 (9); Shank, .J.& MolinaR.,A. 4265 (8),4405 (8); ShilomT.,A. 2579(10),2582 4),2585 5),4173 4);Sidwell, . et i 435 (10),585 2);Skutch,. F. 966 9),982 5),1479 8),2863 8),3565(3),3602 3),3750 9),4266 7),4842 9);5m/i,I.A397 10),4439 (9),A597 9),H408 (9),7/4779),P1988 (9), 700 (3),158 9),1082 9),7256 9),7487 9),2788 9);Snut, .E. &Smith, . M. 3380 9);Solano,J.23 (9), 77 3);So/is, . 187(1); So2a,D. & Moreno,. 76 (2); Soza,D. etal 265 (2);Standley,. C. 8354 (2), 70772 2), 77200 (9), 77202 (1),20526 1),27880 1),22344 1),22394 1),22764 2),23982(1), 24774 (2), 30536 (1), 4736 (1), 52857 (2), 52978 (9),53265 1),54057 9),60769 10),64714 5),67884 5),68232(9), 75549 5), 75779 1), 76507 10), 76980 5), 78294 2),79579 1), 79832 10),87009 (10),82128 (10),84677 (4),86272 5),90675 9),91395 9);Steggerda, . 37 (5);Semw,IT.D. eal. 16650 7),76979 2),25612 1);Seve/w,T.& &Krukoff,. A. 4744 2),6428 9),6607 1),8696 2),8700 1),9284 2),9623 2),72473 1),12993 1),22708 9);Severoon,N. S. 109 (1); Steyermark,.A. 29936 9),33332 4),33421(9),33545 9),34292 4),36257 5),36677 10),36619 (4),37409 4),37516 5),38770 1),46672 4),47937 9),48785(9), 48959 (5),49249 (9), 57708 (5); Stocker,. L 21 (1);Stork, . E. 1753 9),2673 (2); S^ma, /CJ.et al. 1617 8),7697 9),4982 cf. ).Tate,R. 395 (315) 1); Taylor, .& Taylor, . 11575 9),77672 9); Taylor, . 118 (8); Taylor, .J.4536 (8); Tllez,0. et l. 5181 9),7477 4),7827 9); Tllez, . & Pankhurst,

R. 7277 9);Terry,. E. & Terry,. A.1403 7);Todzia, . etal. 2013 (9); Tomlin,. 10 (2); Tonduz, . 7167 2), 77770(10); Tucker,.M. 965 (1); TnO.,R. R. 383 (1), 7080 (9),7323 (8),2689 (9); Tyson,. L 882 (9), 7747 2),6869 (cf.9); Tyson,. L etal. 4478 (8).Utley, .& Utley, . 635 (2),7773 8),2379 (3),2352 (3),2477 (9),2892 (2), 5344 (2).Valerio,M. 1014 (10); van derWerff,. & Herrera, .6187 (9); vanSeveren, . L 113 (2); Vanderveen,. D. 605(9); Vargas, . et al. 392 (9); Vaughan, . et al. 605 (9);Vega,S. & Quezada,B. 167 (2); Ventur,. 289 (5) (9);Ventura ., F. 20686 (4), 20944 (cf. 4); Ventura, E. &Lpez, . 1901 2); Verhoek,. E. 5493 (7); vonHagen,C. &vonHagen,W.2083 (2); vonTuerckheim,. 1243 (9); vonWedel, . 842 (1).Webster,. L et al. 12326 (2), 12688 (9); Weston,. S.2991 10),3782 10),4742 (10),5080 9);Weston,. S. et l.3104 (8); Whitefoord,. 1081 9), 7673 (1), 7887 9),3248(9),3250 9); Whitefoord,.& Eddy, . 249 (1); Wilbur,. Let al. 13014 10); Williams, 0. & Cordoba, .J.4668 (3);Williams, O. et al. 21816 (10),25249 (10),26295 (4),28917 (10),28972 (3), 29009 (2); Williams, . S. 692 (1),776 (10), 728 (9), 794 (9), 875 (10); Wilson, . R. 40944(10);Wilson,. 97 (9),579 (1); Woodson,.E.,Jr. Schery,R.W. 57 3),593 3),863 9); JfWson, .E.,Jr. t l. 1005(9),7923 8); Wright,. s.n. 1).Yuncker,. G. 4514 (9), 5044 (2); Yuncker,. G. et al.8025 (9),8454 (8),8487 (9).Zamora,N. 625 (3); Zuniga,R. et al. 180 (9).

three new species and a nomenclatural synopsis of urera (urticaceae) from mesoamerica dcjmb4038

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