THROW Pattern PUSH Pattern proximal segments in front

of projectile with distal segments behind projectile

sequential for v curvilinear path mostly wheel-axle

all segments behind projectile pushing the projectile or load

simultaneous for F rectilinear path mostly lever motions

Movement Patterns - Related Skills Underarm Badminton Bowling Hockey Horseshoes Volleyball

Sidearm Baseball Discus Hammer Handball Squash Tennis Volleyball

Overarm Badminton Baseball Cricket Javelin Tennis Volleyball

Kick Football Rugby Soccer Swimming

Constraints: Throw/Push ContinuumMass of projectileVolume/Size of projectileShape/Profile of projectileTarget Area for projectileStrength/Power of personSkill of person

OPEN Kinetic Chain CLOSED Kinetic Chain

• Throw or Kick

• End Segment Free [e.g. hand, foot]

• sequential movement of body segments

• Jump or Push or Pull

• End Segment Restrained[e.g. foot, hand]

• simultaneous movement of body segments

Throwlike Patterns

• 1. Proximal Parts Move First

• 2. Distal Parts Lag Behind

• 3. Achieve either :maximum distance [ HORZ or VERT ]OR

maximum velocity

compare the positions of the pinstripes in hip regionversus shoulder region

FIG 7.4

Page 233

magnitude of Radius

influenced by

Mass of object

Note position of shoulders relative to hips in each photo

Shoulder Medial Rotation

Axle > Upper Arm Shld to Elbow

Wheel > Forearm Arm/Racquet

Elbow Extension during final phase of Shoulder Medial Rotation

1. segment A is accelerated which gives 1. segment A is accelerated which gives LL to entire to entire system: segments A, B, and C system: segments A, B, and C2. A rotates cw while B and C lag behind2. A rotates cw while B and C lag behind3. A is THEN decelerated by muscle T3. A is THEN decelerated by muscle T

4. To conserve 4. To conserve LL, B accelerates cw THEN , B accelerates cw THEN decelerates, C then accelerates cwdecelerates, C then accelerates cw

Fig J.1

page 338

transfer L to arm

by

reducing/stopping L in shoulders

End Point v due to decreasing r• See FIG. J.1 on page 338 L= mk² x • initial k is from axis “a” to top of segment C

• when segment A decelerates, the k changes to the distance from axis “b” to top of segment C

• when segment B decelerates, the k changes to the distance from axis “c” to top of segment C

v = r • final velocity of hand or foot or implement @

release/impact determines projectile v

• r = d from the axis of rotation [e.g. joint] and the contact point of release/impact

• see FIG J.12 on page 352 with regard to r

Kinetic Link Characteristics

• system of linked segments with a fixed base and a free open end

• more massive segments @ proximal end• least massive segments @ distal end• initial motion caused by T applied to base

• T gives entire system L L= mk² x OR L = I

Sequential Motions• 1. proximal/massive segments move first giving

L to entire system • 2. external T decelerates proximal segments• 3. to conserve L, next segment, which is less massive,

accelerates with rotation now occurring about a new axis and a smaller k

• 4. Each successive segment/link accelerates achieving than previous segment due to both m and k getting progressively smaller

Airborne Reaction Rotation

while airborne, if a person initiates rotation about any axis,

a reaction rotation will occur in the opposite direction about that same axis

due to the law of conservation of angular momentum

turntable demo

Minimizing Airborne Reaction Rotation

VB spiker abducts hip and/or flexes knees VB spiker abducts hip and/or flexes knees toto

II (I = mk (I = mk²²) in lower extremities ) in lower extremities

Note:

Reaction Rotationin upper body of

the kicker

Lever Motions Wheel-Axle

• Flexion/Extension

• Protraction/Retraction

• Abduction/Adduction

• Medial/Lateral Rotate

• Pronate/Supinate

• Inversion/Eversion

example ofone of the wheel-axle

mechanisms in kicking

Wheel-Axle Motions• muscle T rotates a bone which becomes an axle

• the wheel is the adjacent segment positioned at an angle to the axle

• the wheel r (radius) is modified via flexion/extension or adduction/abduction

Small Wheel

Big Wheel

FIG J.8

page 349

FIG J.10

page 350

THROW / PUSH for Speed and Accuracy