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    Adolph Hitler - (1889-1945)

    Hitler was the founder and leader of National Socialism (Nazism), and German dictator, b.Braunau in Upper Austria.

    he son of Alois Hitler (!"#$%!&'#), an Austrian customs official, Adolf Hitler dropped outof hih school, and after his mothers death in !&'$ mo*ed to +ienna. He twice failed theadmission eamination for the academ- of arts. His *icious anti%Semitism (perhapsinfluenced b- that of arl /ueer ) and political haranues dro*e man- ac0uaintancesawa-. 1n !&!# he settled in 2unich, and on the outbrea3 of 4orld 4ar 1 he 5oined the

    Ba*arian arm-. 6urin the war he was assed and wounded7 a corporal, he recei*ed the1ron 8ross for bra*er-. he war hardened his etreme nationalism, and he blamed theGerman defeat on betra-al b- 9ews and 2arists. Upon his return to 2unich he 5oined ahandful of other nationalistic *eterans in the German 4or3ers part-.

    1n !&:' the German 4or3ers part- was renamed the National Socialist German 4or3ers,or Nazi, part-7 in !&:! it was reoranized with Hitler as chairman. He made it aparamilitar- oranization and won the support of such prominent nationalists as ;ield2arshal /udendorff .

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    Goebbels and from !&:" b- Hermann Goerin , the part- rew slowl- until the economicdepression, beinnin in !&:&, brouht it mass support.

    o Germans burdened b- reparations pa-ments to the *ictors of 4orld 4ar 1, andthreatened b- h-perinflation, political chaos, and a possible 8ommunist ta3eo*er, Hitler,

    frenzied -et manetic, offered scapeoats and solutions. o the economicall- depressed hepromised to despoil =9ew financiers,> to wor3ers he promised securit-. He ained thefinancial support of ban3ers and industrialists with his *irulent anti%8ommunism andpromises to control trade unionism.

    Hitler had a 3een and sinister insiht into mass ps-cholo-, and he was a master of intriueand maneu*er. After ac0uirin German citizenship throuh the state of Brunswic3, he ran inthe presidential elections of !:, losin to the popular war hero aul *on Hindenbur butstrenthenin his position b- falsel- promisin to support 8hancellor ;ranz *on apen ,who lifted the ban on the storm troops (9une, !:).

    4hen the Nazis were elected the larest part- in the ?eichsta (9ul-, !:), Hindenburoffered Hitler a subordinate position in the cabinet. Hitler held out for the chief post and forsweepin powers. he chancellorship went instead to urt *on Schleicher , who resinedon 9an. :", !#. Amid collapsin parliamentar- o*ernment and pitched battles betweenNazis and 8ommunists, Hindenbur, on the urin of *on apen, called Hitler to bechancellor of a coalition cabinet, refusin him etraordinar- powers. Supported b- AlfredHuenber , Hitler too3 office on 9an. #'.

    German-s new ruler was a master of 2achia*ellian politics. Hitler feared plots, and firml-belie*ed in his mission to achie*e the supremac- of the so%called Ar-an race, which hetermed the =master race.> Ha*in leall- come to power, he used brutalit- and sub*ersion to

    carr- out a =creepin coup> to transform the state into his dictatorship. He blamed the8ommunists for a fire in the ?eichsta on ;eb. :$, and b- fannin anti%8ommunist h-steriathe Nazis and Nationalists won a bare ma5orit- of ?eichsta seats in the elections of 2ar. C.After the 8ommunists had been barred, and amid a displa- of storm trooper strenth, the?eichsta *oted to i*e Hitler dictatorial powers.

    ;rom the first da-s of Hitlers =hird ?eich> (for its histor-, see German- 7 NationalSocialism 7 4orld 4ar 11 ) political opponents such as *on Schleicher and Greor Strasser(who had resined from the Nazis) were murdered or incarcerated, and some Nazis, amonthem Drnst ?oehm , were themsel*es pured. 9ews, Socialists, 8ommunists, and otherswere hounded, arrested, or assassinated. Go*ernment, law, and education became

    appendaes of National Socialism. After Hindenburs death in !E the chancellorship andpresidenc- were united in the person of the ;FFr @leader. Heil Hitler became theobliator- form of reetin, and a cult of ;FFr worship was propaated.

    1n !", amid carefull- nurtured scandal, Hitler dismissed top arm- commanders anddi*ided their power between himself and faithful subordinates such as 4ilhelm eitel . AsHitler prepared for war he replaced professional diplomats with Nazis such as 9oachim *on?ibbentrop . 2an- former doubters had been con*erted b- Hitlers bold diplomatic coups,beinnin with German rearmament. Hitler bullied smaller nations into ma3in territorial

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    concessions and pla-ed on the desire for peace and the fear of 8ommunism amon thelarer Duropean states to achie*e his epansionist oals. o forestall retaliation he claimedto be merel- rectif-in the onerous reat- of +ersailles.

    Benito 2ussolini became his all- and 1tal- raduall- became German-s satellite. Hitler

    helped ;ranco to establish a dictatorship in Spain. Germans in 8zechoslo*a3ia to push throuh the2unich act , in which Dnland, ;rance, and 1tal- areed to German anneation of theSudetenland of 8zechoslo*a3ia (!").

    Hitlers nonaression pact (Au., !&) with Stalin allowed him to in*ade oland (Sept.!), beinnin 4orld 4ar 11, while Stalin anneed /at*ia, /ithuania, and Dstonia to theUSS? and attac3ed eastern oland7 but Hitler honored the pact onl- until he found itcon*enient to attac3 the USS? (9une, !&E!). 1n 6ec., !&E!, he assumed personal commandof war strate-, leadin to disaster. 1n earl- !&E# he refused to admit defeat at the battle of

    Stalinrad (now +olorad ), brinin death to *ast numbers of German troops. As the tideof war turned aainst Hitler, his mass etermination of the 9ews, o*erseen b- AdolfDichmann , was accelerated, and he a*e increasin power to Heinrich Himmler and thedread secret police , the Gestapo and SS ( Schutzstaffel ).

    B- 9ul-, !&EE, the German militar- situation was desperate, and a roup of hih militar-and ci*il officials (includin ;ield 2arshal Drwin *on 4itzleben and arl Goerdeler)attempted an assassination. Hitler escaped a bomb eplosion with sliht in5uries7 most ofthe plotters were eecuted. Althouh the war was hopelessl- lost b- earl- !&EC, Hitlerinsisted that Germans fiht on to the death. 6urin the final German collapse in Apr., !&EC,Hitler denounced Nazi leaders who wished to neotiate, and remained in Berlin when it

    was stormed b- the ?ussians.

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    ordered that their bodies be burned. Hitler left German- de*astated7 his leac- is thememor- of the most dreadful t-rann- of modern times.

    % Dnc-clopedia.com

    Hitler's Forgotten Library

    B- imoth- 4. ?-bac3 % the director of the Salzbur Seminar, a forum for lobal dialoueon issues of contemporar- concern, and the author of The Last Survivor: Legacies ofDachau.

    he boo3s that constitute the Hitler /ibrar- were disco*ered in a salt mine near

    Berchtesaden haphazardl- stashed in schnapps crates with the ?eich 8hanceller- addresson them b- soldiers of the !'!st Airborne 6i*ision in the sprin of !&EC. After a lenth-initial e*aluation at the U.S. militar- collectin point in 2unich the boo3s, numberin#,''', were shipped to the United States and transferred in 9anuar- of !&C: to the /ibrar-of 8onress, where an intern was assined to uncrate the collection.

    he intern did what we call dupin out, sa-s 6a*id 2oore, a German%ac0uisitionassistant at the /ibrar- of 8onress. 1f a boo3 was not one hundred percent sure, if therewas no boo3plate, no inscription to the ;FFr, he didnt 3eep it. Accordin to 2oore,duplicate copies were sent to the echane%and%ift di*ision and then either went to otherlibraries or found their wa- onto the open mar3et7 the non%duplicate boo3s that could not be

    full- authenticated were absorbed into the /ibrar- of 8onresss eneral collection.

    he !,:'' *olumes that sur*i*ed the dupin out 5oined the rare%boo3 collection on thethird floor of the 9efferson Buildin, where the- were unceremoniousl- identified b- a larecardboard sindanlin on a strin from a ceilin pipe that read, Hitler /ibrar-. his ba-onl-. lease replace boo3s to proper location.

    http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/H/Hitler-A1.asphttp://www.encyclopedia.com/html/H/Hitler-A1.asp
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    he sin has since been remo*ed, the boo3s relocated se*eral times, and the collectioneuphemisticall- renamed the hird ?eich 8ollection. he boo3s can be ordered, fi*e at atime, from the main des3 in the rare%boo3 readin room. 4hen 1 first *isited the collection,in April of :''!, fewer than half of the !,:'' boo3s had /ibrar- of 8onress numbers, andonl- :'' of those were listed in the online cataloue7 the remainin thousand titles were

    listed alphabeticall- b- author on -ellowin cards in an old%fashioned wooden cardcataloue, man- still identified b- the pro*isional numbers assined them in the earl-!&C's. 9err- 4aer, the head of the rare%boo3 readin room, told me at the time,rocessin this collection has not been a hih priorit- for us7 he also said that the boo3shad been relocated -et aain in recent months.

    4e routinel- mo*e collections to ma3e better use of eistin space and to accommodatenew ac0uisitions, he said. A enteel man in his mid%fifties with a flawlessl- manicuredwhite beard, 4aer is a master of discretion. 4hen 1 as3ed about the Hitler collections newlocation, he replied, ;or securit- reasons we dont re*eal where collections are located inthe *ault. He is e0uall- circumspect about scholars who ha*e pre*iousl- studied the

    collection, simpl- notin that the boo3s are re0uested onl- a few times each -ear, andenerall- b- people loo3in for specific *olumes rather than for an opportunit- to stud- thecollection as a whole.

    Scholarl- nelect of the Hitler /ibrar- deri*es in ood part from an earl- misperceptionthat its historical or bioraphical importance was limited. Spotchec3s re*ealed little in thewa- of marinal notes, autoraphs, or other similar features of interest, an internal /ibrar-of 8onress re*iew determined in 9anuar- of !&C:. 1ndeed, it seems that most of the boo3sha*e ne*er been perused b- their owner. Gerhard 4einber, a leadin authorit- on theNazi era and one of the first scholars to eplore the collection, confirms this initialassessment. 1 was a newl- minted h.6., and this was m- first 5ob be-ond raduate

    school, 4einber told me not lon ao. 1 was compilin information for the Guide to8aptured German 4ar 6ocuments.

    he boo3s had onl- recentl- been uncrated, and 1 was intriued b- what 1 would findthere. o 4einbers disappointment, the Hitler /ibrar- appeared to consist mostl- ofpresentation copies from authors or publishers. here were few clues that man- of theseboo3s had been part of his personal librar-, and e*en less e*idence that he had read an- ofthem, 4einber sa-s.

    1n :''' hilipp Gassert and 6aniel 2attern reached a similar conclusion. Beinnin in!&&C Gassert, an assistant professor of histor- at the Uni*ersit- of Heidelber, and 2attern,

    the senior editor at the German Historical 1nstitute, in 4ashinton, 6.8., s-stematicall-re*iewed e*er- *olume in the collection. 1n the sprin of :''! Greenwood ress publishedthe results of their research, he Hitler /ibrar-, a CC'%pae biblioraph- that lists eachboo3 alphabeticall-, with its author, pae count, and call number. Also included aretranscriptions of all handwritten dedications, some brief descriptions of marinalia, and anindication of which boo3s contain the ;FFrs boo3plate an eale, a swasti3a, and oa3branches between the words DI /1B?1S and A6

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    he Hitler /ibrar- pro*ides the first comprehensi*e road map throuh the collection, but attimes it leads readers astra-.

    2ost sinificant is o*erloo3ed marinalia. 1n one reference 2attern and Gassert notecorrectl- that the Hitler /ibrar- contains two identical copies of aul de /aardes German

    Dssa-s, but the- dont mention marinalia, despite the fact that in one *olume fift-%eihtpaes ha*e penciled intrusions the first on pae !J, the last on pae #$'. Gi*en that/aarde belons to a circle of nineteenth%centur- German nationalist writers who arebelie*ed to ha*e had a formati*e influence on Hitlers anti%Semitism, the mar3ed passaesare certainl- worth notin.

    Sometimes writin alon the side of a pae is reconizabl- in Hitlers 5aed cursi*e hand.;or the most part, thouh, the marinalia are restricted to simple mar3ins whose commonauthorship is suested b- an intense *ertical line in the marin and double or tripleunderlinin in the tet, alwa-s in pencil7 1 found such mar3ins repeatedl- both in the/ibrar- of 8onress collection and in a cache of eiht- Hitler boo3s at Brown Uni*ersit-.

    Hitlers handwritten speeches, preser*ed in the ;ederal German Archi*es, show an identicalpattern of mar3ins. 1n one anti%Semitic rant Hitler drew three lines under the wordslassen3ampf (class strule), 4eltherrschaft (world domination), and 6er 9ude als6i3tator (the 9ew as dictator)7 one can almost hear his fe*ered tones.

    Hitlers habit of hihlihtin 3e- concepts and passaes is consonant with his theor- on theart of readin. 1n 8hapter wo of 2ein ampf he obser*ed,

    A man who possesses the art of correct readin will, in stud-in an- boo3, maazine, orpamphlet, instincti*el- and immediatel- percei*e e*er-thin which in his opinion is worth

    permanentl- rememberin, either because it is suited to his purpose or enerall- worth3nowin ... hen, if life suddenl- sets some 0uestion before us for eamination or answer,the memor-, if this method of readin is obser*ed ... will deri*e all the indi*idual itemsreardin these 0uestions, assembled in the course of decades, @and submit them to themind for eamination and reconsideration, until the 0uestion is clarified or answered.

    1n these marinalia one sees a man (who famousl- seemed ne*er to listen to an-one, forwhom con*ersation was little more than a torrent of monoloues) readin passaes,reflectin on them, and respondin with penciled dashes, dots, 0uestion mar3s, eclamationpoints, and underscorinsKintellectual footprints across the pae. Here is one of histor-smost comple fiures reduced merel- to a reader with a boo3 and a pencil.

    houh ubize3s reminiscences, first published in the !&C's, are in man- wa-s suspect,his depiction of the future ;FFr as a bibliophile has been ampl- corroborated.

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    Hans ;ran3, Hitlers personal law-er and the o*ernor of Nazi%occupied oland, recalledbefore his !&EJ eecution at Nurember that Hitler carried a cop- of Schopenhauers he4orld as 4ill and ?epresentation with him throuhout 4orld 4ar 1. 6urin hisincarceration after the failed !&:# 2unich putsch, Hitler was reularl- supplied withreadin materials b- friends and associates. He once referred to his time in /andsber

    rison as his uni*ersit- paid for b- the state. 6urin a bout of prison blues in 6ecemberof !&:E he recei*ed a pac3ae from 4inifred 4aner, the dauhter%in%law of the composer?ichard 4aner and one of the few people who addressed Hitler with the familiar du.

    1t contained a boo3 of Goethes poetr- from the 4aner famil- librar-. he #C"%pae*olume, now at the /ibrar- of 8onress, contains meditati*e classics such as Across Allea3s and D*enin Son, accompanied b- handsome full%pae pen%and%in3 drawins.he inside co*er bears a handwritten inscriptionL Adolf Hitler, this picture boo3 ta3enfrom the boo3 arden of D*a 8hamberlain, for -our en5o-ment in serious lonel- hoursBa-reuth, 8hristmas !&:E.

    Boo3s seem to ha*e been the ift of choice for Hitler on *irtuall- e*er- occasion. heHitler /ibrar- contains scores of boo3s bearin inscriptions for 8hristmas, his birthda-, andother festi*e occasions. A boo3 titled 6eath and 1mmortalit- in the 4orld +iew of 1ndo%Germanic hin3ers is inscribed for Hitler b- the SS chief Heinrich Himmler on theoccasion of 9ulfest !" Nazi circumlocution for 8hristmas. 1 also disco*ered boo3s fromthe contro*ersial filmma3er /eni ?iefenstahlKtwo on the Berlin

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    insurance polic- Hitler too3 out in

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    reliion and eoraph-, with eiht hundred to a thousand boo3s of simple, popularfiction, man- of them pure trash in an-bod-s lanuae.

    B- his own admission, Hitler was not a bi fan of no*els, thouh he once ran3ed Gulli*ersra*els, ?obinson 8rusoe, Uncle oms 8abin, and 6on Muiote (he had a special affection

    for the edition illustrated b- Gusta*e 6or amon the worlds reatest wor3s of literature.he one no*elist we 3now Hitler lo*ed and read was arl 2a-, a German writer of cheapAmerican%st-le westerns. 1n the sprin of !#, 5ust months after the Nazis seized power,

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    Grior- ozlo*, another troph- sleuth, confirms that a secret depositor- did indeedeist in Uz3oe for more than four decades, with tens of thousands of boo3s stac3ed fromfloor to ceilin. At the beinnin of !&&C there was a bi discussion about troph- boo3s,ozlo* told me. he- decided to remo*e these boo3s from Uz3oe and destro- all tracesthat showed there had been some sort of secret depositor- there. Now, he sa-s, the boo3s

    ha*e been dispersed anon-mousl- in libraries and archi*es across ?ussia. 1 dont 3nowwhats true or not, ozlo* told me. Boo3s were e*acuated without records, confiscatedwithout records. 1 dont 3now if an-one is read- to tal3.

    he !,:'' of Hitlers boo3s in the /ibrar- of 8onress most li3el- represent less than !'percent of the oriinal collection. Ne*ertheless, when 1 first *isited the Hitler /ibrar-, inApril of :''!, 1 was surprised to disco*er that despite the incompleteness of the collection,1 could easil- discern the collector preser*ed within his boo3s. 1n more than :'' 4orld 4ar1 memoirs, includin Drnst 9FFrs ;ire and Blood, with a personal inscription to the;FFr, 1 encountered Hitler the Austrian corporal, with his bush- moustache, his somberdemeanor, and his battlefield ser*ice, durin which he was twice wounded and for which he

    was twice decorated, once with the 1ron 8ross first class.1n two oli*e%drab paperbac3s, uideboo3s to the cultural monuments of Brussels andBerlin, published b- Seemann +erla and costin three mar3s each, 1 limpsed Hitler theaspirin ;rontsoldat%cum%artist. he Berlin uide has Hitlers sinature in faded purple in3on the inside front co*er, with the place and month of purchaseL ;ournes, :: No*ember!&!C. 1n the Brussels uide Hitler simpl- scrawled A. Hitler in pencil7 the last threeletters trail downward li3e unspoolin ribbon. A chapter on ;rederic3 the Great is especiall-worn, its paes tattered, mar3ed with finerprints, and smeared with red candle wa.uc3ed in the crease between paes !J: and !J# 1 found a three%0uarter%inch strand of stiffblac3 hair.

    1n dozens of boo3s, with salutations from the li3es of rince Auust 4ilhelm son of the lastGerman aiser and the heirs of the Bechstein piano d-nast-, 1 saw Hitler the protofGerman-s financial, social, and cultural elite.

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    1n a ;rench *eetarian coo3boo3 with an inscription from its author, 2a8harpentier, 1encountered 2onsieur Hitler * tarien. And 1 found hints of Hitler the future massmurderer in a !: technical treatise on chemical warfare that eplores the *ar-in0ualities of poison as, from chlorine to prussic acid (Blaus e). he latter was producedcommerciall- as O-3lon B, which would be notorious for its use in the Nazi etermination

    camps.1 also found, howe*er, a Hitler 1 had not anticipatedL a man with a sustained interest inspiritualit-. Amon the piles of Nazi tripe (much of it printed on hih%acid paper that israpidl- deterioratin) are more than !#' boo3s on reliious and spiritual sub5ects, raninfrom

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    Gi*en Hitlers leendar- disdain for oranized reliion in eneral and 8hristianit- inparticular, 1 didnt epect him to ha*e de*oted much time to the teachins of 8hrist, letalone to ha*e mar3ed this 0uintessential 8hristian *irtue. Had this in fact been made b- thepencil of Hitlers -ouner sister, aula, who occasionall- *isited her brother at the Berhofand remained a de*out 8atholic until her d-in da-P 2iht some other Berhof uest ha*e

    responded to this hol- ScripturePossibl- but thouh most of the spirituall- oriented boo3s in the Hitler /ibrar- were iftssent to the ;FFr b- distant admirers, se*eral, li3e 4orte 8hristi, were ob*iousl- well read,and some contained marinalia in Hitlers hand that suested a serious eploration ofspiritual matters. 1f Hitler was as deepl- enaed with spiritual issues as his boo3s and theirmarinalia suest, then what was the purpose of this pursuitP

    1n the sprin of !&E#, while the outcome of 4orld 4ar 11 hun in the balance, the U.S.

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    fiure, and e*entuall- came to belie*e the *er- m-th he had helped to fashion. he morehe succumbed to the allure of his own ;FFr cult and came to belie*e in his own m-th, themore his 5udment became impaired b- faith in his own infallibilit-, ershaw writes inhe Hitler 2-th (!&"$). But belie*in in a messianic m-th is not the same as belie*in inGod.

    4hen 1 as3ed ershaw in :''! whether he thouht Hitler actuall- belie*ed in di*inepro*idence, he dismissed the notion. 1 dont thin3 that he had an- real belief in a deit- ofan- sort, onl- in himself as a man of destin- who would brin about German-ssal*ation, he declared. Gerhard 4einber, who helped sort throuh the Hitler /ibrar-bac3 in the !&C's, li3ewise dismisses the notion of Hitler as a reliious belie*er, insistinthat he was dri*en b- the twin passions of Blut und Boden racial purit- and territorialepansion. He didnt belie*e in an-thin but himself, 4einber told me last summer.2ost historians tend to aree.

    Some non%historians, howe*er, ha*e different *iews. 1n the !&J's ;riedrich Heer, a

    prominent and contro*ersial +iennese theoloian, identified Hitler as a misuidedAustrian 8atholic, a man whose faith was disastrousl- misplaced but ne*erthelesssincere. 1n a dense, $C'%pae treatise Heer saw Hitler the Austrian 8atholic at e*er- turnLthe nine%-ear%old choirbo- catchin his first limpse of a swasti3a in the coat of arms at the/ambach 2onaster-7 the beer%hall orator whose speeches resound with biblical allusions7the ;FFr of the ?eich who re%created the splendor of the 8atholic mass at the annualNurember rall-.

    D*en his *irulent hatred of 9ewr- found sustenance in those roots. ;ritz ?edlich, an eminentale ps-chiatrist, asserts in his boo3, HitlerL 6ianosis of a 6estructi*e rophet, that Hitleracted from a profound belief in God. Notin Hitlers own words 2an 3ommt um den

    Gottesberiff nicht um (ou cannot et around the concept of God), ?edlich told me lastsummer that he was certain Hitler belie*ed in a di*ine creature. He re5ected suestionsthat Hitlers in*ocations of the di*ine were little more than c-nical public posturin andinsisted that we ouht to ta3e Hitler at his wordL 1n a wa-, Hitler was a terrible liar, but hewas a tactical liar. 1n his essential line of thin3in he was honest.

    raudl 9une, Hitlers former secretar-, would not o so far as to sa- that Hitler belie*ed inGod, but she did belie*e that Hitlers repeated references to the di*ine were more than 5ustfor show. 9une who died of cancer in ;ebruar- of last -ear told me the pre*ious summerthat Hitler spo3e of such thins in pri*ate as well as in public. After two and a half -ears ofdail- contact with Hitler, she was con*inced that he belie*ed in some form of di*ine

    protection, especiall- after sur*i*in a dramatic assassination attempt in !&EE. After the9ul- !&EE attac3, she told me, 1 belie*e he felt himself to be an instrument of pro*idence,and belie*ed he had a mission to fulfill.

    1n m- hands 1 hold a boo3 about Nostradamus, the siteenth%centur- ;rench m-stic whosepredictions of epic calamities ha*e fascinated enerations, and whose stanza ;rom poor

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    people a child will be bornQ who with his tonue will seduce man- people has beeninterpreted as prophes-in the rise of Adolf Hitler.

    rinted on hih%acid paper, this *olume, with its !#$ brittle, crumblin paes, bears apublication date of !&:! but feels centuries older.

    he boo3 promises to dec-pher and re*eal for the first time the prophesies on the future ofDurope and the rise and fall of ;rance from !CCC to ::''. 1ts final paes offer additionalm-stical edification in a series of ad*ertisements for related tetsL 2emoirs of a Spiritualist,he 4anderin Soul, How 8an 1 rotect 2-self ;rom Suestion and H-pnosisP, Soul and8osmos, he ?ealm of the 1n*isible, and Human 6estin- and the 8ourse of the Stars.asted inside this molderin *olume is one of Adolf Hitlers boo3plates.

    The Predictions of Nostradamusbelons to a cache of occult boo3s that Hitler ac0uired inthe earl- !&:'s and that were disco*ered in the pri*ate 0uarters of his Berlin bun3er b-8olonel Albert Aronson in 2a- of !&EC. As part of the Allied occupation forces, Aronson

    was amon the first Americans to enter Berlin after the collapse of the Nazi resistance.4hen m- uncle arri*ed, the ?ussians too3 him on a tour of Hitlers bun3er, one ofAronsons nephews recalls. He said that the ?ussians had prett- much pic3ed the placeclean, but there were some pictures and a pile of boo3s the- let him ta3e. Accordin to thenephew, the boo3s remained in Aronsons attic until his death, at which point the- werebe0ueathed to his nephew, who donated them to Brown Uni*ersit- in !&$&.

    oda- the eiht- *olumes are housed in the basement *ault of Browns rare%boo3 collectionat the 9ohn Ha- /ibrar-, where the- share shelf space with 4alt 4hitmans personal cop-of a first edition of /ea*es of Grass and 9ohn 9ames Audubons oriinal folios of Birds ofAmerica. Accordin to Samuel Streit, the associate librarian for special collections, the

    Hitler boo3s ha*e attracted *irtuall- no attention from scholars. Streit himself has eaminedthe collection onl- once, and his most *i*id recollection was the Hitler boo3plate. 1 3nowthis sounds strane, sa-s Streit, an amiable man in his mid%fifties, but from the standpointof boo3plate desin, it is 0uite tastefull- done.

    /i3e the /ibrar- of 8onress collection, Browns eiht- Hitler boo3s constitute ahodepodeL picture boo3s, art 5ournals, an 1talian libretto of 4aners 4al3FF a !$edition of 2ein ampf, and two editions of Alfred ?osenbers he 2-th of the wentieth8entur-.

    he more than a dozen boo3s on the occult include se*eral de*oted to Nordic runes, amon

    them a !&:: histor- of the swasti3a, richl- illustrated with nearl- C'' di*erse renderins inD-ptian hierol-phics, Gree3 potter-, 2a-an temples, and 8hristian crosses.

    The Dead Are Alivedeli*ers incontro*ertible e*idence on occultism, somnambulism,spiritualism, with siteen photoraphs of hosts. Amon the photoraphic imaes that fillthe final paes of the *olume is one of fi*e people le*itatin a table at an !"&: s ce inGenoa and another alleedl- showin the host of a fifteen%-ear%old olish irl, Stasia,bein consumed b- a luminous, mist- substance. A picture of a rather statel-%loo3in

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    Dnlishman is captioned he hantom of the Dnlish writer 8harles 6ic3ens who died in!"$! and is buried in 4estminster Abbe-. He appeared in !"$# and was photoraphed.

    he canon of Hitler historioraph- declares that Hitler flirted with occultism in the earl-!&:'s, and that he recruited some of his closest ideoloical lieutenants ?udolf Hess, 2artin

    Bormann, Alfred ?osenber, and Heinrich HimmlerKfrom the hule Societ- and similarNordic cults. 4hen 1 first 3new Adolf Hitler in 2unich, in !&:! and !&::, he was in touchwith a circle that belie*ed firml- in the portents of the stars, arl 4ieand, a former Hitlerassociate, recalled in an article for 8osmopolitan in !&.

    here was much whisperin about the comin of another 8harlemane and a new ?eich.How far Hitler belie*ed in these astroloical forecasts and prophesies in those da-s 1 ne*ercould et out of the ;FFr. He neither denied nor affirmed belief. He was not a*erse,howe*er, to ma3in use of the forecasts to ad*ance popular faith in himself and his then-oun and strulin mo*ement.

    2ost scholars dismiss the notion that Hitler seriousl- entertained the ideas of these cults,but the marinalia in se*eral of his boo3s confirm at least an intellectual enaement in thesubstance of 4eimar%era occultism. he Brown collection contains boo3s b- such fiuresas Adamant ?ohm, a manetopathic doctor from 4iesbaden7 8arl /udwi Schleich, aBerlin ph-sician who pioneered the use of local anesthesia7 and 9oseph AntonSchneiderfran3en, who wrote numerous boo3s on reincarnation and otherworldl-phenomena under the pseudon-m BFFn ?F

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    ;ew people could call Hitler ;reund, and fewer still lieber ;reund. ;or Hitler, Dc3artwas both friend and famil-, a mentor and a father fiure. 4hen the two men first met, latein !&!&, Hitler was a thirt-%-ear%old political upstart a little more than a -ear out of thetrenches, without a penn- to his name. Dc3art was a fift-%one%-ear%old pla-wriht with arunawa- hit (his adaptation of eer G-nt), a paintbrush moustache, a morphine addiction,

    and a leendar- hatred of 9ews7 one 2unich newspaper described him as a rain anti%Semite who would ideall- li3e to consume a half dozen 9ews dail- with his sauer3raut.

    After wor3in with Hitler at an earl- Nazi art- e*ent, Dc3art bean roomin him forpolitical life. He bouht Hitler his first trench coat, a*e him instruction in public spea3in,and introduced him to members of 2unich societ-, often with the icebrea3er his is theman who will one da- liberate German-. Hitler once called Dc3art the polar star of theNazi mo*ement, and dedicated the first *olume of 2ein ampf to him. ;ollow HitlerDc3art alleedl- ehorted on his deathbed, in !&:#. He will dance, but the music to whichhe dances was composed b- me.

    ;or all the *itriol Hitler spewed upon 9udaism, he came to hold 8hristianit- in e0ualdisdain. 8hristianit- is the worst thin that e*er happened to man3ind, he declared durinan after%dinner rant in 9ul- of !&E!. Bolshe*ism is the illeitimate child of 8hristianit-.Both are an outrowth of the 9ew.

    Hitler was the classic apostate. He rebelled aainst the established theolo- in which hewas born and bred, all the while see3in to fill the resultin spiritual *oid. As the Hitler/ibrar- suests, he found no shortae of latter%da- prophets peddlin alternati*etheoloies. 2athilde *on emnitz, the wife of Drich /udendorff, the *enerated 4orld 4ar 1eneral who 5oined Hitler in the 2unich putsch, promoted a neo%eutonic paan cult thatcalled for the destruction of churches and the creation of forest temples and places of

    sacrifice. A !&:: *olume of her writins, riumph of the 4ill to 1mmortalit-, bears abizarre and cr-ptic inscription to Hitler.

    Now dont foret -ou -oun, blessed soul,1f -ou ne*er lea*e the afterlifeou will thus be a perfect God;or as lon as -ou li*e.

    Hitler tolerated emnitzs neo%paan looniness until /udendorffs death, in 6ecember of!$. 1n the autumn of !& the Nazi o*ernment, in*o3in wartime rationin, terminatedpaper supplies for emnitzs publication At the Hol- 4ell (Am Heilien Muell), effecti*el-

    silencin her mo*ement. emnitz, who sur*i*ed the war, ne*er fora*e Hitler the betra-al.Guida 6iehl, a prolific 4eimar writer who fancied herself the female ;FFr, showeredHitler with titles, includin Burn Hol- ;lame and he 4ill of the German 4oman. 1n ahandboo3 on how to conduct a German 8hristmas in times of need and strule, 6iehlwrote to Hitler, 4e strule for the German soul, which fashioned the German 8hristmasfrom 8hrist himself Sie heil here is no indication that Hitler e*er opened, let aloneread, an- of 6iehls boo3s.

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    Un0uestionabl- the most sinificant unread *olume in the Hitler collection is a !&E'edition of Alfred ?osenbers he 2-th of the wentieth 8entur-, the Nazi classic that,with more than a million copies in print at the time, was second onl- to 2ein ampf for theNazi mo*ement.

    1n the course of its "'' paes ?osenber deli*ered the theoloical framewor3 for a NationalGerman 8hurch intended to subsume the best of the protestant and catholic churches andeliminate the 9ew%infested

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    Amon the numerous *olumes dealin with the spiritual, the m-stical, and the occult 1found a t-pewritten manuscript that could well ha*e ser*ed as a blueprint for Hitlerstheolo-. his bound :#'%pae treatise is titled he /aw of the 4orldL he 8omin?eliion and was written b- a 2unich resident named 2aimilian ?iedel. 6urin the firstwee3 of Auust !& the manuscript was hand%deli*ered to Anni 4inter, Hitlers lontime

    2unich house3eeper, with the re0uest that it be passed to Hitler personall-. Anaccompan-in letter read,

    2ein ;FFr

    Based on a new disco*er- 1 ha*e been able to pro*e, with incontro*ertible scientifice*idence, the concept of the trinit- of God as a natural law.

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    criteria, that is, the rational criteria, end up ser*in as the basis for all humanunderstandin, perception and decision%ma3in. B- usin the fi*e traditional senses toachie*e this ob5ecti*it-, ?iedel declared, human beins eclude the possibilit- ofpercei*inKthrouh the additional se*en senses he identifiedKthe deeper forces of the world,and are thus unable to achie*e that unit- of bod-, mind, and soul. he human mind ne*er

    decides thins on its own, it is the result of a discourse between the bod- and the soul, heclaimed.

    he sentence not onl- cauht Hitlers attention beneath it is a thic3 line, and beside it in themarin are three parallel pencil mar3s but was echoed two -ears later in one of hismonoloues. 2ind and soul ultimatel- return to the collecti*e bein of the world, Hitlertold some uests in 6ecember of !&E!. 1f there is a God, then he i*es us not onl- life butalso consciousness and awareness. 1f 1 li*e m- life accordin to m- God%i*en insihts,then 1 cannot o wron, and e*en if 1 do, 1 3now 1 ha*e acted in ood faith.

    As 1 sat in the rarefied seclusion of the 9efferson Buildins second%floor readin room one

    da-, listenin to the muffled roar of traffic and the distant wail of police sirens in late%summer 4ashinton, 1 attempted to comprehend the full sinificance of this sentence towhich Hitler seems to ha*e responded so emphaticall-. Bac3 in !&E# 4alter /aner hadconcluded correctl-, to m- mind that in order to understand Hitler one had to understand hisprofound belief in di*ine powers.

    But Hitler belie*ed that the mortal and the di*ine were one and the sameL that the God hewas see3in was in fact himself.

    Adolph Hitler

    The Unno!n Hitler" #a$i %oots in the &lt

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    composed of *arious roups of decommissioned soldiers 3nown as ;rei 8orps, e0uippedand financed b- the m-sterious hule Societ-, defeated the Ba*arian So*iet within a matterof wee3s.

    2an- other decommissioned soldiers waited out the turbulence in barrac3s, pfc Adolph

    Hitler amon them. After the Ba*arian ?epublic had been defeated b- the 4hites, in 2a-,Hitlers superiors put him to wor3 in the post re*olution in*estiatin commission. Hisindictments in5ected ruthless efficienc- into the 3anaroo courts as he finered hundreds ofnoncommissioned officers and enlisted men who had s-mpathized with the communist andanarchists. He was subse0uentl- sent to attend special anticommunist trainin courses andseminars at the Uni*ersit- which were financed b- the ?eichswehr administration and b-pri*ate donors from the hule Societ-. his led to an assinment in the intellience di*isionof the postwar German arm-, to infiltrate roups that could oranize the wor3in classeswhile the communists were wea3.

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    9ournalist arl Harrer was i*en the 5ob of foundin a political wor3er circle. He realizedthat the wor3ers would re5ect an- proram that was presented to them b- a member of theconser*ati*e pri*ileed class. Harrer 3new that the mechanic Anton 6reler, who waswor3in for the railroads, was a well%3nown anti%semite, chau*inist and proletarian. 4ithdreler as nominal chairman, Harrer founded the German 4or3ers art- in 9anuar- !&!&

    he German 4or3ers art- was onl- one of man- associations founded and controlled b-the hule Societ-. he hule was the mother to the German Socialist art-, led b- 9uliusStreicher, and the riht%win radical

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    mo*ement. he emotion chared la- spea3er became an epert orator, capable ofmesmerizin a *ast audience.

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    homas ?obert 2althus (!$JJ%!"#E) was an Dnlish political economist and historian whoin !$&J published a boo3 called An Dssa- on the rinciple of opulation in which he saidthat po*ert-, and thereb- *ice and miser-, are una*oidable because population rowthalwa-s eceeds food production. 8hec3s on population rowth were wars, famine, anddiseases.

    2althuss ideas had reat impact, onl- a few as3ed on what his claims were actuall- based.et neither 2althus nor his later disciples e*er manaed to put forward an- scientific prooffor his theor-. 2an- scientists ha*e dispro*ed 2althus theor- and the ideolo- resultinfrom it.

    Howe*er, with the boo3, 2althus created an atmosphere which mo*ed his adherents in!"#E to pass a new law pro*idin for the institution of wor3% houses for the poor, in whichthe sees were strictl- separated to curb the otherwise ine*itable o*erbreedin. his 3ind ofphilosoph- ured the callin forth of drastic measures. he full title of 8harles 6arwinsfamous boo3 is not so famousL The "rigin of S#ecies !$ eans of Natural Selection or the

    Preservation of %avoured &aces in the Struggle for Life. 1n it he eplains the de*elopmentof life%forms as a strule for eistence. he result of this strule would be a naturalselection of those species and races who were to triumph o*er those wea3er ones whowould perish.

    ;rancis Galton (!"::%!&!!) was an enlish ps-choloist and a half%cousin of 6arwin.Galton etended 6arwins theor- into a concept of deliberate social inter*ention, which hesaid was a loical application of e*olution to the human race. He called his theor-Duenics, the principle of which was that b- encourain better human stoc3 to breedand discourain the reproduction of less desirable stoc3, the whole race could beimpro*ed.

    2odern racism reall- bean with Arthur 8ount de Gabon (!"!J%!"":) who published his'ssa$ on the (ne)ualit$ of Human &aces. He wrote in of a fair%haired Ar-an race that wassuperior to all the others whose remnants constituted a tin- racial aristocrac- deca-inunder the o*erwhelmin weiht of inferior races. A re*i*al of his wor3 in German- beanten -ears after his death b- the an%Germans, an etremel- nationalistic and anti%5ewishroup.

    1n !"&&, Gabons disciple, Houston Stewart 8haimberlain (!"EE%!&:$), an Dnlishman,published The %oundations of the Nineteenth *entur$, in German-. He upheld the Germanrace to be the purest and damned the inferior races, the 5ews and neroes, as deenerate.

    ;rom this point on, Duenics, Social 6arwinism and racial h-iene fused into a sinleconcept.

    1n !&'E the first chairs in Duenics were instituted at Uni*ersit- 8ollee, /ondon, followedb- the establishment of the Galton /aborator- for National Duenics in !&'$. 1n !&!' theDuenic ?ecord

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    Duenicists belie*ed that the child of a mentall-%ill person and a mentall- heath- personwould be a mentall-%ill offsprin. his led to a series of escalatin reimensL separationfrom societ-, restraint, separation of the sees in defecti*es colonies, and sterilizations.

    1n Great Britain one of the leaders of the mental h-iene mo*ement was 2iss D*el-n ;o.

    She had been an acti*e member of the Duenics Societ- before the foundation of theNational 8ouncil for 2ental H-iene, of which she was an officer and founder. amon theboard members was Sir 8-ril Burt, who later founded 2ensa, a hih i.0. roup whichespoused euenic principles. he mental h-iene mo*ement drew stronl- from theeuenic mo*ements of whate*er countr- the- were in.

    Shortl- after the turn of the centur- euenic oranizations were set up throuhout theworld. 4hile the whole world was bein prepared b- propaanda for the sterilization of theinsane, the adherents of mental h-iene and euenics were preparin their net step,euthanasia.

    1n the U.S.A., 6r. Aleis 8arrel, a nobel prize winner who had been on the staff of the?oc3efeller 1nstitute since its inception, published his boo3an the Unknownin !C. 1n ithe suests the remo*al of the mentall- ill and the criminal b- small euthanasia institutionse0uipped with suitable ases.

    1n !# the Nazi part- rapidl- consolidated its power. 1n 9une of that -ear, 2inister of the1nterior 4ilhelm ;ric3 put in motion the passae of the /aw for the re*ention ofHereditar- 6iseases in osterit-% the sterilization law. Architect of the law was Drnst?udin, professor of ps-chiatr- at the 2unich Uni*ersit-, director of the aiser%4ilhelm1nstitute for Genealo, and of the ?esearch 1nstitute for s-chiatr-. A separate leal s-stemwas set up consistin of Hereditar- Health 8ourts, which could decree sterilization

    aainst a persons will. B- !C the Nurembur /aws intended to insure the racial purit-of the nation and was aimed specificall- at the 9ews.

    1n !E the 1nstitute for Heredit-, Biolo- and ?acial ?esearch was founded at ;ran3furtUni*ersit- b- professor Drnst ?udins colleaue at the aiser 4ilhelm 1nstitute, 6r.

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    ierartenstrasse E, Berlin. ro5ect E was full- interated into the oranizationalstructure of the ?eich and fell under section !!b. (merc-%death) of the 8hanceller- of the;uhrer. ;our co*er oranizations safeuarded the pro5ect EL the ?ealms 4or3 8ommitteein chare of collectin information on candidates for euthanasia from 0uestionnaires sent tohospitals, the ?ealms 8ommittee for Scientific Approach to Se*ere 1llness 6ue to Heredit-

    set up eclusi*el- to appl- euthanasia to children, the charitable compan- for the transportof the sic3 which transported patients to the 3illin centers, and the 8haritable ;oundationfor 1nstitutional 8are, in chare of final disposition of the *ictims remains.

    At the time the 0uestionnaires went out a number of mental hospitals were bein con*ertedfor use as 3illin centers and schools for murder. 6eath chambers were built disuised asshower%baths and crematoriums, which were identical to those later to be established in thedeath camps in oland.

    Schoolin of the personnel at Hadamar 2ental 1nstitution produced perfect murderers whowere used to the smell of burnt flesh, had been tauht to tric3 people bein led to their

    death and to steel themsel*es aainst the cr-in and pleadin of the *ictims.

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    he first elected president of the 4;2H was 6r. 9ohn ?awlins ?ees, a British ps-chiatristassociated with the a*istoc3 1nstitute. 1n !&E" the 4;2H was formall- inauurated at thehird 1nternational 8onress of 2ental Health. A *ice%president of the 8onress was 6r.8arl G. 9un who was described b- fellow *ice%president 6r. 8onti as representinGerman ps-chiatr- under the Nazis. 6r. 9un had been co%editor of the 9ournal for

    s-chotherap- with 6r. 2. H. Goerin, the cousin of 2arshal Hermann Goerin.1t ma- be that the real 3e- to the hird ?eich lies buried in the histor- of ibet, for it washere that arl Haushofer, the initiate who tauht the -outhful Hitler, first met in literal factthe Superman of Nazi leend.

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    he swasti3a is one of man3inds oldest s-mbols, and apart from the cross and the circle,probabl- the most widel- distributed. 1t is shown on potter- framents from Greece datinbac3 to the eihth centur- B8. 1t was used in ancient D-pt, 1ndia and 8hina. he Na*ahoindians of North America ha*e a traditional swasti3a pattern. Arab%1slamic sorcerers used it.1n more recent times, it was incorporated in the flas of certain baltic states.

    he idea for the use of the swasti3a b- the Nazis came from a dentist named 6r. ;riedrichrohn who was a member of the secret Germanen order. rohn produced the desin for theactual form in which the Nazis came to use the s-mbol, that is re*ersed, spinnin in an anti%cloc3wise direction. As a solar s-mbol, the swasti3a is properl- thouht of as spinnin, andthe Buddhists ha*e alwa-s belie*ed the s-mbol attracted luc3. he Sans3rit word s*asti3ameans ood fortune and well bein. Accordin to 8abbalistic lore and occult theor-,chaotic force can be e*o3ed b- re*ers% in the s-mbol. And so the s-mbol appeared as thefla of Nazi German- and the insinia of the Nazi part-, an indication for those who hade-es to see, as to the occult nature of the hird ?eich.

    The *ontrovers$ off the "ccult &eichB- 9ohn ?oemer

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    hollow earth theor-, and the friid cosmolo- of Hans Horbiers 4elteislehre, the doctrineof eternal ice.

    Nazi thouht ecluded ps-choanal-sis, which has in fact been not *er- helpful ineplainin the etiolo- of reat e*il, althouh ?obert G./. 4aites effort, 0uoted abo*e and

    published in !&$$ b- Basic Boo3s, is ood on se*eral pro*ocati*e sub5ectsL Hitlerssadomasochistic se life7 the possibilit- he had a 9ewish randfather7 and his +iennesementors, who are described at reater lenth b- the authors about to be mentioned.

    Nazism officiall- re5ected the theor- of relati*it- as 9ewish science. Not onl- ;reud butDinstein too was forced to flee Hitlers Durope. He and other ph-sicists e*entuall- wereable to ensure that atomic secrets remained in the hands of the allies until the- could beused spectacularl- to clima the acific war.

    Horbiers ph-sics deri*ed from an intuiti*e flash he eperienced late in the nineteenthcentur-. As a -oun enineer, he wrote, 1 was watchin one da- some molten steel

    poured on wet round co*ered with snowL the round eploded after some dela- and withreat *iolence.

    his conflict of opposites, of fire and ice, is a theme that inspired Horbier and resonatedfor German nationalists because it recurs in the 1celandic Dddas, the sourceboo3s ofeutonic m-tholo-. 1t all ma3es ood sense in 1celand, since that islands peculiar eolo-feature numerous *olcanic rifts in the permafrost7 fire and ice are commonl- 5utaposed allo*er the landscape. As rounds for a cosmolo-% the word implies uni*ersalit-% it is at bestdubious. 1t would be a hard sell in Hawaii.

    Ne*ertheless, Nazi science was influential out of all proportion to its ob5ecti*e *alidit-.

    Hoerbier was immensel- influential in the hird ?eich. His followers numbered in thetens of thousands. here were scores of Horbierian boo3s, hundreds of 4elteislehrepamphlets, and a monthl- maazine called The +e$ to ,orld 'vents.

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    Norse and 1celandic saas, sleep, -et the- are ali*e. o the Nazis, the- were Supermen. 1none set of m-ths, contained in the Nibelunenlied, the- li*ed beneath eutonic mountains.1n another the- were protot-pe Ar-ans from the Dast, inhabitin *ast ibetan ca*erns.

    hree other boo3s that in*estiate hidden influences on Gerald Susters Hitler: The "ccult

    essiah7 9ean%2ichel Aneberts The "ccult and the Third &iechand Nicholas Goodric3%8lar3es The "ccult &oots of Na-ism.

    Susters boo3 larel- rehashes auwels and Berier. Anebert (actuall- a pen name for two;rench writers) interestinl- lin3s Hitler to an ancient dualist tradition he traces from2anichaenism in ersia throuh the Dssenes, 9esuss alestinian forebears, to the 8athars inthe south of ;rance in the 2iddle Aes. 1ts philosoph- in which, in its Nazi incarnation,solar forces of liht represented b- blond, fair%s3inned Ar-ans stri*e aainst the e*il forcesof dar3ness, who are of course dar3 s3inned Semites.

    Both boo3s, but especiall- Susters are written in prose that stops 5ust this side of tabloid

    5ournalese. his is too bad for two reasons.

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    increasin bastardization of the German descendants of the Ar-an race, onl- the strictpractice of sereation and euenics could uarantee the re*ersal of racial contamination inthe world.

    Another boo3 which hold that Hitler learned man- of his occult lesson from a*atars in

    +ienna and 2unich ma- well be the best 3nown blac3 maical eplanation of Nazism toha*e been put forth so far. re*or ?a*enscrofts The S#ear of Destin$was published b- thatfamous British house of occultism, the aptl- named Ne*ille Spearman /td,.in !&$:, and hassince one throuh man- edition.

    Spear of 6estin-

    ?a*enscroft is intriuin because instead of reportin historical influences on Hitler, hepresents secret histor- in a narrati*e form that purports to be factual and that%if true ma-bee*en if onl- poeticall- true%oes a lon wa- toward findin a con*incin occulteplanation for the Nazi phenomenon.

    wo challenes to ?a*enscrofts facts, discussed below, ha*e led some readers to concludehis boo3 is more nearl- a no*el than strict histor-. Nonetheless, its pro*ocati*e premise andfluent s-nthesis of blac3 maical thematics will 3eep it on occult boo3lists until a bettereffort at eplainin Hitler comes alon.

    ?a*enscroft, a British 5ournalist, historian, and 4orld 4ar 11 commando officer, spent four-ears in Nazi prison camps after he was captured attemptin to assassinate General Drwin?ommel in North Africa in !&E!. His personal perspecti*e on the Hitler era is based onmaterial he sa-s he ot in a state of transcendent consciousness while imprisoned. Heintroduces his methodolo- b- spea3in ofL m- own eperience of hiher le*els ofconsciousness whilst in a Nazi 8oncentration 8amp durin the war, and how the nature ofthis transcendent eperience had uided me to a stud- of the Spear of /oninus and theleend of world destin- which had rown up around it.

    http://www.crystalinks.com/speardestiny.htmlhttp://www.crystalinks.com/speardestiny.html
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    /ater, in /ondon, his intuiti*e suspicions about certain rail relics and their importance inoccult Hitlerian histor- were confirmed b- a +iennese eile called 6r. 4alter 9ohannesStein who died in !&C$.

    6r. Stein spent much of the war as a British secret aent, but before that time he was a

    scholar who emplo-ed white maical means to clair*o-antl- in*estiate historical e*ents. 1twas his boo3 on the rail m-thos published in Stuttart in !&:" and titled The Ninth*entur$: ,orld Histor$ in the Light of the Hol$ railthat attracted ?a*enscroft to him.

    The S#ear of Destin$focuses first on Hitlers lost -ears in +ienna from !&'& to !&!#.6urin that time, ?a*enscroft writes, 6r. Stein was pursuin his occult researches as astudent at the Uni*ersit- of +ienna and ettin to 3now Hitler, then a dropout li*in in aflophouse.

    +ienna was durin Hitlers -ears there a *orte of modern thin3in. ;reud was in practice atBerasse7 /udwi 4ittenstein was in residence ponderin a*ant arde philosoph- and

    metaph-sics7 Gusta* 2ahler had returned home to die and to name his protee, ArnoldSchonber. 1n contrast there persisted the deep anti%Semitic currents that had caused2ahler to con*ert to 8atholicism, that forced ;reud e*entuall- to flee to /ondon and thatinformed the ancient pan%German fol3oric nostalia espoused b- Guido *on /ist.

    his old blac3 maician, whose occult lode ?a*enscroft sa-s substituted the swasti3a forthe cross in per*ersion and the practice of medie*al thaumatur-, loo3ed li3e a wizard inflopp- cap and lon white beard. His lin3 to Hitler was alleedl- throuh an occultboo3seller, Drnst retzche, in whose shop the future ;uhrer found a second home.

    1n the shop 6r. Stein found a cop- of 4olfram *on DschenbachsPar-ival, the medie*al

    rail romance that 6r. Stein was himself researchin for his wor3 on the ninth centur-. 1nthe boo3s marins were handwritten annotations7 loo3in them o*er 6r.Stein wasfascinated and repelledL

    his was no ordinar- commentar- but the wor3 of somebod- who had achie*ed more thana wor3in 3nowlede of the blac3 arts he un3nown commentator had found the 3e- toun*eilin man- of the deepest secrets of the Grail, -et ob*iousl- spurned the 8hristianideals of the nihts and delihted in the de*ious machinations of the Anti%8hrist. 1tsuddenl- dawned on him that he was readin the footnotes of Satan

    he footnotes, of course, pro*ed to ha*e been Hitlers. Soon afterward, 6r.Stein and Hitler

    saw the ?eichs lance toether in the 1mperial 2useum at the Hofbur. 6r. Stein had beenthere before and had ne*er failed to be mo*ed b- the siht of the old relic, supposed to ha*ebeen mo*ed b- the oriinal spear with which the ?oman centurion, /oninus, pierced theside of 8hrist durin the crucifiation. /oninus was a German, and his spear of destin-was fated to pla- a maical role in the careers of German leaders li3e 8harlemane,

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    hen he lanced at HitlerL

    4alter Stein found he was not the onl- one mo*ed b- the siht of this historic spearhead.Adolf Hitler stood beside him, li3e a man in a trance, a man o*er whom some dreadfulmaic spell had been cast... he *er- space around him seemed enli*ened with some subtle

    irradiation, a 3ind of hostl- ectoplasmic liht. His whole ph-sionom- and stanceappeared transformed as if some miht Spirit now inhabited his *er- soul, creatin withinand around him a 3ind of e*il transfiuration of its own nature and power.

    /atter Hitler too3 6r. Stein up the 6anube to *isit his m-stic teacher, a rustic woodcutterand herbalist named Hans /odz who retained in his peasants blood the last traces of theata*istic clair*o-ance of the ancient Germanic tribes and who resembled a mischie*ous-et male*olent dwarf from the paes of Grimms ;air- ales or an illustration from a boo3on ancient Germanic fol3lore.!J he men too3 a swim in the ri*er at which 6r. Steinnoticed that Hitler had onl- one testicle.

    1t was /odz, 6r.Stein learned, who had prepared for Hitler a pe-ote concoction thatafforded him ps-chedelic insiht into his past li*es. he pe-ote itself had come fromretzche, who had li*ed for a time in the German colon- in 2eico. Hitler had hoped thathis former eistences, *iewed in his dru trance, would include an earl- incarnation as apowerful eutonic ruler, but it was not to be.

    1nstead his ps-chedelic perception re*ealed non Dschenbachs arzi*al to ha*e beenprophetic of e*ents that would ta3e place a thousand -ears after it was written, i.e. in thepresent. And it showed Hitler to ha*e been the historical personae behind the e*il sorcererlinsor, the *er- spirit of the anti%8hrist and the *illain of arzi*al.

    Accordin to 6r. Steins wor3 linsor was in fact /andulf 11 of 8apua, the traitorousconfidant of the Hol- ?oman Dmperor who betra-ed 8hristianit- to the 2oslem in*adersof 1tal- and Spain.

    Armed with the 3nowlede of his blac3 spiritual ancestr-, ?a*enscroft writes, Hitler mo*edto German-, 5oined the Ba*arian Arm-, sur*i*ed the hellish trench warfare on the westernfront, won the 1ron 8ross, second class, and ot dischared in 2unich where heencountered the men who were to in*ent National Socialism.

    +irtuall- e*er- stud- of Hitlers time in 2unich mentions the hule Societ- as superficiall-a 3ind of Dl3s 8lub of German m-tholo- which met often and openl- at a fanc-

    metropolitan hotel and for a time counted Hitler as a member. Behind the scenes, howe*erthe societ- seems to ha*e been considerabl- more sinister.

    ?obert a-ne whose ecellent Hitler bioraph- contains no occult eplanations, describesthe hule Societ- as the center of the riht win opposition to the brief Ba*arian postwarsocialist coup under the 9ewish intellectual urt Disner.

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    he reaction set in swiftl-, as the etreme riht athered its forces. he head0uarters of thereaction was the Hotel +ier5ahreszeiten, where se*eral floors were i*en o*er to the huleSociet-, ostensibl- a literar- club de*oted to the stud- of Nordic culture but in fact a secretpolitical oranization de*oted to *iolent anti%Semitism and rule b- an aristocratic elite. hename of the oranization deri*ed from ultima hule, the un3nown northern land belie*ed to

    be the oriinal home of the German race.he s-mbol of the hule Societ- was a swasti3a with a daer enclosed in laurel lea*es.

    2ost of the occult historians of the era belie*e the hule Societ- operated on a deeper le*elstill, a le*el headed b- a m-sterious fiure called 6ietrich Dc3art. Goodric3%8lar3e callsDc3art Hitlers mentor in the earl- da-s of the Nazi art-, alon with ?udolf Hess andAlfred ?osenber.!"

    Accordin to ?a*enscroft, Dc3art, li3e Hitler, first achie*ed transcendence throuhps-chedelic drus. ?esearch on pe-ote b- the German pharmacoloist /udwi /ewin had

    been published in !""J, leadin to widespread popular eperimentation. /ater a heroinaddict, in earlier da-s Dc3art used pe-ote in the practice on neo% paan maic in Berlin. Hecame to belie*e that he, too was the reincarnation of ninth centur- character. 1n his case itwas Bernard of Barcelona, a notorious betra-er of 8hristianit- to the Arabs and a blac3maician who used thaumatur- to hold off 8arolinian armies in Spain.

    Dc3art assertedl- oranized urt D1sners assassination and personall- chose Hitler%b- thena battle%scarred *eteran of the horrors of trench warfare and a fer*ent critic of the armistice%to lead the Ar-an race bac3 to supremac-.

    ?a*enscroft writes that Hitler had been prepared for satanic initiation b- his eperiences in

    +ienna with pe-ote and with the spear and b- his mustard assin in !&!", which left himblind and in a state of enforced trance for se*eral da-s.

    He also sa-s that the techni0ues 6ietrich Dc3art used were in part deri*ed from the seualmaic of Aleister 8rowle-. 1n !&!: this famed British maician was named 1I British headof a secret Berlin lode called

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    their bodies before disembowellin them, and the in*o3in of Spirits of 6ar3ness (incubis)to rape -oun *irins 3idnapped from their families.

    1t was from his studies of the power a*ailable to practitioners of such per*ersities thatDc3art de*ised the rituals he used when he opened the centers of Adolf Hitler to i*e him a

    *ision of and a means of communication with the owers. ?a*enscroft concludes, thouhhe declines to furnish the full detailsL Suffice it to sa- that the- were indescribabl- sadisticand hastl-.

    Ha*in done his worst, Dc3art soon died, proudl- ad*isin those around himL

    ;ollow Hitler he will dance, but it is 1 who ha*e called the tune

    1 ha*e initiated him into theSecret Doctrine, opened his centers of *ision and i*en him themeans to communicate with the owers. 6o not mourn for meL 1 shall ha*e influencedhistor- more than an- other German.

    Not unnaturall- the 0uestion rises whether an- of The S#ear of Destin$is true. 1ts certainl-a reat stor-, one which ?a*enscroft elaborates with a lenth- in*estiation of Hitlers selife, in which he ma3es a case for associatin the reports of the ;uehrers missin testis tothe per*ersities resultin from /andulfs castration.

    he problem lies with ?a*enscrofts primar- source, 6r. 4alter 9ohannes Stein. And theproblem with 6r.Stein is reall- two problemsL one his method of historical researchL andtwo, the fact that he is dead and unable to spea3 for himself.

    Gi*en his method, of course, this second problem should not be insurmountable. Had we

    the techni0ue, 6r. Stein could presumabl- *erif- each of ?a*enscrofts assertion for us frombe-ond the ra*e. ;or 6r. Stein is alleed to ha*e studied histor- not in the libraries andarchi*es that are the usual haunt of the historian but in an arena called the 8osmic8hronicle where, accordin to ?a*enscroft, past present and future were united in a hiherdimension of time.

    4hats more ?a*enscroft re*eals in his introduction, 6r.Stein tauht the same techni0ues tohim.

    1t is, howe*er, undeniabl- difficult, if not unprecedented, to footnote clair*o-ance. 4e ha*eto ta3e on faith that the The S#ear of Destin$is what 6r.Stein told ?a*enscroft. his is not

    to sa- that all of his information came from the 8osmic 8hronicle7 6r. Stein as we ha*eseen is purported to ha*e been present in +ienna durin Hitlers lost -ears there. Nor didtheir close association end in Austria. ?a*enscroft sa-s 6r. Stein watched at close0uarters the foundin of the Nazi part- and Hitlers association with Dc3art and othersinister mentors.

    4hen ?eichsfuehrer SS Heinrich Himmler ordered 6r.Steins arrest in Stuttart in !# inorder to press him into ser*ice with the SS

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    brouht with him to Britain the most authoritati*e 3nowlede of the occultism of the Naziart-.

    Nowhere does ?a*enscroft made it clear whether hes tal3in about e-ewitness 3nowledeon 6r.Steins part or about the sort of information to be leaned from the 8osmic 8hronicle.

    But two critics of the The S#ear of Destin$do cast doubt on se*eral of the factual assertionsupon the factual assertions upon which ?a*enscrofts arument is built.

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    4e can o*erloo3 ?a*enscrofts mista3e of spea3in of 4achau as a place and not of thereion which reall- it is. But the details do not fitL the snow meltin in 2a-, the steamerrunnin in spite of the floods, bathin in the ri*er% it ma3es no sense. 8ertainl- wron is thestatement that Hitler had onl- one testicle... all this has been completel- refuted b- 4erner2aser.

    ?a*enscrofts account of Hitlers circumstances in +ienna also come in for some hea*-criticism. 6r. Stein reportedl- sat in a window seat in 6emels 8afe, readin the anon-mousmarinalia in the cop- of arzi*al hed found and concludin the- were the footnotes ofSatan when he loo3ed throuh the lass and beheld the most arroant face and demonicale-es he had e*er seen. his was of course the future ;uehrer in his leendar- uise as animpo*erished pa*ement artist, sellin homemade postcards, dressed in a bi blac3 sleaz-coat, his toes *isible throuh the crac3s in his shoes. 4hen in Auust, !&!:, he souhtHitler out at the flophouse he li*ed in , in 2eldemannstrasse, he was told Hitler was awa-at Spittal%an%der%6rau collectin a leac- left him b- an aunt. hereafter, Hitler dressedwell.

    Hitler did recei*e a leac- from his aunt, 9ohanna oelzl, /indenber reports. But thishappens in 2arch, !&!!, and the aunt li*ed in Spital%with%one%t, not on the 6rau but insouthern Austria. ;urthermore,

    At no time of life did Hitler li*e in impo*erished conditions, rather he had alwa-s sufficientmone-. 1n the 2eldenmannstrasse, a 3ind of lare hotel, Hitler paid a rent of !C ronen amonth. So he could afford a fairl- epensi*e room and had no need to sell his pictures,which in an- case were no postcards. So this scene too, that impo*erished Hitler dressed inan o*ersized blac3 coat sellin water colors in front of the 8afe 6ehmel does not aree withthe facts either (cf. the two wor3s b- 4erner 2aser who with incredible care collected all

    ascertained facts of Hitlers -outh).1n his discussion of the hol- lances power to e*o3e transcendent eperience, ?a*enscrofthas a scene in which the chief of the German eneral staff, Helmut *on 2olt3e, *isited therelic in the compan- of 8onrad *on Hoetzendorf, an Austrian eneral, shortl- before theoutbrea3 of 4orld 4ar 1. he spears presence led *on 2olt3e to ha*e a trance *ision ofhimself incarnated as ope Nicolas 1, a ninth centur- pontiff concerned, li3e *on 2olt3e,with the balance of eopolitical power between east and west.

    Untrue protests /indenber. ;or 2olt3e *isited +ienna neither in !&!# nor in !&!E.8onrad and 2olt3e met on 2a- !:, !&!E at arlsbad, from September $ % !', !&!#, in

    Silesia, and at /eipzi on

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    /indenber doesnt li3e ?a*enscrofts boo37 he calls it a pollution of our spiritualen*ironment. And it is manifestl- difficult for him or an-one to rebut research done on thecosmic le*el.

    4hat, in the end, was Hitler all aboutP erhaps no better eplanation can be found than

    4.H. Audens suestions, made in his poem September !,!& and printed as anepiram to ?obert G./. 4aites boo3. he date is the beinnin of Hitlers Blitz3rieaainst olandL

    Accurate scholarship can Unearth the whole offence ;rom /uther until now hat has dri*ena culture mad, ;ind what occurred at /inz, 4hat hue imao made A ps-chopathic odL 1and the public 3now 4hat all schoolchildren learn, hose to whom e*il is done 6o e*il inreturn.

    ?eferenceL Hitler % Dnc-clopedia Britannica

    pear o* +estiny

    Hitlers successes as Nazi dictator ha*e i*en wa- to a number of occult theories.

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    he lance appears both in factual histor- and in fiction.

    1n the 4aner opera arsi*al, linsor was a despicable ad*ersar- of the nihts of theHol- Grail.

    he fiend souht to capture the Spear of 6estin- from them and use it in his practice ofblac3 maic.

    1n histor-, no fiure was more feared than the blac3 maician /andulph 11 of 8apua. He,too, was obsessed with the power of the Spear of 6estin-.

    Hitler identified the similarities between 4aners character and the maician. He saw theirstrules as parallel to his own 0uest for the hol- icon.

    o Hitler, the blood purit- of the Grail nihts and the maniacal 0uest of linsor and/andulph for the spear was the blueprint for world con0uest b- Nazi power.

    Hitler belie*ed he would one da- fulfill a historic destin-. How he would do this was notclear until he was :!.

    4hile in the Hapsbur reasure House in +ienna, Austria, Hitler heard the words which hesaid were to chane his whole life.

    A museum tour uide stopped in front of a displa- of an ancient spear and told of a leendthat whoe*er possessed it would hold the destin- of the world.

    he uide said the spear was supposedl- the one which a ?oman 8enturion thrust into the

    side of 9esus 8hrist at the 8rucifiion. After the roup departed, Hitler stepped forward fora closer loo3.

    1 3new with immediac- that this was an important moment in m- life, and -et 1 could notdi*ine wh- an outwardl- 8hristian s-mbol should ma3e such an impression on me, he saidlater.

    After his initial eperience with the Spear of 6estin-, Hitler studied the histor- of theancient relic. He was intriued and amazed at its incredible stor-.

    ;or more than !,''' -ears, the spear had been a s-mbol of power to the emperors of the

    Hol- ?oman Dmpire. 8entur- after centur-, the leend of the Spear had been fulfilled forood or e*il.

    8onstantine the Great claimed the spear uided him throuh pro*idence.

    he ;ran3ish General arl 2artel used the spear in battle.

    http://www.crystalinks.com/holygrail.htmlhttp://www.crystalinks.com/holygrail.html
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    Dmperor 8harlemane li*ed and slept within reach of the spear, and attributed E$ battle*ictories to its powers.

    1n all, EC emperors o*er !,''' -ears claimed the Spear of 6estin- as a possession.

    Hitler decided he had to possess it.

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    he hule%Gesellschaft (hule Societ-) was founded Auust !$, !&!", b- ?udolf *onSebottendorff. He had been schooled in occultism, 1slamic m-sticism, alchem-,?osicrucianism and much else, in ur3e-, where he had also been initiated into;reemasonr-.

    1ts oriinal name was Studiengru##e f00ermanisches Altertum (Stud- Group for GermanAnti0uit-), but it soon started to disseminate anti%republican and anti%Semitic propaanda.

    A mo*ement to promote hulian ideas amon industrial wor3ers and to offset 2arism,was formed in Auust !&!" % the 4or3ers olitical 8ircle with hulist arl Harrer aschairman.

    ;rom this came the German 4or3ers art- in !&!&.

    A -ear later this became the NS6A under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. 1t had membersfrom the top echelons of the part-, includin ?udolf Hess and Alfred ?osenber, thouh notAdolf Hitler. Serbottendorff stated, hule members were the people to whom Hitler firstturned and who first allied themsel*es with Hitler.

    he swasti3a fla adopted b- the NS6A was the brain%child of another hulist, 6r rohn.

    1ts press oran was the 2FFener Beobachter (2unich

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    a hierarchical fraternal structure similar to freemasonr-. 1t tauht to its initiates nationalistideoloies of nordic race superiorit-, antisemitism as well as occult, almost maicalphilosophies. Some sa- that the 6eutsche Arbeiter%artei (later the Nazi art-) when underthe leadership of Adolf Hitler was a political front, and indeed the oranisation reflectedman- ideoloies of the part-, includin the swasti3a s-mbol. he hule Societ-, another

    secret societ- with similar ideoloies and s-mbols was also closel- lin3ed to this.4ith the *ictor- of the Nazi art-, the occult tradition was carried on in the hird ?eichmainl- b- the SS, who ?eichsfuhrer, Himmler, was an a*id student of the occult. An SSoccult research department, the Ahnernerbe (Ancestral Heritae) was established in !Cwith SS 8olonel 4olfram *on Sie*ers at its head.

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    indictments in5ected ruthless efficienc- into the 3anaroo courts as he finered hundreds ofnoncommissioned officers and enlisted men who had s-mpathized with the communist andanarchists. He was subse0uentl- sent to attend special anticommunist trainin courses andseminars at the Uni*ersit- which were financed b- the ?eichswehr administration and b-pri*ate donors from the hule Societ-.

    his led to an assinment in the intellience di*ision of the postwar German arm-, toinfiltrate roups that could oranize the wor3in classes while the communists were wea3.

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    he German 4or3ers art- was onl- one of man- associations founded and controlled b-the hule Societ-. he hule was the 2other to the German Socialist art-, led b- 9uliusStreicher, and the riht%win radical

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    A fre0uent *isitor to /andsber rison where Hitler was writin 2ein ampf with the helpof ?udolf Hess, was General arl Haushofer, a uni*ersit- professor and director of the2unich 1nstitute of Geopolitics. Haushofer, Hitler, and Hess had lon con*ersationstoether. Hess also 3ept records of these con*ersations. Hitlers demands for German/i*in Space in the east at the epense of the Sla*ic nations were based on the

    eopolitical theories of the learned professor.Haushofer was also inclined toward the esoteric. as militar- attache in 9apan, he had studiedOen%Buddhism. He had also one throuh initiations at the hands of ibetan /amas. Hebecame Hitlers second esoteric mentor, replacin 6ietrich Dc3art. 1n Berlin, Haushoferhad founded the /uminous /ode or the +ril Societ-. he lodes ob5ecti*e was to eplorethe oriins of the Ar-an race and to perform eercises in concentration to awa3en the forcesof +ril. Haushofer was a student of the ?ussian maician and metaph-sician Greor1*ano*ich Gurd-e* (Geore Gurd5ieff).

    Both Gurd5eiff and Haushofer maintained that the- had contacts with secret ibetan /odes

    that possessed the secret of the Superman. he lode included Hitler, Alfred ?osenber,Himmler, Gorin, and Hitlers subse0uent personal ph-sician 6r. 2orell. 1t is also 3nownthat Aleister 8rowle- and Gurd5ieff souht contact with Hitler. Hitlers unusual powers ofsuestion become more understandable if one 3eeps in mind that he had access to thesecret ps-choloical techni0ues of the esoteric lodes. Haushofer tauht him thetechni0ues of Gurd5ieff which, in turn, were based on the teachins of the Sufis and theibetan /amas% and familiarized him with the Oen teachin of the 9apanese Societ- of theGreen 6raon.

    in the latter half of the pre*ious centur-, intriuin hints about ibetan secret teachins hadbeen carried to the west b- Helena /la0atsywho claimed initiation at the hands of the

    Hol- /amas themsel*es.Bla*ats3- tauht that her Hidden 2astersand eret 3hie*shad their earthl- residence inthe Himala-an reion.

    As soon as the Nazi mo*ement had sufficient funds, it bean to oranize a number ofepeditions to ibet and these succeeded one another practicall- without interruption until!&E#.

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    cloc3wise direction. As a solar s-mbol, the swasti3a is properl- thouht of as spinnin, andthe Buddhists ha*e alwa-s belie*ed the s-mbol attracted luc3.

    he Sans3rit word s0astiameans ood fortune and well bein. Accordin to 8abbalisticlore and occult theor-, chaotic force can be e*o3ed b- re*ers% in the s-mbol. And so the

    s-mbol appeared as the fla of Nazi German- and the insinia of the Nazi part-, anindication for those who had e-es to see, as to the occult nature of the hird ?eich.

    % The Unknown Hitler4ulf Schwartzwaller

    A%A 51....,%&&2 LA....+%A2LA#+

    Area C! is a parcel of U.S. militar-%controlled land in southern Ne*ada, apparentl-containin a secret aircraft testin facilit-. 1t is also 3nown as 4atertown, 6reamland,aradise ?anch, he ;arm, he Bo, and he 6irectorate for 6e*elopment lans Area, andsimpl- Groom /a3e. 1t is also famed as the sub5ect of man- U;< conspirac- theories.

    ,eography

    Area C! is a section of land of approimatel- J' s0. mi. Q !CC 3m in /incoln 8ount-,Ne*ada, USA. 1t is part of the *ast (EJ"$ s0. mi. Q !:!#& 3m) Nellis ?ane 8omple(N?8). he area consists larel- of the wide Dmirant +alle-, framed b- the Groom andapoose mountain ranes. Between the two ranes lies Groom 6r- /a3e (#$T!J :'C #N!!C

    E$ :C" #4!), a dr- al3ali la3e bed rouhl- three miles (C 3m) in diameter. A lare airbase eists on the southwest corner of the la3e (#$ !E : N !!C E& :4) with two concreterunwa-s, at least one of which etends onto the la3e bed, and two unprepared runwa-s onthe la3e bed itself.

    Area C! shares a border with the ucca ;lats reion of the Ne*ada est Site (NS), thelocation of man- of the U.S. 6epartment of Dner-s nuclear weapons tests. he ucca2ountain nuclear storae facilit- is approimatel- E' miles (JE3m) southwest of Groom/a3e.

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    he desination Area C! is somewhat contentious, appearin on older maps of the NSand not newer ones, but the same namin scheme is used for other parts of the Ne*ada estSite.

    he area is connected to the internal NS road networ3, with pa*ed roads leadin both to

    2ercur- to the Northwest and 4est to ucca ;lats. /eadin northeast from the la3e, Groom/a3e ?oad (a wide, well%conditioned dirt road) runs throuh a pass in the 9umbled Hills.Groom /a3e ?oad was formerl- the trac3 leadin to mines in the Groom basin, but hasbeen impro*ed since their closure. 1ts windin course ta3es it past a securit- chec3point,but the restricted area around the base etends further east than this (*isitors foolhard-enouh to tra*el west on Groom /a3e ?oad are usuall- obser*ed first b- uards located onthe hills surroundin the pass, still se*eral miles from the chec3point). After lea*in therestricted area (mar3ed b- numerous warnin sins statin that photoraph- is prohibitedand that use of deadl- force is authorized) Groom /a3e ?oad descends eastward to thefloor of the i3aboo +alle-, passin the dirt%road entrances to se*eral small ranches, before5oinin with State Hihwa- #$C south of ?achel.

    &perations at ,roo Lae

    Groom /a3e is not a con*entional airbase, and front%line units are not normall- deplo-edthere. 1t appears, rather, to be used durin the de*elopment, test and trainin phases for newaircraft.

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    atomic test, which eploded two dozen de*ices at the NS. he lumbbob%Hood eplosionscattered fallout across Groom and forced its (temporar-) e*acuation.

    As U%:s primar- mission was to o*erfl- the So*iet Union, it operated larel- from airbasesnear the So*iet border, includin 1ncirli3 in ur3e- and eshawar in a3istan.

    /labird (&3A%T 6 A-1 6 A-11 6 A-17 6 %-:1) progra

    D*en before U%: de*elopment was complete, /oc3heed bean wor3 on its successor, the81As

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    Area 51 3oters

    6efense contractor DGG maintains a pri*ate terminal at 2c8arran 1nternational Airportin /as +eas. A number of unmar3ed aircraft operate dail- shuttle ser*ices from 2c8arranto sites operated b- DGG in the etensi*e federall-%controlled lands in southern Ne*ada.

    hese aircraft reportedl- use 9AND radio callsins (e.. 9AND J), said to be anacron-m for 9oint Air Networ3 for Dmplo-ee ransportation or, (perhaps as a 5o3e) 9ustAnother Non%Distent erminal. DGG ad*ertises in the /as +eas press for eperiencedairline pilots, sa-in applicants must be eliible for o*ernment securit- clearance and thatsuccessful applicants can epect to alwa-s o*erniht at /as +eas. hese aircraft, paintedwhite with a red trim, include Boein $#$s and se*eral smaller eecuti*e 5ets. heir tailnumbers are reistered to se*eral uneceptional ci*il aircraft leasin corporations. he- arereported to shuttle to Groom, onopah est ?ane, to other locations in the NA;? andNS, and reportedl- to Na*al Air 4eapons Station 8hina /a3e.

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    1n response to en*ironmental and emplo-ee lawsuits (includin a class%action lawsuitbrouht b- emplo-ees of the base for toic waste eposure), a residential 6etermination isissued annuall-, eemptin the Air ;orces

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    'Area 51' Last o* the eret 2ilitary /ases

    Scripps Howard News Ser*ice % 9anuar- :'''

    2an- people who belie*e in U;

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    he 6epartment of Dner- officiall- emplo-s a total of EE" people in the /as +eas area,e*en thouh there are no 3nown federal pro5ects in the cit- that could 5ustif- suchemplo-ment. he Air ;orce has !,'J" ci*ilian emplo-ees there, some of whom certainl-wor3 at Nellis Air ;orce Base.

    But more suspect are the !JJ ci*ilian emplo-ees of the departments of 6efense and Arm-,the !CJ Dn*ironmental rotection Aenc- wor3ers, the !' ;ederal Dmerenc- 2anaementAenc- emplo-ees and at least two representati*es of the Nuclear ?eulator- 8ommissionstaff. Some of these people wor3 in the still classified operations conducted inside thebombin rane. Amon the most popular occupations for this wor3force are miscellaneousadministration, secretar-, eneral enineerin, eneral ph-sical sciences andmanaement prorammin.

    he a*erae salar- for the 6epartment of Dner- personnel last -ear was nearl- VC&,''' a-ear, well abo*e a*erae for a federal emplo-ee. he pa-roll for all of the ci*ilian wor3ersin the area totaled V"'.J million. he anal-sis found that federal cutbac3s that ha*e

    remo*ed nearl- !J percent of the ci*ilian federal wor3force and about :' percent of themilitar- durin the 8linton administration has been especiall- mild in the area aroundGroom /a3e. Slihtl- more than $ percent of this ci*ilian federal wor3force in southernNe*ada declined from !&&: to !&&$.

    ;or the past se*eral decades, the Air ;orce has officiall- denied the eistance of Area C!. Arecent statement reads as followsL here are a *ariet- of facilities throuhout the Nellis?ane 8omple. 4e do ha*e faciliities within the comple near the dr- la3e bed of Groom/a3e. he facilities of the Nellis ?ane 8omple are used for testin and trainintechnoloies, operations, and s-stems critical to their effecti*eness of U.S. militar- forces.Specific acti*ities conducted at Nellis cannot be discussed an- further than that.

    Area C! is a secret Air ;orce base secluded deep within a wide%ranin tract of restrictedo*ernment land in the remote Ne*ada desert. 1t is !'' miles north%northwest of /as +eas.

    o dri*e there one must dri*e on 1nterstate Hihwa- #$C now renamed DtraterrestrialHihwa-.

    here is a famous blac3mail bo on the road. 1t loo3s li3e an- ordinar- mailbo. 1t mar3sthe crossroads that lead to a lare secret militar- comple. eople come from all o*er towatch pecular lihts strea3in across the s3ies li3e nothin the- ha*e e*er seen before.Some report craft fl-in at approimatel- !',''' miles per hour, that suddenl- stop dead.

    he alleed source of these U;

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    he super secret S? $! sp- plane and the stealth fihter were reportedl- de*eloped andtested here. Some people contend the militar- uses the base to stud- downed and capturedalien craft, e*en aliens themsel*es, e*entuall- usin the alien technolo- in Americanmilitar- pro5ects.

    4hat scares man- people and in*estiators is that the o*ernment can use this blan3etclaim of national securit- to hide an-thin and e*er-thin which is what the- ha*e beendoin in Area C!.

    he secrets of Area C! are increasinl- well protected. he Air ;orce ained control of thebest *antae points o*er loo3in the base and closed them to the public. Hea*il- armedmen in white 5eeps and camouflaed uniforms dri*e well be-ond the boundaries of the baseonto public land reported detainin and intimidatin an-one who ets too close. 2an-people ha*e been harassed some e*en arrested apparentl- with no leal authorit- becausethese people wont sa- who the- are. As usual the o*ernment has nothin to sa-

    2ost +etailed pansion

    April :#, :''' % space.com

    6etailed imaes of Area C! 5ust released ma- not show e*idence of little reen men, butthe- do show that the super%secret Air ;orce base has rown sinificantl- o*er the -ears.

    1 want to see fl-in saucers as much as an-one, said ;ederation of American ScientistWs9ohn i3e, who ordered the !%meter (#.:%foot) imaes, the most detailed to date, fromhorton, 8olorado%compan- Space 1main. 1nstead, the photos %% captured o*er the past

    few months %% show that the area has sinificantl- epanded since the first imaes weresnapped of the infamous site o*er #' -ears ao.

    1tWs interestin to contemplate what is oin on there. 1t seems as thouh there is tons ofmone- oin in there and nothin is oin out, he said.

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    ?unwa- at Area C!

    n particular, the photos show a runwa- that is about #,"'' meters (:.#J miles), or about E:football fields, lon. hatWs e*en loner than the runwa-s for the worldWs larestcommercial aircraft.

    he barrac3s % home of people who li*e on the base

    he imaes also show a bureonin rowth in the area, includin a complete rebuildin andepansion in size of the housin comple for base personnel o*er the past #' -ears. 1naddition, there are new support facilities.

    he munitions storae area

    A eometricall-%shaped munitions storae area is also identified.

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    he aircraft hanar

    And four aircraft hanars are *isible off the runwa-. 8onspirac- theorists ha*e lonbelie*ed that one of these hanars, dubbed Hanar !", is the holdin area for the alien

    bodies and captured alien technolo- ta3en from crash sites.

    hese hih%resolution imaes, captured b- Space 1mainWs 1

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    he war ma- alread- be o*er before -ou et -our picture, i3e said.

    Space 1mains 2ar3 Brender arued that obtainin imaes doesnt alwa-s ta3e so lon.4e can turn stuff around in :E hours, he said. 4hen twin tornadoes touched down ineas on 2arch :", for eample, Brender sa-s that within a few hours the- were e*aluatin

    the imaes and read- to release them to the public within :E hours.4e can produce imaes *er- shortl- for natural disasters and crisis, he said.

    Area C! %% $C miles (!:! 3ilometers) northwest of /as +eas occupies about !C' s0uaremiles (#&' s0uare 3ilometers) of a dried up la3ebed in the Great Basin 6esert, Ne*ada. 1twas named after the rid it occupies on an old Ne*ada map and came into eistence in !&CCwhen aerospace compan- /oc3heed 2artin landed there to test the U :, a hih%altitudesur*eillance plane.

    he top%secret base later became a pro*in round for se*eral enerations of hih%tech

    protot-pes, includin the ; !!$%A Stealth fihter.he shroud of secrec- thic3ened once the Air ;orce bouht up about &,''' acres of landaround the base to pre*ent the public from ettin too close. 1n Auust !&&E, an Air ;orceofficial admitted the base eisted, sa-in the Air ;orce has facilities within the complenear the dr- la3ebed of Groom /a3eXused for testin, trainin technoloies, operations ands-stems critical to the effecti*eness of U.S. militar- forces.

    Ufoloists ha*e lon belie*ed that unidentified fl-in ob5ects from other planets areentrenched in underround bases in the reion and insist alien autopsies are beinconducted there. But, con*entional wisdom sa-s the base is li3el- a center for super%secret

    operations dealin with sophisticated militar- aircraft.

    TUT

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    he eutonic

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    &rigins o* the Tetoni &rder

    Accordin to tradition, earl- in the twelfth centur- a wealth- German couple built ahospital in 9erusalem at their own epense to care for poor and sic3 pilrims who spo3eGerman. he hospital and an accompan-in chapel were dedicated to the +irin 2ar-. his

    stor- is similar to the traditions of the oriin of the Hospital of St. 9ohn of 9erusalemfounded b- Amalfitans. he German hospital apparentl- was affiliated with the Hospital ofSt. 9ohn, at least, in the obser*ance of the rule of St. Auustine. After Saladins con0uest of9erusalem in !!"$, there are no more records of the German hospital there. here was noindication that the German hospital e*er had a militar- mission.

    6urin the siee of Acre durin the hird 8rusade (probabl- !!&'), Germans from /FF3and Bremen established a field hospital for German soldiers reportedl- usin ships sails asco*er from the elements. 6u3e ;rederic3 of Swabia placed his chaplain 8onrad in chareof the hospital and soon transformed the oranization into a reliious order responsible tothe local /atin bishop. Althouh some scholars 0uestion its authenticit-, ope 8lement 111

    (!!"$% %!!&!) apparentl- appro*ed the

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    2embership of this mostl- German%spea3in order was composed of *arious, distinctclassesL 3nihts, priests, and other brothers (la- brothers, sisters, and familiars). herewas a lare number of people who supported the professed members of the

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    2arienbur in russia. Here the

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    The Frenh %e0oltion and A*ter

    As the anticlerical ;rench o*ernment epanded its political control in the !$&'s, the

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    !!!" % Huh of a-ens of Burund- and Godfre- of Saint Adhemar, a ;lemin, with se*enother 3nihts were credited with foundin the emplars whose head0uarters was on or nearthe emple 2ount in 9erusalem

    !!:J % Hospital of St. 9ohn displa-ed possible militar- attributes7 its constable was cited

    in sources!!:$ % ossible date of the foundin of the German Hospital of St. 2ar- in 9erusalem !!:"% robable circulation of St. Bernard of 8lair*au /iber ad milites templi de laude no*aemilitiae

    9anuar- !!:& % 8ouncil of ro-es reconized the emple as an order

    !!#! % in Alfonso 1 of Araon and Na*arre attempted to turn o*er the 3indom to theemplars, Hospitallers, and nihts of the Hol- Sepulcher in his will

    !!E# % wo sources of ope 8elestine 11 mention a German hospital in 9erusalem in some3ind of dispute with the Hospital of St. 9ohn7 the German hospital was put under thesuper*ision of the Hospital of St. 9ohn

    !!E$%!!E& % Second 8rusade

    !!J's or !!$'s % 9ohn of 4rzbur mentioned the German hospital in 9erusalem in his6escription of the Hol- /and

    !!$: % German mon3 heodorich wrote Guide to the Hol- /and

    !!$J % Sophia, 8ountess of Holland, was buried in the German hospital in 9erusalem

    2a- !, !!"$ % Hospitallers and emplars defeated b- the 2uslims at Nazareth

    9ul- E, !!"$ % Battle of Hattin lost b- crusaders7 Hospitallers, emplars, and the flower ofthe nobilit- de*astated

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    ;eb. J, !