Theprojectsteeringcommitteewouldliketothankthefollowingeventsponsors:

Trialsitecourtesyof

Thursday17November201610:00am–4:00pmincludingbarbequelunchandafternoontea

BadcockLane,Hagley,Tasmania

VISITORINFORMATIONWetrustthatyouwillenjoyyourdaywithusattheHyperYieldingCerealsProjectInauguralFieldDay.Yourhealthandsafetyisparamount,thereforewhilstonthepropertyweaskthatyoubothreadandfollowthisinformationnotice.

HEALTH&SAFETY

• AllvisitorsarerequestedtofollowinstructionsfromFARandSFSstaffatalltimes.

• Allvisitorstothesitearerequestedtostaywithinthepublicareasandnottocrossintoanyropedoffareas.

• AllvisitorsarerequestedtoreportanyhazardsnoteddirectlytoamemberofFARorSFSstaff.

FARMBIOSECURITY

• Pleasebeconsiderateoffarmbiosecurity.Pleasedonotwalkintofarmcropswithoutpermission.Pleaseconsiderwhetherfootwearand/orclothinghavepreviouslybeenwornincropssufferingfromsoilborneorfoliardiseases.

FIRSTAID

• WehaveanumberofFirstAidersonsite.Shouldyourequireanyassistance,pleaseaskamemberofFARorSFSstaff.

LITTER

• Litterbinsarelocatedaroundthesiteforyouruse;weaskthatyoudisposeofalllitterconsiderately.

VEHICLES

• Vehicleswillnotbepermittedoutsideofthedesignatedcarparkingareas.Pleaseensurethatyourvehicleisparkedwithinthedesignatedarea(s).

SMOKING

• ThereisNoSmokingpermittedinsideanymarquee.

Thankyouforyourcooperation,enjoyyourday.

Onbehalfofthesteeringcommittee,IamdelightedtowelcomeyoutotheHyperYieldingCerealProjectInauguralFieldDay.

LedbytheFoundationforArableResearch(FAR)AustraliaincollaborationwithSouthernFarmingSystems(SFS),theHyperYieldingCerealProjectisfundedbyTheGrainsResearchandDevelopmentCorporation(GRDC)andisaimedatboostingTasmania’sproductionofhighqualityfeedgraincerealsandtherebyreducingitsrelianceonsuppliesfromthemainland.

Theprojectwillbefrontandcentreoftoday’sfieldeventandwillshowcasethisresearchsitededicatedtoimprovingtheabilityoftheState’sfarmerstogrowhighyieldingfeedgrainwheatandbarley.

TheGRDCrecognisedsometimeagothatahugeopportunityexistsforTasmaniatoproducemuchgreatervolumesoffeedgraincerealswithnewirrigationschemescomingonline.Italsorecognisedthatwithfavourablequalityattributestherewasagrowingmarketinthestate’sdairysector.

Howdidtheprojectoriginate?

Despiteamorefavourableclimateforgrainproductioncomparedwiththemainland,andgreateryieldpotential,Tasmaniaremainsanetimporterofcerealgrains.WewanttoseeTasmaniabecomemoreself-sufficientinitscapacitytosupplyfeedtotheState’sdairyindustryandotherlivestockusers.

Theprojectwasestablishedtobridgethegapbetweenactualandpotentialyieldsthroughgeneticimprovementofcrops,bestpracticeintermsofmanagementofthosecropsandrecognitionofqualityforthekeyendusers.Tothatend,muchprogresshasalreadybeenmadeintheinitialscreeningofnewcultivarsfordiseaseresistanceandtraitssuitablefortheTasmanianenvironment.

Projectobjectives

Withinputfromnationalandinternationalcerealbreeders,growers,advisersandthedairyindustry,theprojectisworkingtowardssettingrecordyieldtargetsasaspirationalgoalsforgrowersoffeedgrains.Withtherightincentives,theproject

steeringgroupbelievesitwillbepossibletoencouragebreederstoplacegreaterfocusontheneedsofTasmaniangrowers.

Tofocusontheseobjectives,theprojecthasbeensetthechallengeof:

• IncreasingaverageTasmanianredgrainfeedwheatyieldsfrom4.4t/hato7t/haby2020;

• Deliveringcommercialwheatcropswhichyield14t/haby2020;

• Identifyingandendorsingthevalueofmetabolisableanddigestibleenergyinfeedgraincerealsthroughengagementandcollaborationwiththedairyindustry.

Theprojectwillresultinthecreationofaninternationally-linkedcentreofexcellenceforfeedgraincerealproduction,basedinTasmania.Thiscentrealongwithaseriesofregionalfocusfarmswillbefocusedondevelopingimprovedvarieties,generatingvarietyspecificagronomypackagesandintroducingnewparametersfordescribingfeedgrainqualityfordairyindustryendusers.

Keyfindingsfromtheresearchtodatewillbepresentedtogrowers,dairyfarmersandindustrypersonnelattendingtoday’sfieldday.

Today’sevent

Theeventwillfeatureresearchtrialdemonstrationsandaline-upofinternational,mainlandandTasmanianspeakerswhowilldiscussvariousaspectsofimprovedgermplasmandagronomy,grainqualityanddairynutritionstrategies.

Toendorsetheproject’sinternationallinkages,ourkeynotespeakerfortheeventisPatrickStephenson,oneoftheUKsleadingagronomists.PatrickwhoworksforNIABTAG,theUK’slargestindependentfarmerfocusedresearchorganisationwillsharehisinternationalagronomyexpertisewithTasmaniangrowers.

Shouldyourequireanyassistancethroughouttheday,pleasedon’thesitatetocontactamemberoftheFARorSFSteamwhowillbemorethanhappytohelp.

Thankyouonceagainfortakingthetimeoutofyourbusyscheduletojoinustoday;wehopethatyoufindthepresentationsuseful,andasaresult,takeawaynewideaswhichcanbeimplementedinyourownfarmingbusiness.Haveagreatdayandwelookforwardtoseeingyouagainatfutureprojectevents.

NickPooleManagingDirectorFARAustralia

FundingAcknowledgementsTheHyperyieldingcerealprojectsteeringgroupwouldliketoplaceonrecorditsgratefulthankstotheGrainsResearch&DevelopmentCorporation(GRDC)fortheirfundingsupportforthiseventandproject.

SponsorshipacknowledgementTheHyperyieldingcerealprojectsteeringgroupwouldalsoliketoacknowledgethesponsorshipsupportgivenbyRobertstoassistwithcateringandTPJonesforsupportingthetravelcostsofourkeynotespeakerPatrickStephensonfromNIABTAGintheUK.

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PatrickStephensonNIABTAG,UK

Towards14t/hafeedwheatyieldsinTasmania–givensuchachallenge,whatcanwelearnfromagronomytechniquesintheUK?

TheUnitedKingdomwheatproductionsystemhasbeenheavilyinputdriven.Toacertainextentwecouldbedescribedas‘hookedonhighinputandhighoutput’.Lookingbackatnationalwheataverageyieldswecanseeamixedpicture.Therehavebeenthreestandoutyears1984,1997and2015.Thesinglefactorthatlinksthesethreeyearstogetheristheweatherpatterns.Foreachoftheseyearsthepeakhasrisenslightlyhigherandalthoughweatherhasbeenimportant,agronomytechniqueshavealsoevolvedconsiderablyoverthistimescale.Thekeyissuesforachievinghighyieldsarediscussedbelow.

PlantGenetics

Breedershavemade‘bigstrides’inplantgenetics,althoughthiswouldbetheclaimbywheatbreederstherealityissomewhatdifferent.ViewingtheUKnationalwheatrecommendedlist,wheatyieldsdoshowanupwardtrendinyieldssincetheeighties.Thisisnotmeteoricbutisincreasingwithanaverageyieldimprovementof0.3%peryearsince1984.Traitsofimprovedstrawstrength,andincreasesingrains/m²havebeenimportantattributesmanipulatedbyagronomiststoachievehigheryields.ItcouldbearguedthattheintroductionofEuropeanwinterwheatbreedinglinesintoNewZealandintheearly90’swasthecatalystfortheriseinNewZealandwheatyields.

Nitrogen

y=12.469x+75.686R²=0.09

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Optimumyield(t/ha)atBreakEvenRatio(BER)5:1BERThepointatwhich1kgofnitrogenappliednolongerproducesmorethan

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WinterwheatyieldandoptimumNdoseNIABTAGtrials1997-2009Long-termarablesoilsandnoorganicmanures

Figure1:WinterWheatYieldResponseToIncreasingNitrogenRates

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Thegraphoppositeshowstheloose,butundeniable,correlationthathigheryieldsarerelatedtoincreaseinnitrogenlevels.Thedilemmagrower’sfaceisthatatthetimeoffertiliserapplicationthefinalyieldisunknown.TheadvantagethattheUnitedKingdomhasisthatdespitepeople’sconceptstheclimateisbenignandtoapointpredictable.Growerswilltarget12.5t/haandapply(dependingonvariousfactors)240kg/haofNitrogen.Thosechasingveryhighyieldswillspeculatewithadditionalamounts.

DiseaseManagement

DiseasemanagementofcerealsintheUKhasgonethrougharevolutioninrecentyears.In1984theaveragenumberoffungicidesappliedtotheUKwheatcrop,wouldbelessthantwoacrossthecountry,by1997itwouldnearlybethreeandby2015nearlyfour.Understandingandmanagingdiseasehasbecomeakeycomponentofmaximisingyieldbutalsominimisingrisk.

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2015: T0 = 0.15 t/ha T1 + T2 = 0.33 t/ha T3 = 0.0 t/haLong term mean: T0 = 0.10 t/ha T1 + T2 = 1.90 t/ha T3 = 0.36 t/ha

Figure2:WinterWheatYieldResponsesToDifferentFungicideTimings

ThegraphaboveshowsthelongestrunningdatasetonfungicideresponsebytimingintheUKandoutlinesthecurrentfourmainspraytimings.Theaverageresponseof2.36t/haensuresthatgrowerspayattentiontodiseasecontrol.However,thishasbroughtintosharpfocustherelianceonfungicidesandthevulnerabilityofthissystemtoresistanceissues.UtilisingresistantvarietiesandplanningwillhelpTasmaniangrowersadoptandlearnfromthisUKexperience.

CropStructure

ThebreakingoftheworldwheatrecordbyMikeSolari,Invercargillbackin2008,ledtoaflurryofpapersbreakingdownthemechanicsofhowtheyieldwasachieved.Thisincludeddetailedanalysisoftheweatherpattern,tillernumbers,earnumbersandgrainsperearrequiredtofulfiltheyieldachieved.RogerSylvesterBradleypredictedthatthemaximumthatcouldbeachievedinNewZealandwas19t/ha.Manyhighlightedthewholeintheozonelayer,thelatitudeandsolarradiationlevelsasuniquetoNewZealandandthattherecordwouldnotbebeaten.Yetin2015theworldrecordwasbrokeninNorthumberlandintheUK.Cropstructurewascertainlyoneofthekeycomponents,butalsousinghighnitrogenratesandgrowthregulatorswereimportant.Thecoastallocationwasanotherkeyissueforthiscrop,togetherwithfreedrainingsoil.ThereislittledoubtthattheoverridingfactorwastheweatherpatterninJune.LowerJunetemperatureswithhighradiationfigures(40%abovetheaverage)ensuredthatthecropwassuppliedwiththeenergytoproducerecordyields.

Agronomy

Agronomyisalsoakeycomponentwhenconsideringhowtoincreaseyields.Drillinghelpstoensurethatthecropestablisheswellandhaseveryopportunitytoproducearound900tillersinthespring.Thetargetthenistomaintain600fertiletillersforharvest.Thiscombinationofearlydrilling,robustseedratesandhighnitrogenmeansthatnaturaldiseaseresistanceinavarietyiscrucial.HighresistancescoresensurethatdiseasecanbemanagedthroughtheyeartoachieveoptimumyieldsashasbeenshownintheFARNZ20by2020project.

IanSawyerFeedworksLtd

Formulatingthebest-priceddairydiet–whatarethekeyattributesofgrainqualitythatareimportantfordairycownutrition?

ThedairysectorinAustraliaisoftencomparedtoourNZcousins,andthisisparticularlysoinTasmania.Inbothcasesthefocusisoftenonmaximisinggrazingforagegrowthandconsumption.Thatislogicalandentirelycorrect.…notbecausegrassischeap.Whenlandvalueandfinancecostisconsideredgrassisoftennotcheapbutratherbecausepastureutilisationisameasureofcapitalassetutilisation.Greatertonnes/hautilisedmeansbetterassetefficiency,andbetterfarmprofitabilitylinks.

OneoftheAustraliandairysector’scompetitiveadvantagesrelativetoNZisthatwehaveagreatmanyoptionsbeyondgrazedpasturethatcanbevalueaddedeffectivelyintomilk.Itcanbesaidthatthelessreliableenvironmentmeansthisisnecessary….butitisacertaintythattheavailabilityofcosteffectivegraininparticularisanareathatlendscompetitiveadvantagetoourdairysectorrelativetootherregionsoftheglobe,forexampleNewZealand.

Integratedwithgoodlanduseefficiency,wecanusegraintoensurecowproductionlevelsproducebetterfeedconversionefficiency,betterstockingratesandbetterproductivityandprofitabilityperha.Bringittogetherwellandwecanhaveaformidablecombinationoflandandcowuseefficiencythatcanbeverysustainable.Mostcertainlyit’sabetteroptionthanhungrycowsinourlessreliableseasonalconditions!

Sowhatdowewantfromgrainappliedinlocalsector?PrincipallywewantahighMARGINALRESPONSE.Thatistheamountofmilk/milksolidsthatwemakefromtheprovisionofthekgofgrain.Weknowthatthisisavariableparameter,andcansitanywherefrom2+L/kgofgrainprovided….downto0L/kggrainprovided.Regrettablyaninaccuratemiddlegroundisoftenquotedthatsays1kggrain=1kgmilk.It’saterribleguideandinaccurateateitherendofthespectrum.

Asanutritionalsectorwemustbecomebetteratensuringimprovedresponsestoprovidedgrainbasedsupplementsifwewishbettereconomicresponse,andessentiallyfarmbusinessprofitability.

Todothatwemustaddresstwomainfactorsthatimpactonhowsuccessfulgrainresponsesareonfarm:

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1- Associativeeffects:Thisistheimpactthatgrainhasonotherfactorsofcowmetabolismandnutrition.Itcanbebothanegativeorapositive(e.g.grainandstarchcreateruminalimpactsthatreducefibredigestibilityandoveralldietdigestibilityandintake,oreg.graincreatesincreasedruminalmicrobialgrowthandalsoaninsulinresponsethatpromotesbothmilkproteinyieldandmilkvolume).

2- Appropriatemetabolicfuels:itmaysurprisesometohearthatallenergyisnotcreatedequal.Amegajouleisnotamegajoule.Grainisessentiallyastarchsourcewhenappliedinruminants,andstarchisaspecificenergyfuelthatisveryvaluabletocowsatspecificstagesoflactation….yetlesscrucialatotherstages.Evenstarchitselfcanhavedifferentialimpactsbasedonitsrateofbreakdown.Veryrapidstarchbreakdowncancreateissueswithruminalstabilityandsubacuteacidosis,anditcancreatenegativefeedbackmechanismsviathelivertobrainthatdepressgrazedfeedintake.Bothreducethemarginalresponsetograin.

AustraliaisblessedwithaprettylargegrainharvestthatisaccessibletothedairysectorinTasmaniabothlocallyandviathemainland.Mostofthisofcourseiswintercerealgrain(wheat,barley).Thisisofvariablestarchcontent,butinvariablyisrapidlyfermentable.Thechallengewefaceisthatthegrainandstarchthecowprefersisnotalwaysthesameprofileasthegrain/starchweprovideher.Asanextrachallengetheprofileoftheidealgrainchangesnotonlywiththecow’smetabolismacrosslactation,butwiththeamountwefeedherandherlevelofproduction.

Sowhatdoes“ideal”starch(grain)looklikeacrosslactation?

Transition/freshcow:Thiscowhasahighdemandforglucosetosupportlactoseandthusincreasingmilkflow,alsoglucosetobringbackinsulinlevelsandslowbodyweightloss.Starchisthusidealasit’saverygoodprecursorofglucose.Rapidlyfermentedstarchhowevercanproducealoweredoverallfeedintakegrazedbymetabolicfeedback.Sohigherstarchandhighergrainintakeisgood,butslowerstarchbreakdownispreferable.Corn/wheatcombinationsforexampleworkbeautifully.Theyprovideidealmetabolicfuels,reduceruminalimpactsandpromotegrazingintake.Marginalresponsesareoptimisedinthismanner.Specificaminoacidsarealsoneededto“getthemammaryglandinthemood”,soproteinmealslikecanolamealremainimportantevenifpastureproteinishigh.Evenat26%proteinpasturestheproteinQUALITYwon’tgetitdoneforthemammarygland.

Peaklactation:Peakmilkmeanspeaklactosedemand,sowestillneedamplestarchprovision.Itgivesusenergyinaformthatdigestiblefibrecan’tprovide.Boththerumenandtheliverarematchfitnow,sowecanhavefasterfermentingstarchandnotimpactgrazingbehaviour.Thatisgoodforreducingcomplexity.Appropriatedietaryproteinremainsimportanttokeepthemammaryglandkeen.

Postpeak(second100daysoflactation):Milkwillgraduallydecline,andthatmeanstheamountofstarchandglucoseprecursorcandropabitaccordinglyasmilknaturallydeclines6-7%/month.Digestiblefibresourcesbecomeveryviableenergyoptions.Thatmeansbarleyratherthanwheatismoreviablepostpeak(assumeabout10%lessstarchinbarleytowheat).Dependingoncowproductionyoucanreduceyourproteinmealdeliverytoo.Noslowstarchneededmuchhereeither.

Last100days200-305:Increasinglydigestiblefibresourcesandlowerstarchlevelsarefine,andinfactcanbepreferable(againdependingoncowproductionlevel).Sobarleyisgreatinlaterlactation.Higherstarchandfasterstarchinlatelactationfavoursbodyweightgainratherthanthevat.Inlatelactationbringsomeproteininaswelltofavourthevatnotbodyweightgain.Thecownaturallygetsherinsulinstatusbackinlatelactation,sobloodglucosegoestoherbacknotthevat.Theoppositeofearlylactationwhenshebasicallyhastheoverhangofgestationaldiabetes.Butwewantmilkflowlateinlactationsowemustprovidetherightenergyfuelstopromotethat.

Conclusion:Therightoridealgrainvariesacrossthecow’sstatusinlactationaswellasherproductionlevel.Wecanbestmatchthiswithgrainandproteinmealcombinations.Singlegrainsalonemostoftendon’tprovidethebestenergyprecursors.Themarginalresponseisthuslessthanideal.

ALLENERGYISNOTCREATEDEQUAL

WarrenDarlingCroppingFarmer,NewZealand

Whatarethekeyingredientsforaworldrecordbarleyyield?Withover30years’experienceNewZealandfarmerWarrenDarlingknowswhatworksatPoplarGrove,acoastalfarminTimaru,ontheEastCoastoftheSouthIsland.PoplarGrovehasacroprotationofwheat,barleyandoilseedrape.

On23January2015WarrenachievedaGuinnessWorldRecordforthehighestbarleyyieldof13.8tonnesperhectarefroman11.6hectarepaddock.

OverthelastnineyearsPoplarGrovehasusedamin-tillsystembasedonNorthernHemispherefarmingpractice,usingaonepasscultivatorwhichincorporatesresidues,subsoilsandpressesthesoilinonepass,thissystemincreasessoilhealth.Drillingisdonewithacultivatordrillwhichpreparestheseedbedandseedsinonepass.

• Residuemanagement• Soil• Variety• Agronomy• Climaticconditions

RESIDUEMANAGEMENT:

AsuccessfulbarleyyieldatPoplarGrovestartswiththeharvestingofthepreviousseason’swheatcrop–dealingwithresiduewhichisincorporatedbackintothesoiltobuildorganicmatter.

SOIL:

PoplarGrovesoilsarecultivatedtoadepthof250-300mmgivingaconsistentprofileandaimingforevennutrientlevelsthroughouttheprofile.

Avoidsoilcompaction–NB:allsoiltypessufferfromsomeformofsoilcompaction

1. Naturalweathering2. Livestockgrazing3. Machinery

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VARIETY:

1. ChoosingavarietythatperformstoitshighestpotentialonourpropertyusingPoplarGrovemanagement–wedoourownon-goingfarmtrialstoselectthebestvariety.

2. Seedrates–plantspermetre².AtdrillingtimePoplarGroveaimsfor100plantspermetre².

3. Drilling–speedof12kphforevenplantdistribution.

AGRONOMY:

Weusethebestagronomyadviceavailable.

1. Fertiliser–variablerateapplicationsforbasefertiliser–budgetednitrogen:assume25kgN/tonneofgrainproduced.

2. Micronutrients–regularplanttissuetesting.3. Chemicals–herbicidesandfungicides-PoplarGroveuseathreespray

fungicideprogrammebased30dayseithersideofearlyflagleaf.4. Plantgrowthstages–timingofapplicationsiscrucial.

CLIMATICCONDITIONS:

ThesuccessofthePoplarGrovecropsreliesonwinterraintobuildupmoistureinthesubsoil,coastalbreezesgiveuscleanairtolimitdiseasepressure,cooldewynightsduringthefloweringandearlygrainfillandthenplentyofsunshineduringharvestconsistentlyhelpstoproducehighyields.

AndrewThompsonTasmanianFeedlotPtyLtd

Managingfeedlotgrainsupplies-whatareourrequirements?

TasmaniaFeedlotatPowrannaisawhollyownedsubsidiaryofthelargestJapaneseretailerAEON.AllofourgrainfedbeefproductionissoldinJapanthroughtheparentcompanynetworkofstores.Weturnoverabout17-18,000headofTasmanianAnguscattlep.a.(mainlysteersbutalsosomeheifers)plussomelocalcustomfeedingonaseasonalbasis.

OurgrainrequirementsareforF1spec.barleyofabout25-30,000MTp.a.whichformsabout40%ofourration.Weuse100%barleyasourgraincomponentasitislessvolatilethanwheat,particularlyinourwinteryclimate.Thebarleyissteepedwitharound8%moistureaddedovernightthenrolledthenextday.Werequireconsistentlysizedgrainforbettermillingperformance-theintentistocrackallgrainswithoutcreatingtoomanyfinessothatthestarchismoreaccessiblefortherumenmicrobes.Themoreconsistentthegrain,themoreconsistentisthemillingprocessandthecattlethenshowmoreconsistentperformance.

Weareproducinghighquality,safebeeffortheJapanesemarketandneedtoensurethatallfeedcomponentsincludingthebarleyaresafe.i.e.Nogmo’s,noresiduesofchemicals(soweneedasprayhistorytojustifythat,includinganychemicalsusedinthestorageofthegrain).TheJapanesemarkethasastrongaversiontopoppies,sowehavetobeverycarefulnottohaveanycontaminationofgrainfrompreviouslygrownpoppycrops.SoweinsistonF1qualitybarleyandvendordeclarationstobackupthesafetyofthegrain.Wedotestgrainforscreenings,testweightsandmoistureandweretainsamplesfromeverytruckloaddeliveredatthefeedlot.SomeofthosesamplesarethensentawayforresiduetestingtocomplywithourstrictQAsystem(SQF)forourJapanesemarket.Werequiretraceabilityofthegraintoparticularvendorsortoagroupofvendorswhereithasbeenco-mingledinstorages.

WehavebeenusingmainlygrainfromthemainlandinrecentyearsduetotheshortageofbarleyproductioninTasmaniawithanemphasisonpoppiesandwinterfeedwheatsandotherwheatforthedairyindustry.Thatmainlandgrainhasusuallybeenpurchasedonacontracttheyearbeforetoguaranteeoursupplyofgrain.ItismainlysourcedfromVictoriaandsouthernNSW.Themainlandgrainisdeliveredin20ftcontainersonaregularbasis,spreadoverthewholeyear,sodoesnotcreateanystorageissues.HandlingandstorageoflocalTasmanianproductionduringtheharvestseasoncanbeanissue.Wehaveapprox.2000mtofsilostorageatthefeedlotandanadditional2000mtofshorttermcoveredstorage.ThecoststructureofhandlingandstorageofgraininTasmaniaisquitealothigherthanonthemainlanddueessentiallytolackofscale,soanyexpansionoftheTasmanianindustryneedstobeawareofthesecostandlogisticalissues.

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MarkFreemanTIADairyCentre

Influence of physical grain quality on dairy cow performance in TIA research

Sevenseparateexperimentscouldnotdetermineanydiscernabledifferencesbetween“red”and“white”wheatsandtheconclusionfromtheresearchprogramwasdairyfarmersshouldchoosetheirwheatsontheresultoffeedtestsandbuyonqualityparameters.

Theprojectconcludedtherewasevidenceofdifferingratesoffermentationintherumenwithdifferingwheatsamplesandthedifferencecouldbelargelyattributedtotheyieldperhectare,asstarchcontentishigherwithhigheryieldingcrops.Thus,theeffectofenvironmentalconditionsongrainfillingandultimatelywheatyieldsprobablyplayaveryimportantroleininfluencingrumenfermentationcharacteristics.

Thetemperaturesprevailingduringthedryingperiodaffectgrainhardness,withlowtemperaturespromotingalooserproteinmatrix,whichresultsinsofterwheats.Researchindicatestheconditionsunderwhichwheatisgrowncanhaveaslarge(ifnotlarger)affectuponthefinalphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofwheat,ascanresultfromthevarietychoice.

Duringtheresearchperiodseveralfactorsthataffecthowgrainisusedondairyfarmswerehighlightedaspossiblecausesofpoorcowproductionwhenchangesaremadetothewheatsourcebeingfed.

Grainsizeandhardness.Forfarmerswhorollorcrushtheirowngrain,grainsizeandhardnesscanaffecthowwellthegrainiscrushed.Changingfromasmallhardwheattoasoftlargewheatandnotalteringthegapsintherollermillwillresultinthewheatbeinggroundfiner,increasingtheriskofacidosisasinrumenfermentationwillbefaster.Grainsizeisbothafactorofvarietyandsite(environmentalconditionswhengrowing).

Hectolitreweights.Manyfarmersareunawareofthedifferingdensitiesofconcentratesobtainedfromdifferentsitesandfailtorecalibratetheirparlourfeederswhenreceivingnewdeliveriesofwheat.Dairyfarmersfeedconcentratesasaweight,butthesystemofdeliveryusesvolumeoccupiedastheproxymeasure.Ifthesystemisn’tcalibratedfordifferingdensitiestheamountofenergysuppliedcanvaryconsiderably.

Drymattercontent.MostwheatspurchasedfromregistereddealerswillhaveaDMcontentbetween87-88%.Howevergrainpurchaseddirectlyofftheheader,

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particularlyinthehighrainfallareasofTasmaniacanbesoldwithDMaslowas84%particularlyifitisknownthewheatwillbeusedimmediatelyandnotstoredlong-term.Whileenergylevelsmaystillbehigh,thechangeinDMwillresultinlessenergybeingfedpervolume.

Weed,insectandothercontaminants.Wheatscanhaveavarietyofweedandinsectcontaminantsthatlowertheoverallqualityoftheconcentrate.Mycotoxinsinwheatsuppliedtodairyfarmerscannotbeexcludedasafactorcontributingtoloweredmilkyields.FeedcontaminatedwiththemycotoxinsFumonism,AflatoxinandVomitoxinhaveallbeenshowntodecreasemilkproductionindairycows,usuallybycausinganoverallreductioninfeedintake.

Screenings.Grainscanbesoldwithdifferinglevelsofscreeningsandgrainspurchaseddirectlyoffaheadermaynothavebeensievedtodeterminethescreeningcontents.

Alltheabovefactors,eithersinglyorincombination,canaffecthowacowperformsonaconcentratesupplementandanyproductiondeclinearisingfromanyoftheabovemayhavewrongfullybeenattributedtothevarietyofconcentrateused.

DrRayKingDairyAustralia

FeedgrainPartnershipresultsonWheatsamplescollectedinTasmania

Forthepastthreegrowingseasons,wheatandbarleysampleswerecollectedfromacrossAustraliabyDenisMcGrath,ExecutiveOfficeroftheFeedgrainR&DPartnership.Sampleswereprovidedbycommercialgrainhandlingorganisations,includingTAPAgriCoinTasmania.TheNSWDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesfeedtestinglaboratoryatWaggaWagga,completedtheAusScananalysisonthesamplescollected.Thisanalysisprovidedestimatesoftheenergycontentofthesamplesforvariouslivestock,aswellasthecommonanalysisfornutrientssuchascrudeprotein,fibreandstarch.

In2015/16,sufficientwheatsampleswerecollectedinTasmaniawhichallowedacomparisonofthenutritivecontentofsamplescollectedfromdrylandorirrigatedland,aswellasacomparisonbetweenthedifferentvarieties,Einstein,ManningandRevenue.Ineachcomparison,therewasnoeffectofirrigationorvarietyonthenutritivecontentofwheat.Thereweresomeslightdifferencesbetweenyearthesamplehadbeencollected(Table1).

Table1:ComparisonofwheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniafrom2013-2016

Nutrient 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16No.samples 7 46 40CrudeProtein(%DM) 11.2 10.0 10.5NDF(%DM) 11.6 11.4 10.9Starch(%DM) 70.9 73.0 73.8PigEnergy(MJDE/kg) 13.8 13.9 14.0ChickenEnergy(MJAME/kg) 12.7 12.2 12.8Testweight(kg/hl) 74.5 75.2 -Screenings(%) 7.0 3.4 -

Overall,thecompositionofwheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniawasnotdissimilartothosecollectedonthemainland.However,theamountofscreeningsappearedlower,andthevariationinnutritivevaluebetweensamples,ifanythingwaslowerinsamplescollectedinTasmania,particularlyin2014/15whentheamountofscreeningsin46samplesrangedfromonly1%to6%.

OneinterestinganalysisconductedonthewheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniain2014/15wasatheoreticalsegregationofthesamplesonthebasisofstarchandproteincontent,twoofthemostimportantnutritionalvaluesofwheatfor

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ruminants(Figure1).Comparingacompositesampleofthehighstarch/highproteingrains(10.8%CPand74.4%starch)withlowstarch/lowproteinwheats(8.6%CPand71.1%starch),thedifferenceinvaluebetweenthesetwocompositesampleswouldbeinexcessofabout$15.00pertonne,infavourofthehighprotein/highstarchgrains.

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Figure1.StarchandproteincontentofwheatsamplescollectedinTasmaniafromthe2014/15harvest.

NickPyke,RobCraigieFARNewZealand

AdvancesincerealgrainproductivityinNewZealand–towards20t/haby2020

Learninghowtogetthebestfromearlysownfeedwheat

From1999tolastseasontheaveragewheatgrainyieldintheNZcerealcultivarperformanceschemehasincreasedfromabout9.5t/hato11t/ha(Figure1).ThecultivarClairehasbeenintheschemefrom2000.TheaverageyieldincreaseofClairehasbeenabout70kg/ha/year.Thisyieldincreaseismostlyfromimprovedagronomye.g.earliersowing.ThedifferencebetweentheyieldincreaseofClaireandtheaverageyieldisameasureofhowmuchprogresshasbeenmadefrombreedingwhichworksouttoaboutanother20kg/ha/yeargivingatotalyieldincreaseof90kg/ha/year.

Somegrowersfrequentlyachieveyieldsof15t/haplus.TheFoundationforArableResearchhasbeenrunninganambitiousresearchprogrammetargetingayieldof20t/haby2020.Theprogrammehasnowcompletedfourseasons.InthisresearchwinterwheatcropssowninFebruaryandMarchhavebeencomparedtomoretraditionalAprilplantings.ResultstodatehaveshownthatcropsplantedinlateMarchcanbemoreproductivethanAprilsowings,butearlierMarchandFebruaryplantingresultsinexcessivegrowth,which“chokes”thecropcausingaperiodofsenescenceinthewinterandearlyspringastheexcessgrowthrotsaway.This“transitorysenescenceperiod”ratherthanincreasinglightinterceptionreducesitintheearlyspringnullifyinganypotentialyieldincreasefromearlierplanting.Overthelastseasontheresearchteamhavebeenexploringwaysofmanipulatingthecropcanopytokeepitgreenerthroughwinterandspringincludingcultivarselection,plantgrowthregulatorprogrammesanddefoliation.ThetwoslowdevelopingcultivarsWakanuiandInfernowerecomparedlastseason.ForMarchsowdatesthecultivarsmaintainedsimilarcanopygreennessandhadsimilaraverageyieldsofabout16t/ha.Althoughtherewasnoyielddifferencebetweenthesetwocultivarswebelievegermplasmmoresuitedtoearlysowingmayofferawayforward.Forthe2016-17seasonarangeofcultivarsselectedbybreedersandseedcompaniesarebeingscreenedfromanearlyMarchsowdate.

Grazingisawayofutilisingtheextraautumngrowthfromtheearlyplantingaswellasprovidingsomediseaseandlodgingcontrol.Workatthe20by2020sitelastseasonhasshownthatgrainyield(16.7t/ha)wasmaintainedfromatreatmentthatwasmowninMayandagaininAugustyielding2,500kgofdrymatter.ThemowingtreatmentdidnotreceiveaPGRanddidnotlodgeinatrialthathadseverelodging.

Station6

12:15amand3:15pm

Figure1.ThreeyearmeangrainyieldoffeedandbiscuitwheatcultivarsintheCanterburytrialsoftheNZCerealPerformanceTrialsystem(meanofirrigated&drylandtrialsforthe1999–2015period).

R²=0.35

R²=0.50948

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Threeyearm

eangrainyield(t/ha)

Year

Claire

Allcul_vars

JonMidwoodSouthernFarmingSystems

Howcanweuseplantgrowthregulators(PGRs)tokeepourcropsstandingwhenyieldsexceed10t/ha?

Protocol6.WheatPGRAgronomyTrialOutput2.B-AgronomytosupportexpansionoffeedgrainproductioninTasmaniaFARtrialcode:FARTASW16-06Protocolversion:Version1(28.01.2016)Location:BadcocksFarm,Hagley,TasmaniaTrialTreatments:12treatmentsTrialDesign:RandomisedcompleteblockTimeofSowing:TOS1–April7Trialcultivar:ManningTreatmentList:No. SowingRate

Seeds/m2Rate Timing

1 200 ModdusEvo200mL/ha+Errex1.3L/ha GS31-322 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+Errex1.3L/haf.b.

ExperimentalTrt1GS30f.b.GS32

3 200 ModdusEvo200mL/ha+Errex1.3L/ha Autumn(6leaf)4 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+Errex1.3L/ha Autumn(6leaf)5 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+1.0L/haofErrex

f.b.ExperimentalTrt2f.b.ExperimentalTrt3

Autumn(6leaf)GS31-32GS37

6 200 ModdusEvo200mL/ha+Errex1.3L/haExperimentalTrt3

GS31-32GS37

7 200 ModdusEvo100mL/ha+Errex1.3L/haf.b.ExperimentalTrt2f.b.ExperimentalTrt3

GS30GS32GS37

8 200 ExperimentalTrt3 GS379 50 NoPGR 10 100 NoPGR 11 150 NoPGR 12 200 NoPGR f.b.Followedby

Station7

11:45amand2:45pm

N.B.TheuseofPGRactiveingredientsinthistrialisexperimentalatthisstageforresearchpurposesonly.Theuseofproductsintrialdoesnotconstitutearecommendation.Pleaseseekadvicefromyouragrichemicalsupplierbeforeapplyingtheseproducts.

DavidSkipperTasmanianAgriculturalProducers

WhatcerealgrainsandqualitydoweneedtogrowthegrainsindustryinTasmania?

TheTasmaniancerealgrainmarketispredominantlyafeedmarket.Whilstmaltingbarleyhaspreviouslybeentheonlyhumanconsumptioncerealgrainandwasonesectorthatwasupuntil5yearsagoalargeuser,wenowseethissectordiminishingtolevelsnotformerlyseenandarecontinuingtodeclineasthebeveragemarketaltersdirection.

However,weareseeingincreasesintheuseoflocalfeedwheatandnowmillingwheatsforflourproductionandhighproteinaquafeed.Thelocalfeedbarleydemandisstillstrong,whilstnotincreasingsignificantlyitisadominateproduct.Canolaismakingasignificantcomebackandthefutureisbrightforthiscropaslocaldemandincreases.Thisisgreatnewsforproducerswhohavebeenseekingabreakcropespeciallyafteracerealorpoppies.

Thedairyindustryisthelargestuserofcerealgrainsandmanufacturedproductinthestate.Dairyfarmerswhoareusersofcerealgrainsgenerallyuse3typesofwholegrains;wheat,barleyortriticale.Understandablydairyfarmersaredrivenforemostbyprice,qualityandserviceandnormallyinthatorder.Overthelast10years,Tasmaniandairyfarmershaveincreasedtheiruseofsupplementaryfeedandtheshiftawayfrombarleyandtriticaletowheat,whichhasbeenprofoundandsignificant.

Dairyfarmershaveembracedtheuseofwheatasasupplementaryfeedsource,andinparticularASW(white)wheat.Thereisnodiscernibleorscientificdifferencebetweenwhiteandourlocalredwheat.Howeverwedoseethatsomeofthelocalredwheatsarelowerinproteinfromtimetotimeandfromharvesttoharvest.

Thelocalpreferenceforcerealgrains,beginningwithawhitewheatwithAPWorASWcharacteristics,aproteincontentofgreaterthan9.5%,verylittlehusk,lowscreeningsandahightestweightabove78%.Tasmanianbarleyqualityisalreadyofexcellentqualitycharacteristicsandiswellrenownedforproducingsomeoftheplumpestgrainwithgoodtohighproteincontent,andasthisislocal,itislesslikelytocontainweedseedsandothercontaminantswhicharerisksassociatedwithimportedgrains.

Station8

11:15amand2:15pm

TraceyWylie,NickPooleFARAustralia

Theimportanceofanintegrateddiseasemanagement(IDM)approachtodiseasecontrolinTasmaniancerealcrops

IntegratedDiseaseManagement(IDM)

Achievingeffectiveandcostefficientdiseasecontrolincerealsisnotastandalonedebatebasedonfungicideapplicationandwhichactivetoapplyforaspecificdisease.Anintegratedapproachtodiseasecontroltakesintoaccountallthemeasuresthatcanreducediseasepressureandstartspresowing.ApplyingtheprinciplesofIDMcreatesnotonlytheopportunitytoincreasetheprofitabilityofthecropbutalsoreducesdiseasepressureforthefollowingseasonsandhelpsprolongthelifeoffungicidesavailablethroughfewermoretargetedapplications.

AnIDMapproachtodiseasecontrolincerealswillbeessentialinTasmaniasincealongergrowingseasonandhigherrainfallgeneratesmuchhigherdiseasepressurethanonthemainland.Importantlythislongerseasonresultsinmorefungicideapplicationsinthecourseofaseasoncomparedtomainlandcrops.IncreasedfungicideusagemeansthatTasmaniaisthemostlikelyregiontogeneratepathogenresistancetotheseagrichemicals.AdoptingIDMwillhelpreducethenumberoffungicideapplicationsandslowdownthebuild-upoffungicideresistance.TherearemanyfactorstoconsiderforsuccessfulIDM:

• Cultivarselection,lookforthestrongerresistancepackagesincultivarsadaptedforyourregionbasedondiseasesthatareproblematicinyourregion.

• Rotationpositionandstubblemanagement,whatinoculumhasbeenleftbehindfromthepreviouscerealcrop?Isthisgoingtoaffectthenextcrop,orthecerealcropoverthefence?

• Sowingwindow,earlysowncropsareexposedtopotentialinfectionforalongerperiod,particularlyinthetilleringphase,solooktousemoreresistantcultivarsforearlysowing.

• Thegrazingpotentialofthecrop;hardgrazinginmainlandresearchpreGS30-31hasbeenshowntoreplacetheneedforthefirstfoliarfungicideforthecontrolofleafrustandseptoria.

• WhenfungicidesareusedaspartofIDMapproachlooktorotatebetweendifferentmodesofactionandwhendiseasepressureishighlooktoapplymixturesofdifferentmodesofactiontopreventpathogenmutationsbuildingup.

Station9

10:45amand1:45pm

Fungicideresistance

TasmaniaiscurrentlytheonlyregioninAustraliawheretheSeptoriatriticiblotchpathogenhasdevelopedtheR8fungicideinsensitivestrainwhichdifferentiallyinfluencestheperformanceoftriazolefungicides.ThisstrainhasthesamemutationsasastrainidentifiedinEuropeandhasgreatestnegativeeffectwhentebuconazoleisusedandmoderateeffectswhenflutriafolisused.TheR8strainispresentintheSTBpopulationontheHyperYieldingsite.ThepresenceofthisstrainandthewetwintermayexplaintherelativelypoorcontrolofSTBachievedwithflutriafolonthesite,whenassessedinSQPRevenueatGS31.Atthe200g/haactiveingredientrate(fullrateofthedoublestrength)controlonthelowestleafassessedwas56%andonly6%at100g/haactiveingredient(labelrateforSTBcontrol).Flutriafolgavesimilarcontrollevelsofleafrustassessedatthesametime.

Newfungicideactiveingredientswithdifferentmodesofaction

Inadditiontoadoptingmoregeneticresistancegrowersarebeginningtoseetheintroductionofnewmodesofaction,inparticulartheSuccinateDehydrogenaseInhibitors(SDHI’s).TheyettobereleasedfoliarproductsproposedtobenamedAviatorXproandCeriaxareexamplesofnewSDHI’s(bixafenandfluxapyroxadrespectively)mixedwithtriazolefungicides.InadditionNewActivesresearchconductedonthemainlandandfundedthroughtheCentreforCrop&DiseaseManagement(CCDM)andGRDChasidentifiedusefulcontrolofSTBwithanexperimentalseedtreatment,whichatGS31wasgiving81%controlonthelowestleafassessed(F-5).

NickPooleFARAustralia

IncreasingwheatyieldsinTasmania-howmuchcanwedowithagronomyversusgermplasm?

OneoftheobjectivesoftheTasmanianHyperYieldingCerealsprojectistohave10%ofwheatcropsyielding14t/haby2020!Sohowarewetoachievesuchanaspirationaltarget?BroadlythefocusoftheresearchcentrehereatHagleyisaddressingthisobjectiveundertwomajorheadings;firstlydefiningthepotentialofnewfeedwheatcultivars(germplasm)todeliverhighyieldsintheTasmanianenvironment,andsecondlythroughnewagronomytechniques.Tofullyexplorethepotentialofnewcultivarstodeliverhighergrainyields,16wheatelitecultivarsprovidedbybreedersarebeinggrownunderfourmanagementregimesagainstthreefeedwheatcontrolsManning,SQPRevenueandBeaufort.

Interceptingmoresunlighttocreatemorebiomass

Theresearchonwheathasbeenestablishedattwosowingdates;6thand27thApril.Theearlierofthesesowingdateshasbeensetuptoexplorewhetherhighergrainyieldscanbecreatedwithearliersowing.Thelogicisthatearliersowinginterceptsmoresunlight,whichinturncreatesmorecropbiomassthatgivesrisetotheopportunityforhighergrainyields.ArguablyearlysowingisalreadywidelyestablishedintheTasmanianfarmingsystemduetoitsgrazingpotential.ButcanearlyAprilsowingsbasedonthecorrectcultivarsboostyieldswithoutbeingdefoliated?Theproblemwithearlysowingandcropswithhigherbiomassisthattheyarepredisposedtogreaterdiseasepressureandgreaterlodgingrisk.Inaddition,ifasaresultofearlysowingtheydeveloptooquicklythentheywillnotforfillthepotentialoftheearliersowingdateastheseasonlengthwillnotbeextended.

Idealattributesofcultivarstoexploitearlysowingwindows(lateMarch/earlyApril)

Inordertosuccessfullyachievehighyieldinggraincropsfromearlysowingcultivarsmusthavethreekeyattributes.Thesearei)excellentdiseaseresistancetodiseasesprevalentintheregion,ii)goodstandingpowertosupport12tplusgrainyieldsandiii) aslowerrateofdevelopmentorphenologythatbettermatchesalongergrowingseason.Grazingwheatcropsclearlyassistswithreducingdiseasepressure,improvingstandinganddelayingdevelopmentbutcouldthedrymatterremovedbygrazingbeputtowardshighergrainyieldsifretained?Grazingandhighinputmanagementwithoutgrazingarecomparedatthecentrethisseason.Rarelyisitpossibletofindnewcultivarsthatcombinethesethreeattributes(diseaseresistance,standingpowerandtheidealphenology)andhighyields.WithSeptoriaresistancerecentresearchfindingsfromtheJohnInnesInstituteintheUKsuggested

Station10

11:15amand2:15pm

itmaybedifficulttoachievehighyieldsandgoodresistancetothisdiseasesincemodernUKcultivarswerederivedfromacrosswherethesetwotraitswereveryclosetogether,suchthatselectionsforhighyieldcamewithapenaltyofSeptoriasusceptibility.Colleaguesintheprojectwillbecoveringtheagronomytechniquesinothersessionsthatmayallowustocoversomeoftheweaknessesincultivarsthatdonotpossessallthreecharacteristics(JonMidwoodonPGRprogrammesforearlysowncropsandTraceyWylieexaminingdiseasemanagementstrategies).ResearchsofarhasidentifiedasmallnumberofcandidatesthathavesimilarphenologytoManningandSQPRevenue,goodstandingpowerandreasonablediseaseresistancewhensownearly.Harvestwillinformuswhetherthesecandidatescanalsodelivergrainyield.

Yieldimprovementbasedonlowerinputandatraditionalsowingwindow.

Theissuewithmovingsowingdateearlieristhatfewerandfewercultivarcandidatesmakethegrade,sotheotherfocusofresearchatthecentrehasbeentoexplorethepotentialof35newcodedwheatcultivarsthatmighthavehighyieldpotentialunderamore“normal”feedwheatmanagementinatraditionallateAprilsowingwindow.Whilstthefocusisstillonhighyieldpotentialtheprojectteamislookingforhighyieldunderstandardratherthanhighinput.

HeatherCosgriffSouthernFarmingSystems(SFS)

MaximisingtheyieldsandmarginsofbarleyintheTasmanianenvironment

Keymessages

• Varietychoiceiskey-optforbestdiseaseresistanceprofileandlonggrowingseason.

• Oxford(Feed)barleyhadhighestyieldofallvarietiestestedin2013-15.• Sowingratesof180–220plants/m2aresuitableforcropsunderirrigation.• Considersowingmaltingqualityvarietiestomaximisemarketaccess.• Latenitrogenapplicationsincreasegrainprotein,potentiallydecreasing

maltingquality.• Availablesoilnitrogencansignificantlyaffectgrainyieldandquality.Consider

takingsoilcoresamplestotestfornitrogenatdepthbeforeestablishingafertiliserregime.

• ApplicationofPGRrarelyincreasedyieldinplottrials,buthasimproved/modifiedplantstructuretoreducelodging.

VarietyChoice

WestminsterhasreplacedGairdnerasthedominantbarleyvarietygrowninTasmaniawiththetwomajorbreweries,CascadeBreweryandBoagsBrewery,endorsingitformalting,acceptabilitytothebreweriesisanessentialconsiderationindecidingwhichvarietytogrow.OxfordBarleyhasshownthehighestyieldpotentialforearlysowings.Lowfeedgrainpriceshavebeenadrivingfactorinvarietychoicethisseason.SeeTable1.

Seedingrate

Inpasttrialssowingratedidnothaveaneffectongrainyield,protein,testweight,retentionsorscreenings.Sowingratedidhaveasignificanteffectontillernumber,butallsowingratesachievedanequivalentnumberofheadsatgrainfill.Seetable2.

Station11

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Table1.Barleyvarietygrainyieldandquality2014.

Table2.Comparisonofphenologicalcharacteristicsofbarleyatdifferentseeding

rates2013.

SowingRatePlantcount(no./m2)13-Jun-13

%plantsemerged13-Jun-13

Headcount(no./m2)13-Jan-14

Tillerno.(no./plant*)13-Jan-14

Low(180plants/m2) 157 c 87.2 a 1172 7.6 a

Std(250plants/m2) 196 b 78.4 b 1250 6.4 b

High(320plants/m2) 241 a 75.3 b 1187 5.0 c

Mean 198 80.3 1203 6.3P-value 0.0001 0.0030 0.4306 0.0037

LSD 12 3.2 NS 0.9

Meansfollowedbysameletterdonotdiffersignificantlyp=0.05,NS=notsignificant.(Source:SFSTasmanianTrialResultsBooks2013,2014)

Nitrogenstrategy

From2014-2015trialsitwasfoundapplyingureatobarleyatfirstnode(jointing)ratherthanearlytillerresultedingreateryield.Grainproteinpercentageincreasedwithincreasedureaapplicationlate,asexpected,butstillfellwithinmaltingparametersatthissite(max12%grainprotein).

Variety Yieldt/ha Protein(%) Testweight(kg/hL) Screenings(%) Plants/m2Oxford 7.88 a 13.6 b 65.6 a 3.88 b 91 bGranger 7.23 ab 14.1 a 63.8 b 3.71 b 221 aWestminster 7.20 b 13.5 b 65.4 a 3.67 b 228 aGairdner 6.29 c 14.3 a 61.7 c 13.50 a 246 a

PanelDiscussion

IncreasingCerealProductivity

TerryHoran,RobertsLimited

PatrickStephenson,NIABTAG,UK

WarrenDarling,CroppingFarmer,NZ

Notes:

Station12

12:15amand3:15pm

FoundationforArableResearchAustraliaAddress:23HighStreet,Inverleigh,Victoria,3321,Australia

Ph:+61352651290●Fax:+61352651601Web:www.far.org.nz(http://www.far.org.nz/)

ADDINGVALUETOTHEBUSINESSOFCROPPING