ticks (soft and hard)
TRANSCRIPT
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
lCourse Title
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Blood sucking arthropods
Obligate Hematophages
Ectoparasites of mammals, birds, and
sometimes reptiles and amphibians.
Life threatening vector (rank second; 1st
Mosquitos)
Transmit greater variety of infections agents
Economic losses
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
1.The head, thorax, and abdomenare fused into one body segment.
2.Arachnids do not have wings andantennae.
3.In the nymph and adult stagesthey have four pairs of legs.
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Significance
Bite Stress
Production loss
Physical Damage
Anemia
Poisoning
Disease Transmission
•Tick-borne meningoencephalitis
•Colorado tick fever
•Nairobi sheep disease
•African swine fever
•Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Virus
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia
• Lyme disease
•African tick bite fever
•Ehrlichiosis
•Tularemia
•Tick-borne relapsing fever
•Q fever
Bacteria
• Babesiosis
• Theileriosis
• Bovine anaplasmosis
Protozoa
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Cla
ssificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Cla
ssificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthopoda
Class: Arachnida
Sub-class: Acari
Order: Parasitiformes
Sub-order: Ixodida
Ixodidae
Hard Ticks
Argasidae
Soft Ticks
Nuttalliellidae
Nuttalliella namaqua
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Cla
ssificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Hard Tick Soft Tick
Distinguished by a dorsal shield, small in female, but
covers the entire dorsal surface in males. They are also tapered anteriorly and the mouthparts are readily visible from the dorsal view.
Soft Ticks are leathery and without a dorsal shield.
Their mouthparts are sub-terminally attached and
not visible from the dorsal view.
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Cla
ssificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Amblyomma Dermacentor Haemaphysalis
Hyalomma Ixodes Rhipicephalus
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Cla
ssificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Otobius Argas
Ornithodoros
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
Body Sections: The anterior capitulum (or gnathosoma),
which contains the head and mouthparts; and the posterior idiosoma which contains the legs, digestive tract, and reproductive organs.
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
Ticks extract the blood by cutting a hole in the host's epidermis, intowhich they insert their hypostome, in order to keep the blood fromclotting by excreting an anticoagulant or platelet aggregation inhibitor.
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
Hard Ticks Soft Ticks
CapitulumAnterior to body,
visible from dorsumInvisible from dorsum
Scutum Present Not Present
PedipalpiStrong,
Non-MovableMovable, Active
Difference of
Sexes
Evident: Male smaller
with large scutum and
vice versa.
Not evident, female
larger
Position of
Stigmal
Plate
Behind the base of 4th
pair of legs
Between 3rd and 4th pair
of legs
Morphological Differences
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
Hard Tick(Male)
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
Har
d T
ick
(Fem
ale)
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
log
yLife C
ycleC
on
trol
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Egg Laying
Unlike mosquitoes, both male and female hardticks are blood suckers, and both requireseveral days feeding before copulation. After themale hard tick becomes engorged, he usuallycopulates with one or more females and thendies. Following copulation, the female tick dropsto the ground. The eggs require several days todevelop. Then she begins oviposition. After afew more days, her life's mission accomplished,the spent female hard tick also dies. The femalesoft tick may lay several small batches of eggsbut she requires another blood meal before eachepisode of oviposition.
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Hard Ticks Soft Ticks
HabitatLive outdoor, attack in
the day (questing)
Live in sleeping places
of host.
Hosts 1-3 hosts More than 10 hosts
Adult
Feeding
1 blood meal,
Completes in days
Intermittent feeders
(5-12 or more)
Mating On host Off host
Egg LayingThousands / single
batch
Less than thousand in
several batches
Nymph 1 instar Several (5-7) instars
Life span 2 months – 3 years Long (up to 16 years)
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Hard Ticks
Male smaller with larger Scutum and
vice versa.
Soft Ticks
In males, the genital opening is
almost circular, while it is oval and definitely broader
than long in female specimens.
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l Physical Control
General Personal
Chemical Control DEET, Permethrin Insecticides (Acaricides) in
Spring and Summer Biological Control
Resistant Breeds Vaccination
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
l
Osama Zahid
Intro
du
ction
Classificatio
nM
orp
ho
logy
Life Cycle
Co
ntro
lNormal Ticks Vaccinated Ticks