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Dr. HagopianMultiple Choice Midterm 2 Ling 417, CSUN 2006

Ling 417 Final 1 CSUN, Fall 2006

FIELDS OF STUDY AND DEFINITIONS1. Which of the following definitions of culture is false: A. The perception of objective reality, the right and wrong proper, normal ways of acting, feeling, and

being.B. The sum total of features differentiating ethnic minorities from Americans.C. A blueprint of personal and social existence, the glue that binds social groups.D. The explicit and implicit patterns of behaviors, symbols, and ideas that constitute the distinctive

achievements of human groups.

4. Stereotypes are oversimplifications and blanket assumptions about a group. A teacher says, “I am glad I have many Asian students. They are much better learners than the Hispanic or Black students”. This statement describes the A. The teacher only. B. The teacher and his/her school culture.C. Asian students.D. Black and Hispanic students.

5. There are no primitive languages and cultures However, they may have or serve either primitive or sophisticated:A. Civilizations & lifestyleB. Civilizations & nationsC. Technologies & lifestylesD. Technologies & communities

6. This field is concerned with the meaning modification in context, according to the facts and events of the communication, the setting, participants, their relationships and conversation goals and topics, as well as conversation structure and its cultural norms:A. Ethnolinguistics B. SociolinguisticsC. SemanticsD. PragmaticsE. Syntax

7. This hypothesis claims that the words and the grammar of a language may influence speakers’ perceptions of the reality and affect their attitudes and behavior. A. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisB. Cummins’ threshold hypothesisC. The monitor hypothesisD. Critical period hypothesisE. Believing and doubting games.

Language Structure and Use1) The analytic or isolating languages express grammatical meanings through: A. Word order and word endings, e.g., I like John. John likes me.

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B. Affixes: suffixes, prefixes and infixes, each having their own function and meaning and being attached to the root or stem, e.g., look—looking, looks, looked.

C. Ambiguity of surface structures resulting from a different interpretation of the deep structure, e.g., Start the tips at the beginning. may mean: start the tips over. Or: Start the program with tips.

D. Word order, intonation, and particles, e.g., off he went.E. Affixes: suffixes, prefixes and infixes, which have more than one function and meaning and penetrate

into the root or stem, fusing affix-root boundaries, e.g., bring--brought, come—came, he—him, etc. 2) Morphemes are A. Sound featuresB. Smallest units of meaningC. Smallest units of meaning that can stand by themselvesD. Meaning differentiating featuresE. Allomorphs

3) Phonology studies A. Language structure and useB. Sound articulation and acousticsC. Sound features (voice, aspiration, place, manner) which differentiate meaningsD. Noun phrases E. Sounds and sound combinations

4) Which of the following does not pertain to syntactic studies? A. Sentence structureB. Word connections and relations C. Conversation structureD. Deep and surface structuresE. Word order and intonation

5) Language functions are defined with: A. Permissible patterns of coarticulation for a specific language. B. Speech units consisting of a single uninterrupted sound forming a word or a part of a word.C. The study of the word formation, structure, components, derivation and inflection, and minimal units

of meaning.D. Language structural types: analytic, agglutinating, synthetic, and polysynthetic.E. Language use for communication, self-expression, nomination, and learning.

6) Proxemics is a discipline of paralinguistics concerned with:A. The universal-ontological and culture specific-conventional features of body languageB. personal space, touch and olfactory factorsC. Kinesics, gestures and emblems, and body languageD. Silence and expression of power statusE. Facial expressions and eye contact

7) Which is a false definition of word?A. Is the smallest free form with meaning in a language system. B. A three-sided arbitrary sign, which has meaning and value only in a language/dialect. C. A form (sound or image), a referent (something in the real world), and meaning (sense and value in

its own language system)

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D. Reflects cultural values and presuppositionsE. A label changing from language to language in phonetic form.

8) Which of the following constituents of a word structure can be a word by itself? A. Stem B. Free morphemeC. Derivational morphemeD. Bound morphemeE. Inflectional morpheme.

9) Languages have a fixed number of: A. Rules, sentences, phonemes, and morphemes.B. Phonemes, morphemes, words, and sounds.C. Idioms, sentences, words, and roots.D. Phonemes, morphemes, words, idioms, and rules.E. Sounds, sentences, and letters.

10) Meaning ambiguity is clarified on the level of: A. Normative, prescriptive, descriptive, and transformative linguistics.B. Pragmatics: speech event, and cultural norms of conversation.C. Lexicon: basic, active, and passive.D. Semantics, syntax, and pragmatics.E. Prejudiced speech, including sexism and racism in languages.

11) The [t] in still and till are: A. 2 different allophones of the same English phoneme [t].B. 2 different sounds but in English the same phoneme.C. 2 linguistically different phonemes which may have either a phonetic or phonemic value in different

languages.D. The letter t.E. All of the above.

12) Morphologically analyze the words in the first column by separating the morphemes with a slash mark. Then match with the descriptions in second column by numerating the descriptions.

1. descriptions 5 morphemes: a bound root, 3 derivational bound morphemes and an inflectional bound morpheme.

2. examination 3 morphemes: a free morpheme and two bound derivational morphemes 3. sophisticated 4 morphemes: a free morpheme and 3 derivational morphemes. 4. undesirable 4 morphemes: two derivational morphemes, one free and one inflectional

morpheme

13) How would you best describe the difference between the underlined words: John records his own songs. I bought some new records. It’s time to present the present. The new courses conflict with my foregoing schedule Lawyers avoid conflict of interests.A. verbs and nounsB. homographs with different pronunciationC. homographs with different prosodic features

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D. Homonyms that sound and function in different ways.E. All of the above.

14) The following sentences have two interpretations depending on the context because they have two deep structures beneath the same surface structure. Write the deep structures which cause the ambiguity.

John loves his wife and so do I.

Flying planes can be dangerous.

Language Acquisition1. A person who can easily chat in two languages but has not CALP (cognitive academic language proficiency) in either isA. Partially bilingualB. SemilingualC. Has one meaning set for both languagesD. Code–switcherE. Code-mixer

2. The two key factors for successful SLA are: A. Attitudes toward self and to the target language and cultureB. Tolerance to ambiguity and motivationC. Age and motivationD. Self-esteem and motivationE. Risk taking and extroversion

3. Tolerance for ambiguity assumes (pick all that apply)A. Open-minded, accepts contradictory prepositionsB. Closed-minded, dogmaticC. The truth has fuzzy limits, exceptions prove rulesD. The truth is absolute, Rules do not know exceptionE. Whole oriented, Creative and meets both ends of a continuumF. Detail oriented, practical with clear, stable principles

4. A phone conversation with the telephone company isA. Context reduced, cognitively demandingB. Context embedded, cognitively demandingC. Context reduced, culturally demandingD. Context embedded, culturally undemandingE. Context reduced, cognitively undemanding

5. Anxiety in the learning process (pick all that apply)A. Always negativeB. Facilitating anxiety is positiveC. Anxiety as a trait is always negativeD. Anxiety as a state is may be positiveE. Debilitating anxiety is always negative

6. Self-esteem in the learning process (pick all that apply)

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A. Is like the chicken and egg paradox: derives from success and brings success.B. Global self esteem is necessary and sufficient for success.C. Specific self esteem is the key element for the teacher to work on.D. Task self-esteem is the key element for the teacher to work on.E. Self-esteem is a source of motivation.

7. Which is not a factor for First Language Acquisition: A. Social interaction and motivationB. The phono-morphological type of the Language and its cultural environmentC. Cognitive development of a childD. Social significance of languages a child is exposed toE. Human species specific biological disposition

8. Babies respond to phonetic contrasts with no phonemic value in their language but ignore voice quality differences in age of 1-4 months. This means that: A. Phonetic contrasts have a meaningful value but disappear later in age.B. Babies need time to learn the differences between phones and phonemes.C. Babies cannot differentiate their mother from their father.D. Phonemic and phonetic contrasts are linguistic concepts; they have significance for only SLA.E. Babies are predisposed to acquire any phonetic contrast which may have value in any language.

9. The first linguistic feature babies acquire in their mother tongue and the last feature they master is: A. Phones, that is, sounds.B. Baby words or child language wordsC. Prosody, that is intonation features.D. Phonemes, that is meaning differentiating sounds.E. Cooing and gurgling universal sounds of the human language.

10. The use of holophrases by toddlers shows their procedural, implicit knowledge of the following linguistic universal dichotomy. A. Opposition of content and function wordsB. Opposition of nouns and verbsC. Opposition of male and femaleD. Opposition of present and past timeE. Opposition of pragmatic and semantic meaning.

11. The use of telegraphese by toddlers shows their implicit knowledge of the following linguistic universal dichotomy. A. Opposition of content and function wordsB. Opposition of nouns and verbsC. Opposition of male and femaleD. Opposition of present and past timeE. Opposition of pragmatic and semantic meaning.

12. Interlanguage in common speech is known as:A. Low status languageB. Broken language C. SlangD. Jargon

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E. Dialect

13. Match the following timetable by numerating the bullets below:A. Children achieve comprehension in their first languageB. Children achieve grammaticality in their first languageC. Students achieve fluency in their second languageD. Students achieve proficiency in their second language

A. two yearsB. one-two yearsC. five-seven yearsD. three-five years

14. Krashen’s Monitor Hypothesis posits:A. That teachers must observe and immediately monitor language learning errors so that incorrect habits

are not formed.B. That the first language proficiency becomes a monitor for the language students and helps them

correct their errors.C. That language students have an internal error-detector that allows them to check for the accuracy of

their language production.D. That language students possess the innate ability to comprehend and produce novel sentences they

have never heard before.E. That a student’s progress in language learning is affected by his/her emotions.

15. Chose ‘language learning’ and ‘language acquisition’ to end the following sentences:A. Controlled processes in language learning with focal attention to form are typical of B. Automatic processes of language learning with focal attention to meaning and with peripheral

attention to form are typical of

Conversation1. Human Communication is an interpretation and response to received messages depending on:A. Speakers personal beliefs B. Cultural presuppositions of speakersC. Pragmatic contextD. Setting of the speech actE. All of the above

2. Fill in the blanks: Directives are challenged unless they satisfy— A. Maxims of politenessB. Felicity conditionsC. Power and status relationsD. Directive reasonabilityE. Maxims of conversation

1. Approximately how many languages are there in the world?A. 1,000-2,000B. 4,000-5,000 C. 5,000-6,000 *D. 9,000-10,000

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2. Generally speaking, you show more knowledge when you are…A. DrunkB. Uninhibited *C. TiredD. Angry

3. Before _________ there is no difference in babbling across languages.A. 3 monthsB. 6 months *C. 9 monthsD. 12 months

4. Positive emotions surrounding your learning helps you learn better while negative emotions do the opposite is called____________.A. Affective Filter Hypothesis *B. Input HypothesisC. Monitor HypothesisD. Constructive Hypothesis

5. What is the nature of the Natural Order Hypothesis?A. There is a natural order to word sequences.B. Relationships between various morphemes.C. Acquiring language one step beyond one’s current level.D. Learning language in a predictable sequence. *

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What is the semilingualism? answer: c A. Fluency in L1 & L2, proficiency in L2 B. Proficiency in L1 is the basis for proficiency in L2. C. Fluent in both, proficient in none. D. Proficient and fluent in both languages.

What are the characteristics of the speech emergence stage? answer: b A. Limited comprehension and one/two word responses. B. Good comprehension, pronunciation /grammar errors, and simple sentences with limited

descriptive vocabulary. C. Excellent comprehension, few grammar errors, and near native speech. D. Minimal comprehension and no verbal production.

3. What is the definition of interlingual errors? answer: c A. a)Developmental, trial, and error, common in FLA.B. b)Undermarkedness C. c)Interference from one’s source language into the target languageD. d)Overmarkedness

4. What is not typical to the ambiguity tolerance? answer: d A. Accept contradictory prepositions. B. Creative C. Open-minded D. Detail oriented

5. What is not necessarily a characteristic in second language acquisition? answer: a A. Achieve perfect achievement of fluency and proficiencyB. Students are often unable to form clear grammaticality judgments. C. Students often need help for correction. D. SL speakers may be content with less than target language competence or more concerned

with fluency than accuracy.

3. Be nice, give options, be friendly—don’t impose are the maxims of:A. ConversationB. Conversation genresC. PolitenessD. Positive politenessE. Face saving

4. Which is not a Maxim of Conversation? A. Quantity: Be InformativeB. Quality: Be TruthfulC. Politeness: Be considerateD. Relation: Be Relevant

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E. Manner: Be perspicuous.

5. Active listenship is performed with: A. NoddingB. Sociolinguistic competenceC. RepetitionsD. Back-channel cues E. Turn allocation techniques

6. Repetition in conversations functions for: A. Positive and negative politenessB. Participation, comprehension and camaraderie, listenship and appreciation.C. Control and power, directive challenge, humor, sarcasm.D. Social interaction, acknowledgement, and phatic communicationE. All of the above.

7. Which of the following contains only conversation genres? A. Apology, argument, paper, negotiation, debate, conference, B. Joke, sermon, greeting, farewell, narrative, lectureC. Negotiation, conference, poem, discussionD. Greeting, ceremony, novel, promise, riddle, prayerE. Sermon, greeting, farewell, riddle, article.

8. Address forms can express: A. Power status.B. Personal relationsC. Cultural expectationsD. Deference and condensationE. All of the above.

9. Style expresses a speaker’s: A. Concept of politeness and politeness maxims.B. Face saving mechanisms, positive politeness, and social status.C. Social and personal goals, attitudes, mood, speech abilities.D. Independence and involvement abilities and education level.E. Knowledge of prosody, body language, vocabulary, and grammar.

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Final 2Which one of the following is NOT an example of Context embedded communication?

a. Dinner conversation at the dinner table.b. Debate on War in a speech class.c. A show and tell presentation.d. Discussing driving techniques while driving.

What kind of anxiety is important to have in SLA, and in learning and life in general, that will help to forget everything and just focus on the task?

e. Debilitating anxietyf. Test anxietyg. Extreme anxietyh. Facilitating anxiety

2. Which of the following is a false statement of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a. Some elements in language words and grammar may influence speakers’ perceptions of

the reality and affect their attitudes and behavior.b. Objective reality is beyond cognition because the mind and language cloud it with

cultural presuppositions.c. Language is ultimately responsible for all miscommunication and

misunderstanding.d. All of the above.

3. Language is: a. A system of writing accepted by a community. b. A reflection of the reality in which it was created. c. A system consisting of communication symbols. d. All of the above.

Politeness is?i. Socially boundj. Culturally boundk. Family boundl. Environmentally bound

What are cognates?m. Words that look similar and have the same meaning and origin in two languages. ***n. Words that look different but have the same meaning in two languages.o. Words that look similar but have different meaning in two languages.p. None of the above.

1. When a child refers to any four legged animal as a dog, which of the following mechanics defines his/her reaction?

a)Underextension b) Overextensionc)Communication

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d)Ambiguity

2. In the following example of a two word syllable,big bear, the word big is stressed. Which of the following characterizes it?

*a) Trochaic Footb) Iambic Footc) Negationd) Acoustic Form

3) Which of the following does not fit into the concept of the Monitor Model? a) Learning vs. Acquisition Hypothesisb) Natural Order of Acquisitionc) Comprehensible Input* d) Reinterpretation

4) Which of the following is not considered to be a part of Krashen's monitor model?

a) Input Hypothesis*b)Output Hypothesisc) Affective Filter Hypothesisd) Monitor Hypothesis

5) Which of the following is not typical to SLA.?

* a) Fast Mappingb) Errorsc) Mistakesd) Fossilization

1. Interlanguage is observable more on ________ than __________. A. production, comprehension * B. comprehension, performance C. mistakes, comprehension D. comprehension, mistakes

2. Interlanguage is__________. A. a new lanuage just discovered. B. an unstable, dynamic, fast developing system. * C. the lanuage learned before the second lanuage. D. a comnination of different languages.

3. The alcohol test is_________. A. a good way to have fun. B. a way to test how much alcohol one can drink.

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C. a method to test how inhibitions may narrow the ‘bottleneck’ of performing speech in SL.* D. a method used to better observe the behavior of a person.

4. Wherever there is a relationship between cognition and language development, language depends on_______. A. cognition.* B. language. C. intelligence. D. practice.

1. Mistakes are a. logical deviations from standard based on learner’s working hypotheses on language structure b. *typos not related to language competence c. permanent incorporation of target language forms d. non-random guesses related to language competence

2. The Speech Emergence stage of language acquisition contains the following characteristics except a. Good competence b. Simple sentencesc. Pronunciation and grammatical errors d. *Near native speech

3. The Critical Period Hypothesis argues that a. *there is a time in human development when the brain is more predisposed for success in language

learningb. conversational interaction is an essential, if not sufficient, condition for second language acquisitionc. there is a lack of change in interlanguage patterns, even after extended exposure to or instruction in the

target languaged. nothing is learned unless it has been noticed

4. Intralingual errors are similar errors that native speakers make when learning the language. Which of

the following is not an intralingual error: a. *two dog b. More fasterc. Gonnad. Wanna

5. According to the Affective Filter Hypothesis, which of the following may affect a person’s ability to

learn a second language a. Needsb. Attitudesc. emotional statesd. *all of the above

1) Three word-learning strategies for getting started consist of: A) Social Strategy, Modi, and Social Constraints. B) Whole Object Assumption, Type Assumption, and Basic Level Assumption.*

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C) Transparency meaning, intended meaning, and For doers.

2) How much can children understand in the one-word stage in FLA? A) Almost everything in now-and-here* B) The sentence C) One-two words

3) Cognitive maturity and ______________ awareness allow older learners to solve problems and engage in discussions about language. A) Context B) Metalinguistic* C) Innate language

4) The hypothesis that is like a barrier that prevents learners from acquiring language even when appropriate input is available is? A) Natural order hypothesis B) Input Hypothesis C) Affective-filter hypothesis*

5) The innatist perspective:_______________ permits all children to acquire the language of their environment during a critical period of their development. A) Universal Grammar* B) Performance C) Grammaticality Judgments

Why children's pronunciation is not clear enough? a. the articulatory organs are not developed yet. **b. they cannot role their tonges yet.c. they need to reach age 6 for that to happen.d. that’s part of normal cuteness. What linguistic competence has to do with politeness? a. strategicb. sociolinguistic ***c. grammaticald. discourse Is a child more fluent in Language 1 or in Language 2 when they begin to use L2? a. language 2b. both languagesc. language 1 only***d. none

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Accents in SlA arise because of interference of source languagea. phonemesb. syllable structurec. prosodic featuresd. all of the above

1. According to ______________, reality is perceived by the mind and language through cultural norms.

a. Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesisb. Krashen's Monitor Hypothesisc. Sapir and Whorf's Cultural Relativity Hypothesis*d. Chomsky's Critical Period Hypothesis

2. Few grammar errors, excellent comprehension, and near native speech are characteristics that describe what stage of Language Acquisition?

a. Stage 3: Speech Emergenceb. Stage 1: Pre-Productionc. Stage 2: Early Productiond. Stage 4: Intermediate Fluency*

3. ___________ is the permanent incorporation of a Second Language speaker's errors in his/her interlanguage.

a. grammatical errorsb. fossilization*c. transfer errorsd. scaffolding

4. In constructing discourse, second language learners use what kinds of knowledge?

a. knowledge about the second language.b. competence in their native language, ability to use the functions of languagec. general world knowledge.d. all of the above.

5. A(n)_______is systematic. In this case, the learner has incorporated a particular incorrect form into his or her TL interlanguage system through logical but untrue assumptions about SL structure.

a. mistakeb. idiolectc. error*d. phoneme

1. "When you correct yourself" is an example of which one of Krashen's Hypothesis? a. Comprehensible Input * b. Innate Monitor c. Natural Communicative System

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d. Affective Filter2. The type of anxiety that gets our adrenaline going and makes us do better is called a. Debilitating Anxiety b. Hyper Anxiety * c. Facilitating Anxiety d. Energetic Anxiety3. About how many years does it take to acquire playground SL? a. 5 b. 7 c. 1 * d. 24. About how many years does it take to acquire academic SL? a. 1-3 * b. 5-7 c. 8-9 d. 2-45. What kind of knowledge does ordering food at a restaurant require? * a. context embedded b. context reduced1. Language structure includes all of the following except one. Select the one that does not belong.a) Sounds b) Wordsc) Rulesd) Discourse * 2. This type of language is learned when a person develops an interest in his/her home language and seeks to learn the language:a) Native Languageb) Foreign Languagec) Heritage Language *d) Second Language 3. Which of the following words is a content word?a) is b) outc) wowd) dog * 4. This type of error happens due to an insufficient knowledge in both the primary and secondary languages.a) code mixing * b) code disfunctionc) code switchingd) code changing 5. Which of the following hypotheses is NOT part of Krashen's 'monitor model' ?

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a) Natural order hypothesisb) Input hypothesisc)Affective filter hypothesisd) Grammatical hypothesis *

1. Learning a second language without losing the first. a) mitigation b) private speech c) native language d) bilingualism *

2) A word in a language that resembles a word in another language and has the same meaning.

a) morpheme b) cognate* c) similarity d) crossing

3) The study of how language is used in the context to express such things as directness, politeness, and deference.

a) pragmatics* b) phonology c) semantics d) morphology

4) An educational programme in which a second language is taught via content-based instruction.

a) native language instruction b) inclusion programme c) immersion programme* d) impute

5) A teaching technique in which students not only listen but also show their comprehension by their responses.

a) active listening* b) guiding c) phonics d) reflection

1. Which language is considered one’s native and primary language?

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a. First language * b. Second language c. Both fist and second language d. A foreign language

2. The whole object assumption refers to: a. Children refer to every object with a different word meaning. b. Children can distinguish one object from the other. c. Children refer the new word to the entire object. *

3. Words described with cohesion, continuity, solidity, and contact are referred to as: a. Learning techniques b. Spelke objects * c. Phonemes d. easy words

4. When is a speaker known to be fluent in a language? a. The speaker doesn’t know much about the language. b. The speaker only understands the language. c. The speaker understands and can communicate in the language * d. The speaker can’t communicate in the language.

5. What test would be an example of mutual exclusivity? a. The boy who rips paper test. b. The compound test. c. The zib test. * d. Is the doll easy to see test.

If you read the instruction to start the DVD player, what kind of learner are you? *A) Declarative B) Procedural Child performs fastmapping with: mark all that apply A) adjectives B) conceptual verbs *C) general cognition *D) language acquisition ____________ is based on similarities in shape, sound, seize, taste ability and functions A) Solidity * B) Overextenstion C) Overgeneralization How do children figure out the meanings of new words?

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A) using overgeneralizations B) Using overextensions C) using cogntive constraints and social constraints* D) using cognitve, social, linguistic and organizational constraints What limits overextension?*A) mutual exclusivitiyB) bootstrappingC) fastmapping

1. Which statement is false about a native speaker’s language knowledge: A) Comprehension of an infinite number of new sentencesB) Implicit knowledge (grammaticality judgment) of word order and other syntax rules.C) Ability to create an infinite number of new sentences.D) Explicit knowledge of word order and other syntax rules.*

2. Fill in the blanks with the corresponding parameter for Language Competence: Fluency b, Literacy d, Accuracy a, Proficiency c

A) Ability to use the standard rules of language for speaking and writing.B) Ability to converse fluently, with ease.C) Ability to function with that language in any possible setting that real life presents.D) Ability to read and write.

3. Fill in the blanks with a speaker’s corresponding language characteristic: Native a, Foreign, First b, Primary c, Second d, Secondary, Target e, Mother tongue.A) The language of one’s ethnic heritage. B) The language first acquired and spoken as a child. C) The language most used. D) A foreign language acquired in its country and in its native settings. E) The language one studies currently.

4. True or False: fFirst language is always one’s native and primary language.

5. True or False: tOne may have two first languages, two primary languages, two foreign languages, two target languages.

3.11 How many morphemes are there in the word sophisticated? Show the morphemes with a slash mark.

A) 3 morphemes: a free morpheme and two bound inflectional morphemes B) 3 morphemes: three bound morphemes, a derivational, a root and an inflectional C) 5 morphemes: 1 bound root, 3 derivational bound morphemes and 1 inflectional bound morpheme.D) 6 morphemes: 1 free and 4 derivational and 1 inflectional bound morphemes.E) 3 morphemes: prefix, suffix and root

3.14 How many morphemes are there in the word examination? Show the morphemes with a slash mark.

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aA) 3 morphemes: a free morpheme and 2 bound morphemes, both derivational.B) 4 morphemes C) 2 morphemes: D) 5 morphemes: a root morpheme, 3 bound derivational morphemes and 1 inflectional. E) 4 morphemes: 1 free morpheme and 3 derivational morphemes.

8. The word undesirable consists of: DF) 3 morphemes: a free morpheme and two bound inflectional morphemes G) 3 morphemes: three bound morphemes, a derivational, a root and an inflectional H) 2 morphemes: one free morpheme and one bound derivational morphemeI) 3 morphemes: a free morpheme and two bound derivational morphemes J) 4 morphemes: prefix, suffix, infix, and root

9. The word descriptions consists of: A) 3 morphemes: two bound morphemes, both derivational and a free morphemeB) 4 morphemes: two derivational morphemes, one free and one inflectional morpheme C) 4 morphemes: two free morphemes and tow bound derivational morphemesD) 5 morphemes: a root morpheme, three bound derivational morphemes and an inflectional morpheme E) 3 morphemes: one derivational morpheme, one free morpheme and one inflectional morpheme

Anssophisticated 5 morphemes: a bound root, 3 derivational bound morphemes and an

inflectional bound morpheme.undesirable 3 morphemes: a free morpheme and two bound derivational morphemes examination 4 morphemes: a free morpheme and 3 derivational morphemes. descriptions 4 morphemes: two derivational morphemes, one free and one inflectional

morpheme

6. Which is not a factor for First Language Acquisition: A) Social interaction and motivationB) The phono-morphological type of the Language and its cultural environment*C) Cognitive development of a childD) Social significance of languages a child is exposed toE) Human species specific biological disposition

7. Babies respond to phonetic contrasts with no phonemic value in their language but ignore voice quality differences in age of 1-4 months. This means that: A) Phonetic contrasts have a meaningful value but disappear later in age.B) Babies cannot differentiate their mother from their father.C) Phonemic and phonetic contrasts are linguistic concepts; they have significance for only SLA.D) Babies are predisposed to acquire any phonetic contrast which may have value in any language.*E) Babies need time to learn the differences between phones and phonemes.

8. The first linguistic feature babies acquire in their mother tongue and the last feature they master is: A) Phones, that is, sounds.B) Baby words or child language wordsC) Prosody, that is intonation features. *D) Phonemes, that is meaning differentiating sounds.E) Cooing and gurgling universal sounds of the human language.

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9. Fill in the blanks: Two Word Sentences b, Critical Period e,Grammaticality d, Telegraphese c, Holophrases a.A) By the end of their first year children begin to use one word phrases or sentences, that is__B) In their second year children use – with no markersC) 2-3 year old children use — sentences lacking function words, containing content words.D) 3 year olds achieve ; they have a competent use of language.E) The strive to establish a social ego — is observed during puberty.

1. Human Communication is an --b- of received messages. The response is based upon it, one’s personal beliefs, cultural --e-, and the -a--. c--- results from misunderstanding and misinterpreting messages, -d-- results from not understanding the

messages at all.

A) pragmatic contextB) InterpretationC) MiscommunicationD) DiscommunicationE) Presuppositions

3. This field of study is concerned with the language structure and its structural levels; that is, phonetics, phonology, prosody, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics. It describes and analyzes the units on each level and their actual use in real life.

A) linguisticsB) structural and descriptive linguistics*C) ethnolinguisticsD) pragmaticsE) linguistic determinism

4. This hypothesis claims that brain plasticity is reduced around puberty, therefore second and foreign language acquisition abilities diminish. Before puberty, children acquire other languages with a native like pronunciation, whereas afterwards, accents are common.

A) affective filter hypothesisB) Cummins’ iceberg hypothesisC) Nomothetic theoriesD) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis*E) critical period hypothesis

5. This field of study is concerned with the correct forms of a language and norms of proper speech. It regards language change as decay, is mortified from novelties in language, and fights to stop the syllabus of time.

A) descriptive linguisticsB) prescriptive linguistics*C) historical-comparative studiesD) sociolinguistics

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E) psycholinguistics

6) Stereotypes are oversimplifications and blanket assumptions about a group. They define:

A) That Distinctive group.B) That person who has stereotypes. *C) Only some members of that group.D) That group which has stereotypes.E) The speaker and the listener only.

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What percentage of everyday common communication is nonverbal?1. 50%2. 70%3. 90%4. 40%

Motherese is dabbed to characterize the specifics of caregiver’s speech directed toward children, It can be compared with:

1. Universal child language2. Foreigner talk3. Mother tongue4. Interlanguage

Which of the following is a communication system?1. Body language2. Facial expressions3. Sign language4. all of the above.

According to Piaget, children cannot acquire language unless they1. Practice it2. Read about it3. Understand it4. All of the above

In trochaic foot, which syllable is streesed?1. first2. middle3. last4. second

If I vacation in France, and French is not my primary language, it is what language for me?1. Foreign2. Second3. Native4. Heritage

Which are not basic building blocks in the structure of human language?1. Linguistic rules2. Words 3. Phonemes4. Senetences

When a child says, “I likedit my lunch”, he or she is:1. Using a gestalt chunk.2. overdoing it.3. Overgeneralizing

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4. Overeating.

A home language which is not the dominant or primary language in social communications in the larger environments is a:

1. Heritage language2. Second language3. Secondary language4. First language

What is called the valid pattern of forming sentences in a language and the study of the same?1. Communication2. Syntax3. Morphology4. Semantics

What are the three basic units in every human language?1. Reading, writing, and thinking.2. Idiolect, syntax, and FLA.3. Adverbs, verbs, and adjectives.4. Sounds, words, and rules.

Which of the following is not a communicative competence?1. discourse2. grammatical3. syntactic4. strategic

Procedural knowledge is the skill to do something; particularly, to speak a language. Declarative knowledge is explicit knowledge about something, particularly that language. Which language skills assume declarative knowledge?

1. Literacy, accuracy, fluency.2. Fluency, accuracy, proficiency3. Literacy, accuracy, proficiency

Fluency, literacy, proficiency

If I use English everywhere but home and at home I use another language, then I have 1. A foreign and a home language2. A foreign and a second language3. A heritage and a primary language4. A heritage and a second language

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1) The process by which babies pick up words in the stream of speech:1. Acculturation2. Segmentation3. Generalization4. Vocabularization

3) The vocabulary spurt begins around the age of:1. 12 mo2. 16 mo3. 18 mo4. 24 mo

5) The ability to build meaningful whole—a text, story, speech, conversation, etc. according to discourse rules of that language, oral or written, formal or not formal:

1. Grammatical competence 2. Discourse competence3. Sociolinguistic competence 4. Strategic competence

7) The mutual exclusivity assumption is an organizational-taxonomic constraint children use to learn new words. It assumes that:

1. Things should exclude each other mutually.2. Taxonomic-organizational principle arranges new words in neat shelves.3. If something is called an animal, cannot be also a dog.4. Things should have one label.

8) The whole object assumption is a cognitive constraint children use to learn new nouns. It assumes that:1. The new word must refer to the entire object.2. The new word must refer to something that the adult is looking at.3. The new word must refer to the new object.4. The new word must refer to a basic type of objects.

11) Phonemes are:1. Two sided units which can stand by themselves2. Two-sided units with meaning and acoustic-articulatory form3. Abstract sounds existing in the social consciousness, one sided units distinguishing meaning4. Sound variations available only to people who have the perfect pitch.

12) A speakers’ proficiency in language assumes all of the above except for:1. Grammaticality, the ability to make a judgment about the correctness of a grammatical form or

pattern.2. Novelty, the ability to understand new information presented in that language.3. Fast mapping, the ability to learn new words and facts at one glance.4. Unlimited quantity, the ability to create an infinite number of novel sentences.

13) Linguists measure a child’s language growth and grammatical development through1. Words, morphemes and sentences children pronounce.

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2. The mean length of utterance3. The cognitive development and cognitive maturity4. It cannot be measured as each child has his/her own unique pace in FLA.

15) Which of the following strategies is not a common way to create a new word from an existing word?1. Conversion2. Derivation3. Bootstrapping4. Compounding

16) If a child associates the word dog only with the family pet, what semantic device is the child using?1. Overgeneralizations2. Underextension3. Overextension4. Undergeneralizations

17) Which LA theory claims that human infants acquire language in interaction due to a huge desire to communicate with people they love and the species specific ability to acquire language?

1. Information processing theory2. Innatism or Nativist theories3. Cognitive interactionist theories4. Behaviorism

18) When children make grammatical errors in the process of language acquisition, it means that they are:1. Trying hard but in vain2. Thinking and figuring out rule by rule3. Making wrong guesses4. All of the above

19) What is the final goal of language acquisition?1. Fluency and proficiency2. Communicative competence3. Literacy and accuracy4. Understanding

20) What are the three sides of a content word?1. Meaning, form, and referent2. Meaning and form3. Sound, meaning, and spelling4. All of the above

21) The first thing children acquire in their first language and the last thing they master is the same linguistic feature. Which one of the following is that feature?

1. Words, the vocabulary2. Intonation, the different tones of voice3. Content words, which have more evident meanings4. Grammatical structure and functional words

22) Children who are acquiring English or Spanish easily recognize (segment) words with the trochaic

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foot unlike children acquiring Armenian or French who segment the iambic foot words more easily because:

1. Children are innate poets and they are born with the trochaic and iambic feet.2. These are the prevalent types of syllabic stress in their first languages.3. The strong-weak pattern is easily recognizable.4. All of the above.

23) Fossilization refers to:1. Interlanguage systematic errors.2. Ancient and long ago dead languages.3. Permanent incorporation of some errors in a SL speaker’s speech.4. Archeological fossils dealing with linguistic data.

24) Analytic language learners focus on:1. Using chunks or phrases of speech as one unit.2. Using Spelke objects.3. Breaking speech into its smallest components.4. Using compound words frequently.

25) According to archeological and linguistic research, when did the human language originate?1. 60,000 years ago2. 30,000 years ago3. 15,000 years ago4. 100,000 years ago

Extra credit26) How many morphemes are there in the following sentence: “Languages in the same family share many common grammatical features and many of the key words, especially older words, show their common origin.”

1. 332. 343. 354. 36

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Dr. HagopianMultiple Choice Midterm 2 Ling 417, CSUN

2006

1) In the video “Human Language series” a child says: He drived. This is an example of1. Underextension2. Overgeneralization3. Overextention4. Fossilization

2) When children apply the plural ending –s to nonsense nouns or the past tense ending –ed to nonsense verbs, which constraint for FLA are they using?

1. Cognitive constraints: logical thinking2. Social constraints: socialization, enculturation3. Linguistic constraints: the internal chess game4. Organizational constraints: taxonomic organization of the world.

3) When children assume that the new word, say kitty, must refer to a type of animals, not just this particular individual, which constraint for FLA are they using?


4) When children assume that the new word must refer to the object the adult is looking at, which constraint for FLA are they using?


5) Kathy is 6 years old and 3 feet tall. Her mother is 30 years old and 5.4”, her father is 32 years old and 5.4”, and her cousin John is 19 years old and 6.2”. Who is the biggest for Kathy?

1. Kathy2. Daddy3. Mommy4. Cousin John

Wrong, copula won’t be used yet 6) If the child is able to use some irregular verbs but not regular verbs in the past tense, we may assume the child will be using also:

1. Plurals, articles, and the present progressive verbs.2. Plurals, copula, and the present progressive verbs.3. Articles, plurals, and link verbs.4. Articles, the present progressive verbs, and the copula.

7) Which LA theory claims that an infant’s mind is a blank slate, tabula rasa, and language is acquired from the environment through imitation, practice and reinforcement?

1. Nature versus nurture

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2006

2. Behaviorism3. Cognitive interactions theories4. Connectionism

8) Which LA theory claims that human infants are born with Universal Grammar imprinted in their Language acquisition device (LAD)?

1. Innatism or Nativist theories2. Behaviorism3. Cognitive interactions theories4. Information processing theories

9) Fossilization is the permanent incorporation of some grammatical errors into one’s speech. It does not occur in:

1. First language acquisition2. Second language acquisition3. Foreign language acquisition4. In any language acquisition process

10) Words have meaning, referent, and form. Which of the following does not pertain to a word form?

1. Written or graphic form2. Analytic or compound word form3. Acoustic or articulatory form4. Signed form in a sign language

11) Interlanguage is:1. An international language used for multicultural communication.2. A learner’s language system between the native and target languages.3. A behavioristic method of language learning.4. Communication without the use of body language.

12) Language acquisition develops parallel to cognitive maturation in:1. First language acquisition2. Second language acquisition3. Foreign language acquisition4. In any language acquisition process

13) If children have not acquired the present progressive verbs, they won’t be using articles or link verbs. This shows that:

1. It confirms Krashen’s natural order hypothesis.2. There is a natural order for grammatical development.3. It demonstrates the Nature versus Nurture hypothesis,4. It confirms the Nativist claim that children are born with UG.

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2006

14) The wug experiment shows that:1. Children are born with grammar and therefore can use plurals.2. Children learn the plurals eventually, by imitation and practice.3. Children figure out grammatical rules and apply them to new words.4. Children are equipped with a procedural knowledge of grammar.

15) Which verbs are the last to be acquired by children?1. Mental activity verbs, such as think, know, promise, believe.2. Accomplishment verbs, such as drop, pour, break.3. General purpose verbs, such as is (be), have, do, get, put, go.4. Activity verbs, such as eat, sing, play, sleep.

16) The Zone of Proximal Development suggests that:1. Children’s cognitive development is innate2. Children reach the full potential in interaction and with the assistance of adults3. Children cannot acquire language without interaction4. Children have proximal cognitive development

17) When a child makes an error in the process of language acquisition/learning, you should:1. Make them repeat the sentence without the error.2. Immediately correct the error3. Model the standard language form4. Tell them try harder at school

18) Which words children acquire sooner than the rest in this list?1. Function words2. Content words3. Spelke objects4. Activity verbs

19) What are Spelke objects?1. Irregular nouns which children overgeneralize2. Abstract nouns which children acquire after they understand the concepts behind them.3. Nouns that are described by cohesion, continuity, solidity, and contact4. Separate words for analytic learners, and chunks and phrases, for gestalt learners.

20) Which theory claims that the best time for a second language acquisition is before and around puberty?

1. Critical period hypothesis2. Affective filter hypothesis3. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis4. The zone of proximal development

21) What is overextension?1. The fast mapping of new words and facts by children2. The stretching of a word to cover more meanings.3. The Spelke objects which are acquired earlier than other nouns.4. That’s extending a buck to buy a lunch.

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2006

22) Which of the following presents children’s developmental order in FLA the best?1. Telegraphese, holophrases, Pivot grammar, and vocabulary spurt.2. Motherese, pivot grammar, telegraphese, and vocabulary spurt.3. Holophrases, telegraphese, vocabulary spurt, and pivot grammar.4. Holophrases, pivot grammar and vocabulary spurt, telegraphese.

23) What is not a characteristic of a human language?1. A system for communication2. An entity with a unique grammatical structure.3. Body language, facial expressions, and gestures.4. A depiction of the reality in the human mind.

24) Runned, goed, and buyed are child language samples demonstrating1. Wrong use of irregular verbs2. Overgeneralization of grammatical forms3. Overextensions of word meanings4. Just correct them, never mind what they are.

25) The spotlight-on-stress strategies used by children to segment and recognize words is claimed to latch onto which patterns in English?

1. Voiced patterns2. Strong-weak patterns3. Weak-strong patterns4. Unvoiced patterns

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