time and frequency activities at cenam - nist · bs m oi da m bs lpf mixer - + laser 62.7 mhz 200...

16/03/2010

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Time and Time and FrequencyFrequency ActivitiesActivities at at CENAMCENAMMauricio López R.Mauricio López R.

Centro Nacional de Metrología, CENAMCentro Nacional de Metrología, CENAM

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Optically pumped thermal Cesium frequency standard

3. Cs fountain

4. Sapphire Oscillators

5. Time dissemination services

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Outline

1. Introduction2. Optically pumped thermal Cesium frequency standard

3. Cs fountain



N 20o 32´ 13” W 100o 15´ 17”

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N 20o 32´ 13” W 100o 15´ 17”

H 1917 m

CENAM facilities

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CENAM´s Time and Frequency Group


Dr Sergio LopezThermal cesium beam clock and systematics effects on primary standards

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Dr Nikolay ShtinMicrowaves and Sapphire oscillators


Dr Eduardo de CarlosLasers and optics for primary frequency standards

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6


Francisco JiménezTime Services


Nélida DiazTime scales

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Maria Espinosa (post graduate student)Proyect: Cs fountain clock


Luis Lizama (post graduate student)Proyect: cryptographic quantum key generation and secure communications

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Alex Castilla (post graduate student)Proyect: blue photon production through inverse compont scattering


Sofia MoralesAdministration suport

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Dr Mauricio LópezDivision Chief


… And the Newton apple trhee

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Outline

1. Introduction

2. Optically pumped thermal Cesium frequency standard3. Cs fountain



First prototype 1998Short Ramsey cavity thermal Cesium beam optically pumped clock, CsOP-1

Frequency

Tran

sitio

n pr

obab

ility

/ a

.u.

0Frequency

Tran

sitio

n pr

obab

ility

/ a

.u.

0

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Systematic effectFractional frequency shift 10-13

Fractional frequency

Uncertainty10-14

2th order Zeeman 2410 20

2th orden Doppler -4.2 0.2

Gravitational 2.09 <0.1

Black body radiation -15.1 0.1

end to end pahase shift -6.1 5

cavity pulling 32.4 8

CsOP-1 Main operational parameters

Cs oven temperature 100º C

Transit region length 110 mm

Interaction region length 12 mm

Mean atom speed 215m/s

Clock transition linewidth 950 Hz

C-Field 7.6 T

2006: The new CsOP-2 clock

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Type H Ramsey Cavity

CENTRO NACIONAL DE METROLOGÍA

CsOP-2 Ramsey Cavity design


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CsOP-2 Ramsey Cavity

aaa

CsOP-2 physics package

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Cilindros de blindajeCsOP-2 physics package

CsOP-2 physics packageDemagnetization process of the magnetic shields

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CsOP-2 physics packageC-field coil adjusments

CsOP-2 physics packageCs ovens

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CsOP-2 optical system

PD

Cs

BS

M

OI

DA

MBS

LPFMixer

- +

Laser

62.7 MHz

200 kHz

Servo Loop

AO

M/4

MPBS

L

L L

/4

M

L

M

/2PBS

/2PBS

AOM

RAP

83.6 MHz

Detection Beam

Pumping Beam


CsOP-2 m=0m=0 transition

Theoretical Rabi pedestal


0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006

Distribution of Transit Times

Most Probable Velocity: v = 215 m/sOven Temperature: T = 140ºCRabi Frequency: b = 19000 Hz

Transit Time / ms

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Theoretical Rabi pedestal


9.19260 9.19262 9.19264 9.19266

Tra

nsiti

on P

roba

bilit

y / A

rb. U

nits

Frequency / GHz


Experimental Rabi pedestal

9.19261 9.19262 9.19263 9.19264 9.19265

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Prob

abilid

ad d

e tra

nsis

ción

(U.A

)

Frecuencia/Hz


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9.192615 9.192630 9.192645

Inte

nsid

ad /

U.A

rb.

Frecuencia /GHz


Rabi pedestal


9192630000 9192632000 9192634000

Inte

nsid

ad /

U.A

.

Frecuencia / Hz


180 Hz

Ramsey fringe


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Ramsey fringe

9.19261 9.19262 9.19263 9.19264 9.19265

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Pro

babi

lidad

de

trans

isci

ón (U

.A)

Frecuencia/Hz


-10 -5 0 5 10

Tran

sitio

n pr

obab

ility

/ A

rb. U

nits

Frequency detuning / kHz

CsOP-1 CsOP-2

Systematic effectFractional

frequency shift 10-13


Uncertainty 10-14

Fractional frequency shift

10-13


Uncertainty10-14

2th order Zeeman 2410 20 2410 3

2th orden Doppler -4.2 0.2 -4.2 0.2

Gravitational 2.09 <0.1 2.09 <0.1

Black body radiation -15.1 0.1 -15.1 0.1

end to end pahase shift -6.1 5 2 2

cavity pulling 32.4 8 5 2

Uncertainty 22 4

CENAM´s Optically pumped thermal Cesium frequency standardSome expected values for systematics

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Work in progress

1. Improvement of signal to noise ratio

3. Full evaluation of systematics

2. Long term comparison against UTC(CNM) to evaluate frequency stability

CENAM´s Optically pumped thermal Cesium frequency standard

Outline

1. Introduction


3. Cs fountain



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56.5

cm

67.3

cm

78.1

cm

34.2 cm

41.5 cm

48.8 cm

9.0 cm

6.0

cm

18.0

cm

52.0

cm 12.0 cm

6.3 cm

5.0 cm

7 cm

22.0

cm

47.0 cm

85.0

cm

7 cm

200

cm

33.0

cm

22.0

cm

35.0

cm

Turbo pump


CsO

P-2

phys

ics

pack

age

56.5

cm

67.3

cm

78.1

cm

34.2 cm

41.5 cm

48.8 cm

9.0 cm

6.0

cm

18.0

cm

52.0

cm 12.0 cm

6.3 cm

5.0 cm

33.0

cm

22.0

cm

9.4

cm


CsF-1fligth region

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CsF-1fligth tube

0.7 cm

1.0 cm 1.0 cm

2.0 cm

4.0 cm 4.2 cm

4.2 cm

0.5 cm

0.5 cm

7.0 cm

7.0

cm

Copper

Vaccuumchamber

MagneticShields

DetectionWindow

Ramsey Cavity

SelectionCavity


CsF-1 microwave cavities

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CsF-1 microwave cavities

Cs atoms

F=3,m

F=4,m

-3 +30

-4 +40

F=3,m

F=4,m

-3 +30

-4 +40

F=3,m

F=4,m

-3 +30

-4 +40

3.5

cm6

cm3.

5 cm

Repumping region

Scatering region

Clock transition region

Repumping region. Estimulating decay with microwaves of the4,0 state (states 4,m0 will not interact with microwavesbecause their energies are shifted due to the C-field).

Scatering region. The atoms in the sates 4,m0 will bescatered using a laser beam adjusted to the 45 transition.

Cavity 2

Cavity 1


CsF-1 state selection

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CsF-1 MOT design

CsF-1 MOT

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F=4F=3

F=3F=4

Photodetector

N(F=4)

Photodetector

N(F=3)

Mirror

Mirror

(34), (45)

(45)

)4()3()3(

FNFNFN

N

1 cm

1 cm

2 cm

1 cm

Cs atoms


CsF-1 detection system


CsF-1 physics package design

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350

mm

205

mm

100 mm27 mm

SMA microwave connectors

Threefoldmagnetic

shield

Cooper vacuum tube


CsF-1fligth region

CsF-1 Magnetic shields

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CsF-1 MOT

PD

Cs

BS

M

OI

DA

MBS

LPFMixer

- +

CoolingLaser

90 MHz

200 kHz

Servo Loop

BS

AOM

/4

MPBS

L

/2

L

L

AOM

/4

MPBS

L

L

L

/2SF

AOM

/4

MPBS

L/2

SF

Verticalup

Verticaldown

84 MHz +

84 MHz -

/2

PBS

Slav

eLa

ser

/2

/2 M

AOM

/4

M

PBS

L

SF

Horizontal

84 MHz

/2

Horizontal

BS

L L

AOM

/4

M

L

90 MHz

PBS

M

Detection

SF


CsF-1 Optical System

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PD

Cs

BS

M

OI

DA

MBS

LPF

Mixer

- +

Re-pumpingLaser

200 kHz

Servo Loop

BS

M

L L

Re-pumping


Repumping laser



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Láser DFB EagleyardEYP-DFB-0852-00150-1500-TOC03-0000

Longitud de onda 852 nm

150 mW de potencia

Termistor y TEC incluido


CsF-1 light sources

F=4 F’=5 F=4 F’=4F=4 F’=3

Láser DFB

Láser DBR

F=4 F’=5 F=4 F’=4F=4 F’=3

Láser DFB

Láser DBR62s1/2

F = 3

F = 4

9.2 GHz

62p3/2

F’ = 5

F’ = 4

F’ = 3F’ = 2

251 MHz

201 MHz

151 MHzD2

852 nm

62s1/2

F = 3

F = 4

9.2 GHz

62p3/2

F’ = 5

F’ = 4

F’ = 3F’ = 2

251 MHz

201 MHz

151 MHzD2

852 nm


F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DFB

F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DBR

F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DFB

F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DBR

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F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DFB

F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DBR

F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DFB

F=4 F’=5

F=4 F’=4

F=4 F’=3

Láser DBR


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Laser system control

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CsF-1 MOT Characterization

T 10 KNot yet optimized

Work in progress

1. Integration of the fligth region

3. Lot of work to be done!

2. Instalation of Sapphire oscilator as microwave source

CENAM´s Cs Fountain frequency standard

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Outline

1. Introduction


3. Cs fountain



2 4 6 8 100

1

2

3

4

5

4.977 4.979 4.98 4.981 4.9830

0.5

1

1.5

4.977 4.979 4.98 4.981 4.9832

1

0

1

2

Mag

(Gop

l)

WGH8,1,1

WGH9,1,1

WGH7,1,1

WGH7,1

,1

Mag

nitu

dePh

ase

Frecuencia, GHz Frecuencia, GHz2 4 6 8 10

200

100

0

100

200

WGH8,1,1

WGH9,1,1

WGH7,1,1

arg(

Gop

l), d

eg

Z3

WGR

SiGe HBT

Z2

TL1

Z1

TL4

RLTL2

TL3

TL5TL6

N. A. Shtin, J. M. Lopez Romero and E.Prokhorov, “Design and Performance of UltraLow Phase Noise Reflection WhisperingGallery Resonator Oscillator,“ Microwaveand Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 49, No 8,pp. 2026-2030, 2007.

Q=250,000

Reflection WGR OscillatorFirst prototype


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WGR

12Entrada P1

Salida de onda reflejada P2

Salida P3

10 5 0 5 1040

30

20

10

0

.

.

S21

S31

ΔF10 5 0 5 100

1

2

3

.

φ31

φ21Fa

se, r

adM

agni

tud,

dB

D. P. Tsarapkin, N. A. Shtin, “Whispering gallery traveling wave interferometer for low phase noise applications,” Proc. 2004 IEEE IFCS pp. 762-765.

WGR21

DW DW

Entrada P1

Salida P3

Salida de onda reflejada P2

Traveling wave whispering gallery resonators

TW WGR Oscillator


Excitadores ortogonales

Excitadores ortogonales

je2

e10º0º

0º

-180º

Φ1+ Φ2

+

Φ1-

Φ2-

TW

P1

P2

P3

P4

( / 2 )( )01 02

( / 2 )( )01 02

( , ) Re

Re

j tj t

j tj t

t e j e

e j e

( )0( , ) Re 2 j tt e

01 02 0

Frecuencia, Hz

S21

S31

S41

Coe

ficie

nte

de tr

ansm

isión

, dB

N. Shtin, J. M. Lopez Romero and E. Prokhorov, “Novel Sapphire Directional Filters forApplication to Ultra Low Phase Noise Oscillators,“ in proc. ICEEE-CIE 2006, pp. 403-407.

Traveling wave excitationTW WGR Oscillator

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/211DF jS e

/221 11DF WGR jS S e

β2

P1

P2

β1

WGR

Acoplador

Entrada

Salida de onda reflejada

Filtro direccional de 4 puertas

P1

P2

P3

P4

β1

β1

β2

β2

WGR

Entrada Transmisión

Desacoplado

S11

S41

S21

S31

S ijd

B

ΔF

Filtro direccional de 2 puertas

Salida de onda reflejada

TW WGR OscillatorTraveling wave interferometers


4.5695109 4.5696109 4.5697109 4.5698109 4.5699109 4.57109

60

50

40

30

20

10

.Frecuencia, HzFrecuencia, Hz

S21

S31

S41

WGH7,1,1 Fres= 4.5697 GHz

Q0 = 350,000

β

P1

P4

βWGR

P3

P2

β

β

4000 4250 4500 4750 500040

30

20

10

0

10

.

WGH7,1,1

WGH6,1,1 WGH8,1,1

Coe

ficie

nte

de tr

ansm

isió

n, d

B

Coe

ficie

nte

de tr

ansm

isió

n, d

B

Characterization of TW WGR in aluminium cavity with D = 130 mm (D/dres = 1.86)

TW WGR Oscillator

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1 105 5 104 0 5 104 1 10550

40

30

20

10

0

2.5105 1.25105 0 1.25105 2.5 10550

40

30

20

10

0

S11

S21 S21

S41

S31

Tran

smis

sion

coef

ficie

nt, d

B

Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz

Tran

smis

sion

coef

ficie

nt, d

B

TW WGR Oscillator

Frequency discriminator Output

PD

φ

LNA

LoopAmp

φ

100 mW

10-dB Coupler

10-dB Coupler

4-port TW WGR DF

Nicolas Shtin, J. M. Lopez Romero and Eugen Prokhorov

“Novel Sapphire Directional Filters for Application to UltraLow Phase Noise Oscillators”

2006 3rd International Conference on Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering and XII Conference on Electrical Engineering

TW WGR OscillatorMain loop circuitry

Phase noise supression circuitry

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Phase noise suppression system

TW WGR Oscillator

1 180 /systemS kHz dBc Hz

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5190

180

170

160

150

140

.

S(F m

), dB

c/H

z

log(Fm)

1 162 /ampS kHz dBc Hz

HBT NESG2021

Pout = +10 dBm

Pout = +6 dBm

Pout = 0 dBm


f = 4,5712 GHz Q0 = 220,000 Pres= 100 mW

100 mW

TW WGR Oscillator


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f = 4,5721 GHz Q0 = 350,000 Pres= 300 mW

300 mW

TW WGR Oscillator


N. A. Shtin, and J. M. Lopez Romero, “Medium Power C-Band Array Amplifier Featured Ultra Low Residual PhaseNoise“ Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 52, No 2, 2010. (to be published)

Ultra Low Residual Phase Noise Amplifier

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Phase Noise

(f )= f f

2 20

2 21 2

( ) ( )1

osc loop pdeffm m br pd la vps m

br eff

q BK K K K

K qL L +L

1 2 1 2

1 11 1effq =

1

0

( )pd km

inc br m

kT NF afP L f

L =

donde B0 = f0/2Q0; β1 y β2 son los coeficientes de acoplamiento del resonador; Kpd, Klfa, Kbr y Kvps sonrespectivamente los coeficientes de transmisión del detector de fase, del amplificador del bajafrecuencia, del puente de cancelación de la portadora y del regulador de fase controlado por voltaje; y

donde k es la constante de Boltzmann; TK es temperatura en Kelvins; Pinc es la potencia en la entrada del FD; NF es la figura de ruido del amplificador de bajo ruido incorporado en el DF; Lbr es el cociente de supresión de portadora del puente; y Γ0

0 1 2 1 21 / 1=

(1)

(2) (3)

(4)


100 mW OscillatorPinc = 100 mW, f 0= 4.57 GHz, Q0 = 220,000, β1 = 1.09, β2 = 0.15, NF = 1dB, Lbr = 30 dB, GLNA = 32 dB, then

L φOSC1(1 kHz) = -165 dBc/Hz.

300 mW OscillatorPinc = 300 mW, f0 = 4.57 GHz, Q0 = 350,000, β1 = 1.09, β2 = 0.15, NF = 1dB, Lbr = 30 dB, GLNA = 32 dB then

L φOSC2(1 kHz) = -174 dBc/Hz.

Phase Noise


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Work in progress

1. Cross correlation technique to measure the phase noise

2. Development of 10 GHz and 40 GHz Ultra stable oscillators

Sapphire Oscillators

Outline

1. Introduction


3. Cs fountain



16/03/2010

21

time and frequency activities at cenam - nist · bs m oi da m bs lpf mixer - + laser 62.7 mhz 200...

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