CH A SI NG E BOL AIN AMERICA

BY DAVID VON DREHLE

IN WEST AFRICA

BY ARYN BAKER

O C T O B E R 1 3 , 2 0 1 4

t i m e . c o m

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on the cover:

Photo-illustration by Spencer Lowell for Time

time October 13, 2014 1

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6 x Editors Desk

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BRIEFING

11 x Verbatim

12 x LightBox

Derek Jeters last game at Yankee Stadium

14 x World

Hong Kong seeks democracy; how Turkey could change the ISIS ght

16 x Nation

The Pentagons air war in Syria; Leon Panetta on the White House and Iraq

22 x Vitals

Key data on PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi

24 x Tech

Apps that train your brain to learn

26 x Milestones

Chelsea Clinton gives birth to a baby girl

COMMENTARY

30 x In the Arena

Joe Klein talks to voters in Mississippi

32 x The Curious

Capitalist

Rana Foroohar on what the New York Fed tapes reveal

THE CULTURE

60 x Books

Actor Alan Cummings memoir recounts his childhood struggles with an abusive father. Plus: Octobers cornucopia of reading riches

66 x Tuned In

James Poniewozik on the Internetfueled, listicledriven nostalgia boom

68 x Reviews

Richard Corliss on the Sudan drama The Good Lie; R&B singer Tinashes debut album, Aquarius

70 x Pop Chart

Quick Talk with singer Meghan Trainor; Ai Weiwei at Alcatraz; standup sitcoms

72 x 10 Questions

Philosopher Cornel West

vol. 184, no. 14 | 2014

A photograph of Irans Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, hangs near the Grand Mosala Mosque on a street in Tehran. Photograph by Kiana Hayeri for Time

FEATURES

34 Ebola Hits HomeWhat happens now that the deadly virus

has been found in the U.S.by David Von Drehle

38 A Viral StormThe race to contain the rampant West African Ebola outbreak by Aryn Baker

46 Unmovable AyatullahSupreme Leader Ali Khamenei stands in the way of progress in the U.S.s nuclear

talks with Iran by Michael Crowley

52 The High RoadDrivers on pot are dangerous and on

the rise, and police still lack the tools to detect and prosecute them by Eliza Gray

Alan Cumming, page 60

6 time October 13, 2014

in her years as time s bureau

chief in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Middle East, Aryn Baker, who now covers Africa, has embedded with U.S. soldiers and covered their hazardous missionsbut even that

did not fully prepare her for the risks of reporting from Liberia on the war against Ebola. News of the rst conrmed case in the U.S. underscores what her reporting shows: unless much more is done much more quickly, the toll of the disease in West Africa could grow exponentially, destabilizing whole parts of the continent and, in the most dire CDC projection, striking as many as 1.4 million people by January.

The challenge in covering this story is physical, certainly, but it is more than that. Putting on the required protective gear is rela-tively easy: Tyvek bodysuit, hood, goggles, face mask, rain boots with booties over them, one pair of gloves taped to her sleeves, then another on top of them, so not an inch of skin shows. It doesnt take long for the whole contraption to start fogging up with sweat, heat and humidity, Aryn says, so its helpful to be taking video on my iPadthat way I can review the footage later, when Im not peering through a foggy mask.

The dangerous part is getting out of the suit, making sure that the outside layers, which are potentially contaminated, dont make contact with the inside layers. This means being sprayed down with a chlorine solution, leaning forward to take off the goggles, making sure no sweat runs down into her eyes. More chlorine, then a gradual removal of layers, more spraying, until she bun-dles up all her protective gear and throws it in a garbage bag to be incinerated. The process takes about 10 minutes, but it feels like much longer be-cause I am concentrating all the time on not mak-ing any mistakes, she says. When Im out with the body-collecting team or the ambulance team, I will do this ve or six times in a day.

A Risky Business

Nancy Gibbs, editor

At night I sometimes wake up in a panic, thinking about the time I touched my face with my gloves by accident, or how I leaned against a wall to steady the camera, she adds. She keeps a thermometer by her bed, so she can check her tem-perature to make sure she is not running a fever.

It is strange to be in a place where you cant touch anything: no shaking hands, no comforting a woman whose mother has just died, no tap on the back when she wants to get someones attention. I never thought before how much touching is a part of how we communicate, Aryn says. I saw a little

girl the same age as my daughter fall down in the street the other day, and it went against every instinct I have as a mother not to rush in and pick her up. One of the nurses at the temporary orphanage I visited told me that sometimes she puts on a protective suit just so she could hug a crying child in need of comfort.

Aryn has become used to the sight of death, even people left to die in the streets because there is no place for them to go. But every day also brings examples of a deep

and abiding compassion and courage on the part of caregivers: the Liberian nurse who spent three times the recommended time in her moon suit so she could meet each patients needs; the American educator who has turned her school into a short-term orphanage for children whose parents have died of Ebola and whose relatives wont take them in for fear they also carry the disease.

That, too, is a part of this story: when the worst that nature throws at us uncovers the best that hu-man nature affords.

Baker, left, uses her iPad to capture video of an interview with

health care workers at a new, 120-bed Ebola

treatment center in Monrovia, Liberia

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LIGHTBOX As part of a special Timeseries, Deborah Willis, chair of pho-tography and imaging at NYUs Tisch School of the Arts, explores the way modern photographers such as Susan kae Grant (whose work is shown top right) and Ed Drew (bottom left) use themes of memory and history. See more at lightbox.time.com.

What You Said About ...

A portrait by Awol Erizku

recalls Vermeers

17th century masterpiece

Girl With a Pearl Earring

Adama Delphine

Fawundus Brown

Eyes, Big Fro, inspired

by Toni Morrisons

The Bluest Eye

A NEW GM? Rana Foroohars Oct. 6 cover prole of General Motors CEO Mary Barra drew praise, and coverage in outlets from NBC to USA Today, for its detail on Barras pragmatic approach to the companys ig-nition troubles. Tim Sexton of Peoria, Ariz., was one of many

who remained skeptical. Its good that Barra hasmade it her goal to clean up her company, but

talk is cheap, he wrote. If she is really serious she would identify the employees from top to bot-tom who knew of the problem with its ignition system and have them charged with manslaugh-ter.Still, on Time .com AlphaJuliette praised Barras efforts to make GM more transparent and accountable and urged support of the auto giant. If we the customers dont trust the product they are making then they wont sell any cars.

PEOPLE WHO OPPOSE VACCINES Jeffrey Klugers feature on the antivax movement irked Karen Simon, an education advocate for children on the autistic spectrum in Stratford, Conn., who called the pieces tone dismissive. She wrote, Many of the kids that are not vaccinated are the younger siblings of kids diagnosed with autism, adding that these parents are not arrogant or invincible, as a subject in the piece suggested, but terri-ed. But Eileen Haas-Linde of Cape Coral, Fla., whose adopted daughter has battled polio con-tracted in her native Kazakhstan, disagreed: If anyone had to see what our daughter had to go through, they would never take

that chance [of not vaccinating] with their

children.Added Tom Simpson, a doctor of pharmacy in Stockton, Calif.: Parents who fail to vaccinate are endangering all other children and there should be a criminal penalty for doing so.

TIME-OUTS Many objected to a Time .com op-ed by No-Drama Discipline authors Daniel J. Siegel and Tina Payne Bryson, which argued that parents should sit with their kids for time-ins, since isolationpart of some time-outscan be as harmful as physical abuse. It is a disservice to the public to suggest thatfamilies try an unproven approach when one

with decades of support is available, wrote the Society for Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychol-ogy, a branch of the American Psychological As-sociation, in a response letter.

1 RESPOND QUICKLY

It sets up a positive

communications loop in

which you are more

likely to be included in

key discussions and

decisions.

2 HANDLE BY LIFO

(LAST IN, FIRST OUT)

Sometimes the older

stuff gets taken care of

by someone else.

3 BE CRISP IN YOUR

DELIVERY

If describing a problem,

dene it clearly. Leave

out the stuff abundant

in most emailsthe

parts people can skip.

NOW ON TIME.COM

Who better to provide the blueprint for better emailing than Google

boss Eric Schmidt and fellow Google veteran Jonathan Rosenberg?

Here, a sampling of their nine rules at time.com/betteremail:

SYRIN

GE: G

ETTY IM

AGES; L

IGHTBOX, C

LOCKWIS

E FROM TOP LEFT: A

WOL E

RIZKU: C

OURTESY H

ASTED K

RAEUTLER;

SUSAN K

AE G

RANT: C

OURTESY THE A

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DAMA D

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OURTESY THE A

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D D

REW: C

OURTESY R

OBERT K

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ALLERY, S

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CO

Conversation

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Briefing

RUTH BADER GINSBURG,

Supreme Court Justice, expressing concern about

modern-day feminists

They may take for granted

the rights that they have.

If Amazon is not stopped, we are facing

the end of literary culture in America.

ANDREW WYLIE, literary agent, criticizing the retail giants tactics; Amazon has recently discouraged

customers from buying books published by Hachette amid a pricing dispute

Percentage decline

in wildlife populations worldwide from 1970 to 2010

52%

TALIB KWELI, rapper, defending Lauryn Hill from criticism of her

concerts for their delayed starts and radical reinterpretations of her songs

She is not an iPod nor is

she a trained monkey.

Value of a diamond allegedly stolen by a former UPS employee; he later traded

it for about $20 worth of marijuana

$160,000

Carl Icahn

The activist investor succeeded in his push to have eBay spin off its PayPal

division

Bill Gross

The legendary bond trader was forced out of the investment rm

PIMCO

I wish to God you protected the White House like you are protecting your reputation here today.

STEPHEN LYNCH, Democratic member of Congress, addressing then Secret Service Director Julie Pierson at a Sept. 30 hearing about the White House fence jumper who made it inside the Presidents home; Pierson resigned the following day

51Number of turtles a Canadian

man was found smuggling across the border into the U.S. They were hidden between his legs

and strapped to his body

To say Irandoesnt practice terrorism is like

saying Derek Jeter never played

shortstop for the New York Yankees.

BENJAMIN NETANYAHU,

Israeli Prime Minister, addressing the U.N. General Assembly

GOOD WEEK

BAD WEEK

THE WEEK

EBOLA SPREAD

TO THE U.S.

Sources: New Republic; New York Times; Cuepoint; AP; ABC; USA Today; CNN; WWF

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time October 13, 2014

FOR PICTURES OF THE WEEK,

GO TO lightbox.time.com

LightBoxBrieng

Photograph by Julie JacobsonAP

BatmanDerek Jeter celebrates after ending his

nal game at Yankee Stadium with a

crucial hit, clinching a win against the

Baltimore Orioles on Sept. 25. The

legendary shortstop retired three days

later, at the end of his 20th season.

Brieng

World

SOURCE: L IV ING PL ANET

REPORT 2014

DATA

CLIMATE

FOOTPRINT

World Wildlife

Fund ranked

countries by

the amount

of natural

resources they

consume per

capita. Heres a

sampling from

the top 20,

going from most

use to least:

Hong Kong Seeks Democracy in Chinas ShadowBY EMILY RAUHALA/HONG KONG

They call it the Umbrella Revolution. On the night of Sept. 28, riot police red tear gas at pro-democracy dem-onstrators in HongKong. The mostly student crowd was clad in little more than T-shirts and shorts, protected by dollar-store ponchos and swimming goggles wrapped in cellophane. Foot-age from the scene showed people using umbrellas as shields as they inched through the smoke.

Outraged by the violence and frus-trated by what they see as Beijings creeping control of the semiautono-mous territory, Hong Kongs citizens ocked to join them. Tens of thou-sands now occupy the very heart of the city, from the nancial district on Hong Kong Island to key intersec-tions across the storied harbor in Kowloon. Participants are calling for the resignation of the citys chief

Protesters carrying the umbrellas that have become a symbol of Hong Kongs pro-democracy demonstrations

executive, Leung Chun-ying, and for full democracy. The demonstra-tions follow the announcement by Beijing in late August that when Hong Kongs residents vote for a new leader in 2017, their choices will be restricted to candidates vetted by the mainland government.

Although by Oct. 1 there was still a heavy police presence, the protests had become remarkably peaceful, even polite. High school students did homework on the pavement. Busi-ness owners donated food. Volun-teers helped ferry basic necessities to the front. Do you need a mask? they asked. We have biscuits!

But it wasnt clear how long the peace would hold. In a city that each year marks the anniversary of the 1989 crackdown in Beijings Tianan-men Square, people are all too aware of the worst-case scenario: brutal suppression by the Chinese govern-ment. Will Beijing send the army to crush the rally, they wonder? Or might the government give way to get people off the streets? TheChi-

nese Communist Party, which prizes stability above all else, is no doubt weighing its options. If this were mainland China, where the Internet is censored and the media tightly controlled, they could stop news from spreading and purge provocative images from the web. Indeed, as the demonstrations gained strength, censors in China blocked Instagram and an ever growing list of terms like Hong Kong police and umbrella.

But this is Hong Kong, which has remained a much more open place ever since it was handed over to China by its former colonial masters in Britain in 1997. The press remains relatively free, the Internet uncensored. The citys camera-wielding crowds are docu-menting every move. They feel that this is their momentand their story to tell.

20

Estonia

13

Australia

8

U.S.

4

Denmark

1

Kuwait

14 By Noah Rayman

Trending In

ROUNDUP

e Rise of Robotic Taste Testers ITALY

Oenophile

Earlier this year, scientists in Denmark created a machine that can measure the dryness of a wine using nanosensors modeled on the sensors in our mouths

POLITICSMarina Silva, named the Brazilian Socialist Partys presidential candidate after the

sudden death of Eduardo Campos,

is expected to take 25% of the vote in

the Oct. 5 elections, triggering a likely runoff with the

incumbent, Dilma Rousseff, on Oct. 26

NATIONALISMRegional leaders in Catalonia are

appealing a court order suspending

a nonbinding independence referendum,

after the Spanish government asked

a judge to forbid the Nov. 9 vote

EQUALITYIcelands Foreign Minister Gunnar

Sveinsson announced a plan to hold a men-only

womens-rights conference in 2015

as part of a U.N. effort to involve men and boys in the push for gender equality

RUSSIA

We need what the Americans will probably call a reset. SERGEI LAVROV,

Russias Foreign Minister, on Russian television, calling for the mending of ties with the U.S. amid continued tensions over the conict in Ukraine. Using a term coined by the Obama Administration in a 2009 attempt to improve relations with Moscow, he said a reset 2.0 was in order.

Brieng

$125KWhat Italys Parliament can pay its in-house

hairdressers, down from $172,000. Lawmakers agreed to

lower the cap to cut costs

Health Coach

Japanese tech rm NEC added a new feature to its Papero personal-robot project in 2005 that enabled the droid to analyze the fat and sugar content of food using infrared technology

Beer Snob

Last year, Spanish scientists showed off an electronic tongue equipped with sensors that can distinguish between different varieties of beer with up to 82% accuracy

Coffee Control

In 2008, researchers in Switzerland unveiled a machine that can assess the avor of espresso by analyzing the fumes given off when it is heated up

A new robot funded by the Thai government can judge the authenticity of any Thai dish, say its creators. Here are more robots with an appetite:

3 ESSENTIAL FACTS

Turkeys Fight Against ISISTurkey looks poised to intervene in Syria against the Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria, the militant group that has overrun parts of Syria and neighboring Iraq. Turkeys parliament is expected to authorize military action on Oct. 2, two weeks after ISIS released 49 Turkish hostages held captive for more than three months.

BORDER CONTROL

Thousands of Islamist ghters are believed to have traveled to Syria via the Turk-ish border since 2011. In an effort to stem the ow, Turkey is boosting security along its frontier with the conict-ridden country and ar-resting suspect-ed militants.

BUFFER ZONE

More than 160,000 mainly Kurdish refugees ed to Tur-key in September as ISIS stepped up its attacks on Kurd-ish settlements in northern Syria.Now Turkey is considering a plan to use its armed forces to help create a so-called safe zone along the Syrian side of the border.

OPERATIONS BASE

Although part of the NATO alliance, Turkey has not joined the U.S.-led coalition against ISIS. But the gov-ernment has put forward a proposal that could open the countrys bases to foreign troops, including U.S. and regional ghter jets striking ISIS forces in Syria and Iraq.

HONG KONG: TODD DARL ING POL ARIS; L AVROV, BUFFER ZONE, POL IT ICS, NAT IONAL ISM: AP;

BORDER CONTROL, OPERAT IONS BASE, I TALY: GET T Y IMAGES

Brieng

Nation

POLITICS Julia

Pierson resigned as director of

the Secret Service on Oct. 1, a day after a withering congressional hearing into a series of agency security failures. The latest lapses include Oscar Hernandezs unimpeded Sept. 19 run into the White House after jumping the perimeter fence and a Sept. 16 encounter between an armed man with three battery convictions and President Obama in an elevator in Atlanta.

ENVIRONMENT Paper or plastic? will soon be a question of the past in California, where Governor Jerry Brown signed into law a statewide ban on plastic bags on Sept. 30. Large grocery stores will have to stop issuing the bags in 2015, and smaller businesses like liquor stores must comply by 2016.

HEALTH

96%The proportion of deceased NFL football players whose brains showed signs of degenerative disease related to head injuries, according to data collected at a brain bank run by Boston University and the Department of Veterans Affairs. The condition can cause dementia and other cognitive problems.

LAW ENFORCEMENT A single trafc camera at the foot of an off-ramp in Brooklyn earned New York City $77,550 in nes from 1,551 tickets issued on July 7, city records show. Some motorists cried foul over the sharp increase in tickets, but ofcials say the 23 cameras already in place citywide dramatically reduce injuries and that they plan to add more.

The Rundown

Dangerous Distance e air war in Syria may feel remote. Give it timeBY MARK THOMPSON

every day for more than a week, u.s. and

allied warplanes have bombed targets inside Syria. While the as-yet-unnamed operation may seem a lot like war to those being pound-ed, it hardly feels that way to most Americans. With no U.S. boots on the ground and no reporters beaming back up-close scenes of the action, Americans are witnessing the new war from a distance. They see the ghting mostly via footage from airborne targeting cameras ed-ited by the Pentagon, or cell-phone and social-media posts from those on the ground, the suspect provenance of which means they give an unreliable picture of whats really going on.

But distant air wars have a way of com-ing home, in time. Thats because the biggest drawback of any war fought solely from above is a military one. Limiting the war to air strikes cuts the risk to U.S. military per-sonnel, but it also makes it harderperhaps impossibleto achieve President Obamas declared objective, the destruction of the Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria (ISIS) and the al-Qaeda-linked Khorasan group.

Air campaigns have a mixed history. The U.S. and its allies launched Operation Desert Storm in 1991 with a 43-day aerial bom-bardment, but driving Iraq out of Kuwait ultimately required the deployment of more than 500,000 ground troops. The 1999 NATO-led air campaign to get Serbian forces out of

Kosovo dropped 28,000 bombs over 78 days, cost an estimated $3 billion and killed nearly 500 civilians. Only after President Bill Clin-ton suggested that he was willing to deploy ground troops did Operation Allied Force change the reality on the ground.

In both of those wars, the U.S. had the advantage of taking on organized militaries commanded by heads of state, albeit dictato-rial ones. Saddam Hussein and Slobodan Mi-losevic may have been strongmen, but they were nonetheless responsible for far more than battleelds and so were subject to pres-sures the zealots of ISIS are unlikely to feel.

The air war that most closely parallels the one the U.S. is conducting against ISIS is Operation Unied Protector, the NATO-led seven-month effort over Libya in 2011. Begun to protect Libyan rebels and civilians from Muammar Gaddas army, the air strikes played a critical role in Gaddas ouster and eventual killing. For a time, that outcome looked like a clean air-war victory.

But the resulting chaos has changed that view. Thats why the Pentagon has made it clear that its aerial campaign is open-ended and that destroying the jihadists will prob-ably require ground troops in the end. That will give Americans time to get familiar with this new Middle Eastern war. And for the Pentagon to come up with a name for it.

DEATH FROM ABOVE A B-1 refuels on Sept. 27 before attacking targets in Syria

16 time October 13, 2014

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Brieng

As U.S. forces return to Iraq to counter the surging al-Qaeda splinter group the Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria, Presi-dent Obamas former Secretary of Defense and CIA chief recalls the White House debates that preceded Americas departure from the country. His new book, with Jim Newton, Worthy Fights: A Memoir of Leader-ship in War and Peacefrom which this article is adaptedis being published on Oct. 7.

through the fall of 2011, the main question facing the American military in Iraq was what our role would be now that combat operations were over. When President Obama announced the end of our combat mission in August 2010, he acknowledged that we would maintain troops for a while. Now that the deadline was upon us, however, it was clear to meand many othersthat withdrawing all our forces would endanger the fragile stability then barely holding Iraq together.

Privately, the various leadership factions in Iraq all conded that they wanted some U.S. forces to remain as a bulwark against sectarian vio-lence. But none was willing to take that position publicly, and Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki concluded that any Status of Forces Agreement, which would give legal pro-tection to those forces, would have to be submitted to the Iraqi parliament for approval. That made reaching agree-ment very difcult given the internal politics of Iraq, but representatives of the Defense

Ground Truth Leon Panetta on how the White House misplayed Iraqi troop talks

and State departments, with scrutiny from the White House, tried to reach a deal.

We had leverage. We could, for instance, have threatened to withdraw reconstruction aid to Iraq if al-Maliki would not support some sort of continued U.S. military pres-ence. My fear, as I voiced to the President and others, was that if the country split apart or slid back into the violence that wed seen in the years immediately following the U.S. invasion, it could become a new haven for terrorists to plot attacks against the U.S. Iraqs stability was not only in Iraqs interest but also in ours. I privately and publicly advo-cated for a residual force that could provide training and security for Iraqs military.

Under Secretary of Defense Michle Flournoy did her best to press that position, which reected not just my views but also those of the military

commanders in the region and the Joint Chiefs. But the Presidents team at the White House pushed back, and the differences occasionally be-came heated. Flournoy argued our case, and those on our side viewed the White House as so eager to rid itself of Iraq that it was willing to withdraw rath-er than lock in arrangements that would preserve our inu-ence and interests.

We debated with al-Maliki even as we debated among ourselves, with time running out. The clock wound down in December, and Deputy Sec-retary of Defense Ash Carter continued to argue our case, extending the deadline for the Iraqis to act, hoping that we

might pull out a last-minute agreement and recognizing that once our forces left, it would be essentially impos-sible for them to turn around and return. To my frustration, the White House coordinated the negotiations but never really led them. Ofcials there seemed content to endorse an agreement if State and Defense could reach one, but without the Presidents active advocacy, al-Maliki was al-lowed to slip away. The deal never materialized. To this day, I believe that a small U.S. troop presence in Iraq could have effectively advised the Iraqi military on how to deal with al-Qaedas resurgence and the sectarian violence that has engulfed the country.

Over the following 212years, the situation in Iraq slowly deteriorated. Al-Maliki was responsible, as he exac-erbated the deep sectarian issues polarizing his country. Meanwhile, with the conict in Syria raging, an al-Qaeda offshootISIS, or the Is-lamic State of Iraq and Greater Syriagained strength. Us-ing Syria as its base, it began to move into Iraq in 2014, grabbing power in towns and villages across Iraqs north, including Mosul and Tal Afar. These were strategically im-portant cities that U.S. forces had fought and died to secure.

The news from Iraq both-ered me to no end. In my view, the ISIS offensive in 2014 greatly increases the risk that Iraq will become al-Qaedas next safe haven. That is exactly what it had in Afghanistan pre-9/11. After all we have done to decimate al-Qaedas senior leadership and its core, those efforts will be for naught if we allow it to rebuild a base of operations in the Middle East. n

No exit Defense Secretary Panetta addresses troops at the end-of-mission ceremony in Baghdad in December 2011

Panetta, 76, ran the CIA

and Pentagon and has

been White House chief of

staff and Budget Director

TO MY

FRUSTRATION,

THE WHITE HOUSE

COORDINATED

NEGOTIATIONS

BUT NEVER

REALLY

LED THEM

17

ERIN

A. KIR

K-C

UOMO

DEPARTMENT O

F D

EFENSE

58Nooyis age

2006Year Nooyi became

CEO of PepsiCo

8Number of boards

Nooyi serves on

$14.3MNooyis 2013

compensation

22 time October 13, 2014

Vitals

CLAIMS TO FAME Shes helped execute a major overhaul of Pepsi by buyingTropicana, merging with Quaker to getGatorade and putting PepsiCo on aninnovation diet. She has also championed Pepsis Performance With Purposeplatform, which aims to make the company more socially responsible.

CURRENT CHALLENGES

Soda sales in the U.S. have been slipping for years, prompting investors like Nel-son Peltz to call for splitting the companyin two: Pepsi, the beverage outt, and Frito-Lay, the snack-food unit. Mean-while, Wall Street whines about Nooyis healthier product initiatives, since junk food tends to be very protable.

BIGGEST CHAMPION

Former President Bill Clinton, whose CGI has worked with the soda industry to make lower-calorie drinks available for a test group of U.S. middle and high schools.

BIGGEST CRITIC

Marion Nestle, a professor of nutrition at New York University, who has dismissed Nooyis initiative as a PR ploy. If soda sell-ers really want to help Americans drink fewer sugary products, she argues, they should stop ghting soda-tax initiatives in cities like San Francisco.

CAN SHE DO IT?

The just-announced Pepsi True, sweetened by a sugar and stevia combo, contains 60 calories in each 7.5-oz. can30% fewer than regular Pepsiand will be available by the 24-can case in mid-October. Critics may nd True easier to swallow; will con-sumers? bill saporito

Joining Coca-Cola and Dr. Pepper Snapple Group via the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), the PepsiCo CEO has promised to re-duce by 20% the number of calories Ameri-cans consume in soft drinks by 2025despite skepticism from Wall Street.

Indra Nooyi e Big Soda boss is pledging a less sugary future

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its common these days to hear of

a new mobile game that racks up im-pressive downloads and sales almost overnightand then disappears just as fast. A growing raft of gamelike apps hope to stay in your pocket for the long term. How? By offering users the ability to learn a new language, practice web coding or improve their memory. As smartphones become a constant part of

the human experience, more and more people are wondering what their phones have done for them lately. So-called brain-training apps propose we spend our downtime bulking up our minds. Theres a long-term secular trend and consumer interest in health, explains Kunal Sarkar, the CEO of brain-training company Lumosity. Taking care of your mind is another part of that.

The difference from past generations of educational softwarethink pro-grams that teach typing or basic mathis that these apps feel like games, not homework. More than 18million people have downloaded Lumosity, a puzzle program created by neuroscientists in

collaboration with game designers, since it launched last year. Duolingo, an app that teaches foreign languages, grants users experience points and badges as they learn new grammar skills, much as console titles like Call of Duty do. And Codecademy teaches the basics of com-puter programming in short tutorials.

Brain apps are hardly a cure-all. Con-versing with native speakers remains the best way to learn a foreign language, for example, and some experts question Lumositys long-term mental benets. At the very least, though, these apps work on the same basic concept that teachers have been trying to drill into our heads since kindergarten: learning can be fun.

Brain TrainNew apps make learning a gameBY VICTOR LUCKERSON

24 time October 13, 2014

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BORN

Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky First grandchild of Bill and Hillary ClintonThe grandparents look cute: loving, smiling, doting. The grandchild lookswell, its hard to see her face, but newborn babies are always cute. Its a typical hospital scene, with a typical hospital chair and one of those red-white-and-blue-striped blankets every hospital uses. But it probably goes without saying that when Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky entered the world on Sept. 26, she did not join a typical family.

The grandfather reaching for the infant used to be the leader of the free world. The grandmother cradling her was a First Lady, then a U.S. Senator, then Secretary of State; she might be the next leader of the free world her-self. For so long weve watched this family live through indelity and im-peachment, victory and defeat. We know them, or we think we do.

But Charlotte is a blank slate, a miracle like the more than 10,000 other American miracles born that day, though probably the only one whose grandparents have a Secret Service detail. The world begins anew with all of them, and maybe some of them will help repair it. So yes, we know that Charlotte is the capital of a swing state, and no, we have no clue what Charlotte means for 2016. Who cares? Babies are cute. And grandparents with Secret Service details get to enjoy them too. michael grunwald

DIED

Jim Tracant Former CongressmanBy Bob Ney

I shared part of an Ohio county

with Jim Tracant when we

were both in Congress. The

night that Jim, who died

Sept. 27 at 73, was called to

the House oor for his expulsion

vote, I sat next to him as he

underwent one of the most

painful processes anyone in

politics can. He was expelled

after a bribery conviction and

later served time in prison.

But I knew the Jim Tracant

who stood up for farmers

as their property was being

foreclosed, for steelworkers

trying to save their jobs from

imported steel and for the

average John Six-Pack trying

to make a living. When one

of my constituents who was

a Tracant fan went to his

ofce, Jim smiled, put him in a

headlock and said, Welcome,

glad to see you. People loved

his entertaining one-minute

oor speeches.

Some remember Jim for how

his career ended, but those of

us who knew him remember his

passion, humor, wit and concern

for the average person. Many in

his district fondly recalled the

good things he did as he left the

House for the last time with his

famous closing line: Beam me

up, Mr. Speaker.

Ney is a former Republican

Congressman from Ohio

SET

A new record for

fastest marathon,

by Kenyan runner

Dennis Kimetto,

30, in Berlin. He

completed the race in

2 hr. 2 min. 57 sec.

RESIGNED

U.S. Attorney General

Eric Holder, after

serving almost six

years. If the process

of conrming a

successor lasts

through December,

he will be the third

longest

serving

Attorney

General.

TOPPLED

By Ukrainian

protesters in the

eastern city of

Kharkiv, a long-

standing statue of

Soviet icon Vladimir

Lenin. They sawed

through one of its

legs before pulling

the gure down with

cables.

DIED

Gaby Aghion, 93,

who founded the

fashion line Chlo

in 1952 as a more

casual breath of

fresh air in the ready-

to-wear market of the

time. Karl Lagerfeld

and Stella McCartney

were among her

notable designers.

ANNOUNCED

By eBay, that it will

spin off PayPal,

12 years after

acquiring it. The

payment service will

become a publicly

traded company

sometime in 2015.

MARRIED

Actor George

Clooney, 53,

to lawyer Amal

Alamuddin, 36,

in Venice. The

30-minute ceremony,

with about 100

guests, took place

in the historic hotel

Aman Canal Grande

Venice.

Hillary holds her new granddaughter as Bill looks on

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politics in mississippi is still pas-

sionate, as you might expect. And it is still tragic, which shouldnt be a surprise, either. The passion seems to be running with right-wing Tea Party

sorts, who are in full rebellion against the statewide Republican Party. The tragedy is in the black com-munity, which is permeated by a deep sense of fail-ure; the most basic political facts of lifelike the value of integrationare being questioned. During the last week of September, I attended symmetri-cal town meetings in Mississippi: of former Senate challenger Chris McDaniels extreme conserva-tives near Jackson and of black elected ofcials and educators from the counties surrounding the Delta town of Greenville.

Men dont follow titles, said republi-

can McDaniel. They follow courage. He was quoting from the movie Braveheart, he

said, citing William Wallacean ancestor of the largely Scots-Irish crowd of 50 or soas played in blueface by Mel Gibson. Wallace was McDaniels model. He fought against the English elites, just as McDaniel was ghting against the old, pork-loving Bourbon Republican establishment, people like former governor Haley Barbour and Senator Thad Cochran, who would compromise their principles in order to get public-works projects for the state. They had stolen the primary election from him. They had allowed an alleged 40,000 Democrats (a synonym in Mississippi for African Americans) to vote in what was supposed to be a Republican pri-mary. Cochran had won. McDaniel was challenging the result. A lawyer explained the relevant codicils to the group before McDaniel got up to speak. It was reminiscentto me, at leastof the civil rights at-torneys 50 years ago, who educated Southern blacks about their rights under the law. There was a righ-teous We shall overcome attitude in the room.

The effort is probably quixotic. Most people in the room believed that the Bourbons controlled the legal system. In fact, many people in the room seemed to believe they were beset by conspiracies at the federal level as well. Their solution was a strict, if slightly muddy, libertarianismMcDaniel de-scribes himself as libertarianon all but social issues. Laura Van Olderschelde, the president of the Mississippi Tea Party, said she didnt feel safe to talk about my Christian faith away from Missis-

The Delta Blues Two town meetings, two very dierent kinds of despair

sippi. Thats how this country was founded, and I cannot subscribe to people who want to deny that. This unleashed a torrent of commentary from the audience. A woman named Tricia McNulty linked liberals to Lucifer, who has wanted the fall of man. A reghter named Andy Devine said that liberals were in the midst of a long-term plot to take over the schools and impose socialism. They were sneaking this through because the media diverted the public with the rutting habits of the Kardashian sisters.

There wasnt any debate about any of this; there was absolute conviction. The positions were stated in matter-of-fact fashion, but there was a media-wise quality to it as well. There was no mention of African Americans. The McDaniel supporters had been ac-cused of racism and wanted to leave no trace of that. An accountant named Vince Thornton did mention that so many people were getting something for free, but that was about as far as it went. We are not going away, said Robert Kenney, who quoted Die-trich Bonhoeffer about silence being a political deci-sion. We ght this, he added, meaning the struggle against the state Republicans, until we win.

My first day on the job, a white planta-

tion owner killed his wife, said Andrew Thompson Jr., the rst black sheriff of Coa-

homa County. I waited until 7 p.m. to arrest him because I wanted him to spend at least one night in jail. But at 10 p.m., theythe local white busi-ness communityopened the bank so he could post bail. That was the way it was now: no more

Photograph by Daymon Gardner for TIME

Saying grace

Congregants of the New Hope First Baptist

Church in Greenville, Miss.,

attend a town hall on Sept. 29

TO READ JOES

BLOG POSTS, GO TO

time.com/swampland

COMMENTARY / IN THE ARENA

lynching, no more violence. The white folks had gotten clever. Its been a roller coaster, Sheriff Thompson continued. We made some progress in the 70s and 80s, a lot of folks got elected, but weve lost ground the last 15 or so years, and especially since the Tea Party came along.

The mood in the basement of New Hope First Baptist Church in Greenville was a roller coaster too. It started with anger and slowly lapsed toward despair. There was none of the lockstep certainty of McDaniels supporters. Something had gone very wrong in the Mississippi Delta black community, and there were an array of different explanations for it. Racism was one: Why were the white folks making all the money from the development of the 80%-black blues town of Clarksdale? Even the local Delta Blues festivalsaid to be the oldest in the countrywas being supplanted by a white-led effort, the Mighty Mississippi Music festival, that was being supported by the business community. If the whites arent running it, they dont want to be part of it, said Errick Simmons, a Greenville city councilman, who pointed out that the local casinos, which didnt help out with the Delta festival, had contributed to the Mighty Mississippi, whichby the wayalso featured country music.

The stories of subtle, and not so subtle, racism were compelling but insufcient. There was a piece missing, and these thoughtful people were grow-ing uncomfortable with the increasingly obvious vacuum. The discussion really began to get lively when the Rev. Torey Bell, who said that the system

was set up to keep blacks dependent, went a bit too far. Even the federal money that had come to upgrade the schools was a trick. Theyre putting in laptops and computers for our kids, he said, and they got none of that at home. They cant comprehend that en-vironment. Its near impossible for them to succeed. This was disputed by most of the older people in the room. Theyd been working to secure that funding for decades. At a certain point, said Timaka James Jones, a clerk at the local court, weve got to take some responsibility in our community too.

I asked what had happened to the community, so famously strong during the civil rights move-ment. There was reluctance to answer, at rst. But then it came in a rush: the rug had been pulled out from under them. They had rushed into integration and left some of their most cherished institutions in the dust. We used to have black banks, insur-ance companies, bakeries, newspapers, said Willie Bailey, a lawyer and state legislator for District 49. Now, Nelson Streetwhere most local black busi-nesses were housedwas mostly deserted, except for churches, drug dealers and the famed restaurant Does Eat Place. The black church was the last in-stitution standing, and then the [George W.] Bush Administration came along with that faith-based stuff, offering money to the churches for social pro-grams, but they couldnt talk politics anymore. (I dont know about that: more than a few black, urban pastors took the money and kept their megaphones.)

The segregated schools had been better, said Jessie Williams, who said she was the rst black teacher in the newly integrated schools in the 1960s. The whites left and went to private academies, and the integrated public schools became sad all-black husks. The thing was, integration had enabled a lot of the best kidsthose who would have been teachers and business ownersto go north. There was some resentment that they had never looked back. Integration has been a problem, Williams concluded, setting off a buzz in the room. Its the worst thing that ever happened to us, muttered Sheriff Thompson. But he didnt really mean that.

Id like to thank Congressman Bennie Thomp-son for putting together the extraordinary group at New Hope First Baptist Church. The contrast between their candor and self-doubt and Chris McDaniels bold, bluefaced conservatives could not have been more striking, or more depressing. It is the difference between simplicity and complexity. The Tea Party folks believe that all they have to do is win their revolution and everything will be bet-ter. The blacks won their revolution, and lost their focus, and inherited a chimera of equality. Now theyve got to do the hardest thing: regroup, develop new strategies and come on strong again. n

time October 13, 2014 31

ILL

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BY

AL

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ON THE ROAD

WITH JOE

9/30

New Orleans

10/1

New Orleans

10/2

Haughton, La.

10/3

Louisiana

10/410/5

Arkansas

10/610/7

Kentucky

Joe Klein

in some ways, the most shocking

thing about the 46 hours of secret audiotapes made by former Federal Reserve bank examiner Carmen Segarra in 2012 is that they are no

shock at all. Did anyone ever doubt that the New York Fed was in hock to Wall Street? Or that Fed bank examinersthe regulators tasked with moni-toring the risks banks takemight fear alienating the powerful nanciers on whom they depend for information or future jobs?

Its one thing to know and another to hear in painful, crackling detail how the Feds nancial cops slip on their velvet gloves to deal with Goldman Sachs. Or how Segarra, one of a group of examiners brought in after the nancial crisis to keep a closer watch on the till, was red, perhaps for doing her job a little too well. One can only hope that this latest example of regulatory capture by Wall Street will fo-cus minds on the fact that six years on from the cri-sis, we still have a dysfunctional nancial system.

Consider one of the shady deals high

lighted on the secret tapes of New York Fed meetings, which Segarra made with a spy re-

corder before she was let go and which were made public on Sept.26 in a joint report by ProPublica and This American Life. The 2012 transaction with Banco Santander, initiated in the midst of the European debt crisis, ensured that the Spanish bank would look better on paper than it really was at the time. Santander paid Goldman a $40 million fee to hold shares in a Brazilian subsidiary so that it could meet European Banking Authority rules. The Fed em-ployees, who work inside the banks they examine (yes, its literally an inside job), knew the deal was dodgy. One even compared it to Goldmans getting paid to watch a briefcase. But it was technically legal, and nobody wanted to make a fuss, so the transaction went through.

Its hard to know where to begin with whats problematic here. Ill focus on the least sexy but perhaps most important point: existing capital requirementsthe cash that banks are obligated to hold to offset riskare pathetic. Despite all the postcrisis backslapping in Washington about how banks have become safer, our system as a whole has not. No too-big-to-fail institution currently is required to keep more than 3% of its holdings in cash (a gure that will rise to 5% and 6% in 2018),

which means banks can fund 97% of their own investments with debt. No company outside the nancial sector would dream of conducting daily business with that much risk. As Stanford professor Anat Admati, whose book The Bankers New Clothesmakes a powerful case for reining in such leverage levels, told me, Weve got to get rid of this idea that banking is special and that it should be treated dif-ferently than every other industry.

Of course, if you start telling nanciers they should use more than a few percentage points of their own money when they gamble, theyll throw a t. They will tell you that would make it impossible for them to lend to real businesses. They will also uncork lots of complex nancial termsTier1 cap-ital, liquidity ratios, risk-weighted off-balance-sheet exposuresthat tend to suffocate useful (a.k.a. comprehensible) debate. Financiers use insid-er jargon to intimidate and obfuscate. This is some-thing we need to ght. In banking, as in so many things, complexity is the enemy. The right questions are the simplest ones: Are nancial institutions do-ing things that provide a clear, measurable benet to the real economy? Sadly, the answer is often no.

One thing weve learned since the crisis

is that bailing out Wall Street didnt help Main Street. Credit to individuals and many

businesses plummeted during and after the bail-outs and remains below precrisis levels today. Nu-merous experts believe that the size of the nancial sector is slowing growth in the real economy by sucking the monetary oxygen out of the room. Banks dont want to lend; they want to trade, often via esoteric deals that do almost nothing for anyone outside Wall Street.

This disconnect between the real economy and -nance is now being closely studied by policymakers and academics. Adair Turner, a former British bank-ing regulator, thinks that only about 15% of U.K. nancial ows go to the real economy; the rest stay within the nancial system, propping up existing corporate assets, supporting trading and enabling $40million briefcase-watching fees. If the New York Fed really wants to redeem itself, it might consid-er commissioning a similar study to look at Wall Streets contribution to the U.S. economy. After all, if nance cant justify itself by showing its actually doing what it was set up to dotake in deposits and lend them back to all of uswhat can justify it? n

WATCHING THE

WATCHERS

CARMENSEGARRA

The veteran bank-

compliance lawyer

began taping

meetings after

hearing disturbing

statements from

regulators regarding

a questionable

Goldman Sachs

deal. Among those

statements was one

from a colleague of

Segarras, who told

examiners to go easy

when questioning

Goldman, suggesting

they say to the bank,

Dont mistake our

inquisitiveness

and our desire

to understand

more about the

marketplace in

general as a criticism

of you as a rm

necessarily.

Mad as Hell, All Over AgainTapes of what really happens between bankers and regulators show how far we have to go

32 time October 13, 2014

EARL W

ILSON

THE N

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GLOBAL HEALTH

NOW ARRIVINGTHE DEADLY EBOLA VIRUS LANDS IN AMERICABY DAVID VON DREHLE

36

GLOBAL HEALTH | U.S.

nerving news. But it came as no surprise to the disease detectives at the CDC. In re-cent months, their Ebola command center has elded at least 90 phone calls from hos-pitals around the country who suspected they might have the U.S.s rst Ebola pa-tient. A few health care workers who be-came sick overseas were evacuated to the U.S. in special jets designed to contain the virus, but here we are talking about a symptomatic patient in need of a diag-nosis. In a dozen of those cases, the CDC recommended a blood test. All came back negative. Duncan was the 13th to be tested.

But far from being alarming, the vol-ume of calls is a reason to feel hopeful. It shows that many of Americas health care workers are on high alertprecisely, infectious-disease experts agree, as they should be in the face of a virus like Ebo-la. The virus can be snuffed out quickly in North America, said CDC director Dr. Tom Frieden, who vowed to stop it in its tracks. He added, There is no doubt in my mind that we will stop it here. The prospects are good that Frieden is right.

Unlike in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea, where Ebola could cause politi-cal upheaval and economic collapse, the U.S. has all the tools to ght Ebola that impoverished nations lack: a surfeit of trained doctors and nurses, systems for a coordinated and quick national response and sufcient hospital beds and isolation units. Dallas has plenty of ambulances and EMTs, lots of clean water and sanitiz-ing soap. In short, the elements of pub-

lic health are everywhere in American lives and are almost completely taken for granteduntil they are suddenly front and center, as a threat from over there rears up over here.

CONTAINING THE CASE

this particul ar str ain of ebol a is

fatal in about half of all known cases, yet it is not quite as fearsome as some other strains. The good newsgood being a relative termis that if you know what to look for, you can see it coming. Patients are contagious only when they are suffering symptoms: fever, muscle aches, vomiting and so on. Whats more, the virus cannot be transmitted through the air. Direct con-tact with infected bodily uids like blood, urine, saliva and feces is how the virus hops from one person to the next.

This makes ghting Ebola a straightfor-ward proposition in the resource-rich U.S. Step one is to isolate the symptomatic pa-tient and conrm a diagnosis. Step two is called contact tracinga hurried canvass to identify and locate people who have been close to the patient. And step three is to keep tabs on those contacts for symptoms. If they go 21 days without getting sickEbolas incubation period is three weeks, maxtheyre most likely in the clear.

The isolate, canvass and observe protocol has been a successful strategy in Nigeria and Senegal, where outbreaks of Ebola were extinguished this year. It can be tedious work, though, and it is only as good as the front-line caregivers who are the point of the spear. And in Dallas, the spear should have been a bit sharper.

The patient rst visited the emergency room at Texas Health Presbyterian on Thursday, Sept. 25. He complained of fe-ver and abdominal paincommon com-plaints during u season and generally not much to worry about. But in taking his his-tory, a nurse learned that he had recently ar-rived from Liberia, information that should have set off alarm bells. Regretfully, that information was not fully communicated throughout the full team, hospital execu-tive vice president Dr. Mark Lester later ex-plained. The patient was sent home.

Two days later, an ambulance was

and North America to land in Dallas the next day. One would never guess by look-ing at him, but microscopic strands of a vi-rus travel with him, stowaways inside the mans body. Four days later, he is burning with fever. Next come the vomiting and diarrhea, and like that, Ebola is in America.

The man, identified by his sister as Thomas Eric Duncan of Liberia, spent the last hours of September and the early hours of October battling for his life in an isolation unit at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas. Meanwhile, investiga-tors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta fanned out in Dallas in search of close family and associates who had come into contact with the patient since his arrival in the U.S. on Sept. 20.

Within a day of the diagnosis, as many as 18 contacts were being monitored for symptoms, including some schoolchildren who live at the modest two-story town-house complex where he was staying, ac-cording to Texas Governor Rick Perry.

And though the patient was placed in isolation on Sunday, limiting the scope of actual contagion, the fear of contagion had already spread. Outside the apartment complex, one woman drove by and asked where she could get an Ebola test for her son who goes to school down the road. A boy slouched in the backseat had a T-shirt over his mouth.

With more than 3,300 people dead in the growing West African epidemic, the arrival of Ebola in the U.S. is indeed un-

ITS A SMALL WORLD, AFTER ALL, ONE IN WHICH A MAN BOARDS AN AIRPLANE IN WEST AFRICA AND HOPSCOTCHES HIS WAY ACROSS EUROPE

time October 13, 2014 37

promised to the Ebola ght on the scene and building hospital tents.

When President Obama announced in mid-September that he was sending troops, he spoke of Ebola as a national se-curity threat with potential to destabilize a volatile part of the world. If we dont make that effort now and this spreads not just through Africa but other parts of the world, theres the prospect then that the virus mutates, Obama told NBCs Chuck Todd on Meet the Press. It becomes more easily transmittable. And then it could be a serious danger to the United States.

THE TIPPING POINT

the heightened sense of urgency is

on display at the CDCs Emergency Opera-tions Center, a hive of glowing computer screens and real-time maps documenting the spread of the Ebola virus. One entire wall of the sprawling bullpen displays clusters of cases of the disease across West Africa, built from data continually re-freshed by health workers in the eld. In an adjoining room, phones ring with calls from hospitals around the country seeking advice on potential cases in their emergen-cy rooms. Through careful questioning, the CDC ofcers who answer the phones guide the callers toward a good diagnosis, now and then advising that a patient be

isolated long enough for a denitive blood test to settle the question. Each morning at 10 a.m. in the conference room that serves as mission control, CDC leaders meet with representatives of the State Department and USAID to size up progressor lack thereofand plot their next moves.

Its comforting to Americans (one would hope, anyway), but to the people of Liberia, all this work is not enough. Government officials in the capital of Monrovia grumbled about the fact that Americans were refusing to name the Dallas patient, making it impossible for them to investigate his Liberian contacts. Meanwhile, ordinary citizens vented on radio talk shows about the slow response to their epidemic. Now people in Amer-ica know Ebola is real, said one caller. Maybe now they will send more person-nel and doctors.

Is there a silver bullet in sight? Scien-tists employed by universities and phar-maceutical companies in the U.S., U.K. and Canada are working frantically on promising treatments for Ebola and a potential vaccine that could be given to the infected and the uninfected alike. But even if their breakthroughs are rushed into widespread use by the end of the year, they are unlikely to reach West Africa in time to stem the outbreak. A harrowing forecast by the CDC predicted that cases in Sierra Leone and Liberia, the two hardest-hit countries, could reach 1.4 million by early next year if the world fails to ramp up existing efforts to ght the disease.

There is a tipping point in all epidem-ics, when the number of infected patients becomes so large that no army of health care workers is big enough to draw protec-tive rings around every cluster of patients, friends and family.

If the tipping point is reached, this virus will be everyones problem. Thats why, in the hospital tents of West Africa and in the brown brick buildings of Texas Health Presbyterian, the urgent business is the same. Ebola is burning, and it must be snuffed out. with reporting by alex andr a sifferlin/atl anta, alex

altman/dallas, aryn baker/monrovia

and alice park/new york city n

called to the Ivy Apartments near North Dallas, in a neighborhood so rich in re-cent arrivals to the U.S. that it has been called the Ellis Island of Dallas. By now the patient was in much worse condition, and the emergency crew returned him to Texas Health Presbyterian.

This time, the Liberia connection rang loud and clear. Doctors promptly admitted the patient to an isolated room, contacted the Texas health department and dialed the CDC hotline. One of the experts on call at the Emergency Operations Center in Atlanta then led the patient through a series of triage questions. Two days later, the CDC and the Texas health department received blood samples from the patient, and by that afternoon, both agencies had conrmed he had Ebola.

The CDC dispatched a 10-person team to Dallas on Tuesday, Sept. 30. Their job: nd anyone and everyone the patient might have exposed to the virus. The patients fellow passengers on the trip from Liberia, for example, are believed to be in little or no danger because of how the disease is transmitted; close family and friends, on the other hand, as well as hospital person-nel, would need to be monitored.

Epidemiologists tackle the disease by building rings around the virus, start-ing with the circle of people in direct contact with the patient. Those people are asked about their own circles of close contacts. With close observation and clear educationdont travel, avoid crowded public spaces, monitor your symptoms and so onthese rings are typically suf-cient to stop the spread of Ebola.

Of course, all this depends on honest and accurate information from the patient and his contacts, and enough doctors with beds to deal with infected people in his circle. All these have been in short supply in West Africa, where the stigma of Ebola has led patients to ee or mislead volun-teer contact tracers. Quack cures, rumors and conspiracy theories have also run rampant in the crowded cities of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. And frankly, the U.S. and other Western governments have been too slow to respond to the epidemic. Only now are the rst of 3,000 U.S. troops

90 NUMBER OF CALLS TO THE CDC ABOUT SUSPECTED EBOLA CASES IN THE U.S.

Photographs by Daniel Berehulak

RISK REDUCTION A Liberian Red Cross worker is disinfected with chlorine after removing the body of a suspected Ebola victim from the dead mans home in Monrovia

GLOBAL HEALTH

RACING EBOLAWHAT THE WORLD NEEDS TO DO TO STOP THE DEADLY VIRUS BY ARYN BAKER/MONROVIA

40

GLOBAL HEALTH | WEST AFRICA

monitor the people theyve been in con-tact with, and ensure that the living keep clear of the dead. But in an uncontrolled outbreak in densely populated urban ar-eas, the virus can burn like re through dry tinder, and the sheer number of the sick makes those simple precautions all but impossible.

In Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leonethe three countries most affected by the current outbreak, which is the worst since the virus was discovered in 1976slowing the spread of Ebola has so far proved im-possible for aid organizations, regional governments and the international com-munity. We know how to stop Ebola, says Kiyee. But we need help.

That help hasnt come fast enough. The scale of this outbreak is due in part to the fact that the virus hit cities for the rst time, but its also because of a painfully slow response from regional ofcials and from abroad, with the diseases spread out-pacing aid. Far from bringing Ebola under control, were falling further and further behind, with the number of cases still in-creasing week by week. We are not even at the point where this is at its worst, says Amanda McClelland, who is coordinating the emergency response to Ebola for the International Red Cross.

The outbreak can seem a distant prob-lem for many in the West, but on Sept. 30, American health ofcials announced that a man who had recently traveled from Li-beria to Dallas had that day been diagnosed with Ebola. The case was the rst diagnosis of the disease outside Africa, and while U.S. ofcials said they are condent they will be able to contain the spread of the virus in

As the Liberian Red Cross convoy pulled into a tin-roof shantytown at the base of Monrovias St. Paul Bridge, residents crowded the lead vehicle. The Red Cross workers were there to pick up the body of a man with symptoms of Ebola who had died the night before. Where were you two weeks ago when we called when he had a fever? demanded one resident. Ive been calling every day for an ambulance, said another, brandishing the call log on his cell phone for proof. He turned to face the crowd: No one comes when we are sick, only when we are dead.

The Red Cross supervisor, Friday Kiyee, sighed as he launched into an ex-planation polished by constant repetition. We are the Red Cross body-management team. Our job is to pick up dead bodies. Were not responsible for picking up pa-tients and taking them to the hospital. He clapped his hands, a signal for the men on his team to suit up in their protective gear and pick up the body.

The work of the dead-body-management team of the Liberian Red Cross is hard enough; unprotected contact with the corpses of people infected with Ebola is dangerous and can easily result in infec-tion. And the anger and frustration the workers face make their jobs all the more challenging. But theres another factor that makes the work particularly drain-ing: successfully containing the spread of Ebola is no epidemiological or biological mystery. During earlier Ebola outbreaks in remote, low-population areas, limiting infection was, in theory at least, relatively straightforward. Keep infected patients isolated during care, track down and

Texas, the announcement was a reminder of how easily Ebola can travel from the countries where it is raging.

By the end of March, when the outbreak in West Africa was just beginning, the death toll was 82. Now about 50 people die each day. More than 7,157 people have been reported as infected with Ebola, and 3,330 have died, according to gures released on Oct. 1 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Many experts believe the actual number of infections to be much larger, simply because theres not enough person-nel on the ground to keep track ofand care forthose who might be sick.

Compared with the hundreds of thou-sands of people who die from HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis in the developing world each year, Ebolas toll so far is small. But its what could happen next that has public-

THE CROWD WAS WAITING. AND ANGRY.

time October 13, 2014 41

have been at the forefront of the Ebola ght in West Africaare wondering why its taken so long.

In the last few weeks, its denitely felt that we are gaining momentum, says McClelland. But we are going into our sev-enth month. And we were trying to wave the ag that this was a potential major threat, and we got no engagement. That failure in Ebolas early days and months, when the epidemic was still small enough to contain, has major consequences that are still being reckoned.

And the long-term impact could be dev-astating. The World Bank estimates that in its worst-case scenario, Liberias annual rate of economic growth could fall from 6.8% to negative 4.9%. There are other signs of social strain in the three countries hit by Ebola. Schools are closed in all three

health advocates and government ofcials around the world so scared.

On Sept. 26, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that if the current level of care were to stay the same, cases of Ebola in Liberia and Sierra Leone could double every 20 days, potentially reaching 1.4 million by mid-January. That projection is a worst-case scenario, but even if more aid arrives and the disease spreads at a slower rate, the swelling number of infections could exact a serious cost on the region that goes far beyond public health.

On Sept. 25, President Barack Obama told the U.N. General Assembly that the Ebola outbreak is more than a health crisis. This is a growing threat to regional and global security. In Liberia, in Guinea, in Sierra Leone, public-health systems

have collapsed. Economic growth is slow-ing dramatically. If this epidemic is not stopped, this disease could cause a human-itarian catastrophe across the region. And in an era where regional crises can quickly become global threats, stopping Ebola is in the interest of all of us.

Recent pledges of manpower and mon-ey from the U.S. government, the U.N. and others will help, but some experts on the groundlike the Red Cross and Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF), medical NGOs that

BEYOND HOPE Aid workers spray chlorine solution at a blood sample taken from Hawa Konneh, 9, who died on Sept. 4soon after this photo was takenwhile lying on the ground in front of the MSF Ebola Treatment Center in Monrovia as her mother watched over her

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Even then, though, the international reaction was muted. After all, Ebola isnt nearly as contagious as SARS, the airborne respiratory disease whose 2003 spread sparked a global panic and killed 774. Ebo-la could be controlled, the thinking went. The thinking was wrong.

Not everyone was convinced that the virus would zzle out as usual. MSF had mounted a response as soon as the rst cas-es were identied in March. By April, says Dr. Joanne Liu, MSFs international presi-dent, the group was taking its concerns to WHO and the U.N. We were saying, Its a huge epidemic, and I remember very well that WHO was saying it was under control.

Meanwhile, Robert Garry, a Tulane University virologist who had been do-ing research on Ebo