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250 Years of History Project --Lilli Z. Maddy C., & Liz N.

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Page 1: Time Traveler's Magazine
Page 2: Time Traveler's Magazine

!1

On This Day in

History… PAGE I: 1764 PAGE II: 1814

PAGE 1-3:

1864PAGE 4-6:

1914PAGE 7:

1964

Letter from the Editors…

Our archive edition of Time Traveler’s Magazine is one of our favorite editions to produce. Here, we get to share with our audience

the long standing history and pride that we have in our magazine. Time Traveler’s is proud to call ourselves the longest running magazine in

production, dating back to the first days of print media.

Our archive edition allows us to peek back at years before we were established, as well as our favorite stories from the last 250 years. From rebellion, to battle, to brave endeavors, we hope that our archive edition has a piece of history for everyone to enjoy. Happy travels!

PAGE 8-9:

— Lilli Zinaman, Madeline Cleeff, Elizabeth Nichols

2014

Page 3: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY…

1764 By Lilli Zinaman !

! April 5— On this day in 1764, The Sugar and Molasses Act of 1733 was set to expire. Parliament knew that now was the perfect opportunity to pass a modified version of an Act that had been evaded for years by merchants unwilling to pay the tax on molasses and sugar. !

! Since 1733, colonial merchants were required to pay a tax on foreign molasses imports. The tax was six pence per gallon. This tax was put in place in order to keep these products cheaper when purchased from England than from the French West Indies.!

! The revised version of The Sugar Act, published on April 5, had several changes in its trade regulations. The tax was lowered from six pence per gallon to three pence. Though a deal for the colonial merchants, the rule was now even more strictly enforced. !

! The act also included further foreign goods to be taxed. These products included pimiento, coffee, certain wines, sugar, printed calico, and cambric. Lumber and iron were even more heavily enforced as well.!

! As months passed following the modifications to The Sugar Act, the rum industry in the colonies saw a dramatic decrease in sales. The intention of the modifications was to further limit trade with the French West Indies, Canary Islands, and Santo Domingo (Now Haiti). These islands were important ports for products such as assorted farm products, lumber, flour, and cheese.!! What resulted were disruptions in the economy of the colonies. By limiting markets that colonies could sell through, their currency saw a dramatic decrease. This limited colonies from being able to buy British products that the Act pushed them to purchase anyway.!! These disruptions within the colonies lit the fire that pushed the colonies one step closer to the revolts against the Stamp Act.!

I

Alexander Campbell!Born Feb 22, 1764!

Page 4: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY…

1814 By Lilli Zinaman

II

! Sep 22— “The Star-Spangled Banner” was originally a poem written by Francis Scott Key. Key was born in Maryland in 1779. He later became a powerful lawyer, later appointed as the U.S. attorney for Washington D.C.!

! Before it was set to music in 1931, the title of the poem was “The Defense of Fort McHenry.” Key had witnessed Fort McHenry being bombed by the British in the War of 1812. The sight of the American flag waving over the fort the next day inspired his poem, which remains a piece of American history to this day.!

! War was declared by the U.S. on Great Britain on June 18, 1812, after turmoil erupted from a series of trade disagreements. British troops invaded the District of Colombia and attempted to burn down the Library of Congress, Capitol Building, and the White House.!

! Key had been in Baltimore, Maryland to witness the destruction of Fort McHenry because we went on a mission to save Dr. William Beanes, a friend of his that had been taken captive. After locating and negotiating his release, it was clear that Key would not be able to leave without Beanes before the Fort was attacked.!

! The next day, the fort was in tough condition but not destroyed. The British had failed to take over the fort and left. This is when Key saw the American flag flying high over Fort McHenry, quickly writing down his experience to later be translated to poem.!

! The poem gained publicity when published in newspapers, and eventually set to music. The music was taken from an English drinking song, entitled “To Anacreon in Heaven.” Americans began referring to the new song as “The Star-Spangled Banner.”!

! In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson shared with the American people that the song should be played at official events. On March 3, 1931, the song was adopted as America’s

Page 5: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE —1864—!

By Maddie Cleeff ! June 27 — As many of you are aware of, the Civil War has been waging on since 1861. This is the fourth year and like the past, the Union and the Confederates are fighting in a bloody battle to the death. Neither side has been willing to surrender, nor does it look like either one is going to give up any time soon.!

! The year 1864 began with the hopes that the Union might quickly put an end to the slaveholders’ rebellion. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, which declared the freedom of all slaves.!

! Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery, it expanded the freedom of African Americans.!

! On March 1, 1864, Lincoln made Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union forces. And because the Proclamation accepted black men into the Union Army, many joined to express their liberation. For the Union, the need to demolish slavery strengthened and added moral force to win the Civil War.!

“ Wherever the enemy goes, let our troops go also. ”

-Ulysses S. Grant!

�1Time Traveler’s Magazine: Archive Edition

GOING ON OF THE FOURTH YEAR

Grant in Harper’s Weekly

! November 8 — No president has been re- elected since Andrew Jackson defeated Henry Clay in 1832. However, one man changed that.!

! The presidential election of 1864 took place during the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln ran as the Republican nominee against Democratic candidate George B. McClellan.!

! Lincoln faced many challenges with his presidency. During his four of administration, he made many enemies. Some thought he had been too fast and too severe in his obligations as president; others thought he had been too slow.And many northerners were not happy with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation.!

! Also, Lincoln wanted to remain in presidency until the Civil War was won. He went on with his responsibility as if his own life were to end with his official duty.!

! This year, Lincoln and his colleagues had doubts about his reelection. The country was tired of war and McClellan was likely to negotiate a peace treaty with the Confederacy if elected.

Cont. on pg. 3…

LINCOLN RUNS FOR PRESIDENCY… AGAIN

By Maddie Cleeff

Page 6: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE —1864—!

! In Grant’s Overland Campaign, he battled against General Robert E. Lee for six weeks across Virginia. June 1 was the beginning of the Battle of Cold Harbor, which lasted for three days.!! When the great attack at Cold Harbor was over, Grant and Lee negotiated a cease- fire. Grant and Union forces later withdrew after their defeat. !! The next big battle of the Overland Campaign was the Battle of the Wilderness, which was fought on May 5. This battle resulted in 29,800 casualties in just two days. !

! Despite the Union’s losses, Grant refused to retreat because he did not want to halt his army’s advances. Instead, the Federals marched towards Spotsylvania Courthouse.!

! A day after on May 8, the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse occurred. Grant hoped to get between Lee’s army and Richmond and draw the Confederates into the open field where he could tale advantage.!

! Lee withdrew to Laurel Hill, which was the last defensible position of Spotsylvania. If the Confederates lost Laurel Hill, they would also lose Spotsylvania. This struggle lasted until May 21 and caused 30,000 casualties.

�2Time Traveler’s Magazine: Archive Edition

Battle of Cold Harbor

Above: Battle of the Wilderness.

Right: Battle of Spotsylvania

OVERLAND

CAMPAIGN

The Overland Campaign was the bloodiest campaign in American history. Although Grant

suffered severe losses, it was a strategic Union victory.

Page 7: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE —1864—!

�3Time Traveler’s Magazine: Archive Edition

! …The people wanted peace and McClellan was that possibility.!! Despite doubts within the Republican Party, Lincoln won the Republican nomination. On Election Day, he carried all but three states; Kentucky, New Jersey and Delaware, and he won 55 percent of the vote. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes while McClellan had 21 votes.!! There are two factors that carried Lincoln to victory: first, the progress of the Union military in 1864, especially General Sherman’s capture of Atlanta; second, Lincoln’s supporters successfully conducted a campaign that portrayed the Democratic platform as traitorous.!! But with Lincoln’s reelection, any hope for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy vanished. A victory for his administration meant the continuation of war.!! While the Democratic Party strived for peace, Lincoln wanted to end slavery. And he believed that the Civil War could achieve that.!

Cont. from pg. 1…

Page 8: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE —1914—

Time Traveler’s Magazine: Archive Edition

Ford’s Assembly Line

By Maddie Cleeff"

" February 27 — In 1908, Henry Ford created the Model T. It became the first affordable automobile that was marketed to the middle class. Ford said that the vehicle would be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for."

" Ford wanted the automobiles to be both sturdy and cheap, so he cut out nonessentials and options. Buyers couldn’t even choose a paint color; they were all black."

" And unlike other cars, the Model T featured interchangeable parts, allowing them to be assembled in a speedy and orderly fashion."

" The Model T became a world sensation. It’s popularity continued to increase, especially with Ford’s new innovation.On February 27, 1914, the assembly line for the whole automobile was complete. The frame of the car was pulled on a conveyer belt. Workers then assembled their assigned parts before the cars went on to the next station."

" This invention enabled Ford to produce far more cars than other company. Other automobile manufacturers were forced to adopt the assembly line in fear of bankruptcy."

" Cont. on pg. 5…

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Page 9: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE —1914—

Time Traveler’s Magazine: Archive Edition

A Day of Appreciation By Maddie Cleeff

May 10— How often do you tell your

mother “thank you” or “I love you?” Probably

not as much as you should."

" Have you even thought about the

incredible things that mothers do? First off

all, they give us life, bringing us into this world. They are the

prime reason why we exist. Aside from

that, mothers "are our caretakers and

providers."" Who is the person who can make everything seem better

with a simple hug? Your mother. Who goes out of her way to make sure you have the best life imaginable? Your mother."

" Even as you grow older, she is the one woman who will always be by your side. She is your rock and will help you through

thick and thin."" It’s safe to say that we all need to take more time to admire and appreciate the wonders that mothers do in our lives. Through

all their hard work, they deserve a day to themselves. A day without worry, stress, or obligations."

" That’s exactly why President Woodrow Wilson believed that all mothers should have their own day in the year to celebrate

their greatness."On May 9, 1914, Wilson proclaimed the first Mother’s Day. He

asked Americans on that day to give thanks to their mothers and all mothers."

" The first attempts to establish a “Mother’s Day” came from women’s peace groups. Anna Jarvis is credited with creating

the national holiday for she followed in her mother’s footsteps."

" After her mother’s death, Jarvis wanted to create a lasting commemoration of her as well as to all mothers. She was determined to establish a memorial day that would be celebrated throughout the

United States. And she succeeded in doing so."

!

Cont. from pg. 4…"

" Not only did the assembly line reduce time, but it also cut production costs. The production time for a single care dropped from 12 hours to just 93 minutes. And customers benefited because the price of the Model T significantly dropped."

" The assembly line also altered the lives of employees. Although work shifts were cut from nine hours to eight hours, workers did not suffer from lower wages. Ford doubled the existing standard wage and began paying his workers $5 per day. And some workers used their new income to buy themselves a Model T."

" Henry Ford’s assembly line not only revolutionized the automobile industry, but it also transformed the concept of manufacturing worldwide."

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Page 10: Time Traveler's Magazine

TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE —1914—

Time Traveler’s Magazine: Archive Edition

America’s Struggle to Remain Neutral By Maddie Cleeff

" August 7 — World War I continues to rage in Europe. With the world split in two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Central Powers, what will the United States do? Will we join the fight or stay neutral?"

" The immediate trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. This then led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia."

" On August 4, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson officially announced the neutrality of the United States. And the majority of Americans seem to embrace Wilson’s neutral stance."

" The Allied Powers and the Central Powers are using propaganda to sway American opinion, but the U.S. is maintaining its neutral stand (with difficulty)."

" Both powers are attempting to control America’s trade relationships. Great Britain has refused to allow American goods to be shipped to Germany. They also began seizing U.S. goods."

" Britain is clearly throttling American trade with Germany. But will Wilson stand for this behavior or will he make a move to stop it?"

" It is hard to say whether this impalement will subdue with time or escalate to worse measures. From the looks of it, though, it doesn’t appear that Britain will stop its tirades. This is causing great fear among the home front: Fear that the U.S. will be involved in a great bloody war."

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TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE —1964—!

Time Traveler’s Magazine: Archive Edition

Stock Market Inspires Hope

By Elizabeth Nichols

! April 15— Taxpayers are in high spirits today as Americans watch the economy boom like never before! After the late President Kennedy pushed for a $13.5 billion dollar tax cut in his State of the Union address last year, Americans are finally viewing the results of the Revenue Act enacted by President Johnson this February. !! For the first time in a while, the American stock market exchange rate has hit an unprecedented figure, setting an all-time high record. The capitol goods sector is growing and thriving, putting good, American people back to work and ensuring the livelihood of her citizens. !! Since the war in Vietnam began nearly a decade ago, American stock exchanges have been put under immense pressure. However, due to this tax cut, we are seeing things finally looking up—and only in the first quarter! !! Investors are viewing the fruition of their investments, and the trend indicates that the time to invest in capitol stock is now! !! Our economy is pulling itself together once more, and hope can be seen in the eyes of consumers.

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TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE — 2014 —

2014 Brown v. Ferguson

By Elizabeth Nichols

The social media coverage on events surrounding the Brown v. Ferguson case is not only an accurate glimpse of what the racial divide in America looks like, but also a rude awakening to

Americans’ negligence to regulate and enforce law within. ! I woke up this morning already dreading the influx of opinionated posts on my Facebook wall. I knew what the verdict would be; after the autopsy of Mike Brown revealed contradictory evidence to the very pointed case against Darrell Wilson, the officer that shot and killed Brown, Facebook would be a frenzy of very different, equally opinionated sentiments. I was very right. My news feed was chalk-full of what I like to call #feminist #opinions #that #nobody #agrees #upon (#hashtagactivism). Either that or people claiming that racism doesn’t exist,

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TIME TRAVELER’S MAGAZINE — 2014 —

and that “I don’t see color.” Please. Everyone knows what being Black means (or they would like to think they know what it means). Since when has looting and rioting accomplished anything. Why can’t they just peacefully demonstrate? I am immediately settled back into the comfort of my white privilege. Of being shielded from the broken system, not just the “accidents” that happen as a result of a faulty machine. On the one hand, we have communities destroying themselves in order to be heard, while onlookers judge their actions harshly shielded with the protection of distance to the situation and apathy for the problems of the community in which they are not involved.

Why do we question their actions so much as to overlook the reasons they choose to take this route of action? Why has compassion for our fellow humans been swallowed by greed and selfishness? Why should a country that rules itself have to question their own justice system daily, while others never question it a day in their lives? Isn’t the racial divide in America obvious to everyone?

As protesters move into the city of Ferguson to demonstrate and voice their opinions and express anger, it may be easy to neglect the privilege unfolding. You are a stranger in a Black community’s yard, but don’t assume that—just because they welcome you into their yard—they will be welcomed into the yards of other communities.

!“Why should a

country that rules itself have to

question their own justice system daily, while others never question it a day in their lives? Isn’t the

racial divide in America obvious to

everyone?” !

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

!• Abraham Lincoln’s Classroom. Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1864.

[updated 2014; cited November 22, 2014]. Available from http://abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/abraham-lincoln-in-depth/abraham-lincoln-and- the-election-of-1864/.

• “Alexander Campbell.” 2014. Retrieved from http://www.wheaton.edu/~/media/Images/Page%20Images/Centers%20and%20Institutes/ISAE/Hall%20of%20Biography/Campbell-Alexander-cont.jpg (Accessed November 29, 2014).

• American Studies. The Invention of the American Vacation: The Automobile 1914-1932. [updated 1 September 2009; cited November 22, 2014]. Available from http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug02/barnes/hford.html.

• A&E Television Networks. Nov. 8, 1864: President Lincoln is re-elected. [updated 2014 cited November 22, 2014]. Available from http://www.history.com/this-day-in- history/lincoln-reelected.

• “The Battle at Fort McHenry.” Photograph. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rlcherry.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/fort_mchenry.jpg (Accessed November 30, 2014).

• “The Beatles’ Second Album.” 1964. Retrieved from http://www.fab4collectibles.com/images/2ndAlbumOpenEndPR557a2.jpg (Accessed November 30, 2014).

• Civil War Trust. Spotsylvania Courthouse. [updated 2014; cited November 22, 2014]. Available from http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/spotsylvania-court- house.html?tab=facts.

• “Coca Cola.” Photograph. 1914. Retrieved from https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4066/4264874938_056e88f2a8.jpg (Accessed November 29, 2014).

• “Colonists Wanted.” 1914. Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Harriman-ad-1914.jpg (Accessed November 29, 2014).

• “Election of 1864.” Photograph. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.davidjkent-writer.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/1864-banner-1024x273.jpg (accessed November 29, 2014).

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• “Ford Model T.” Photograph. 1914. Retrieved from http://www.adclassix.com/images/14fordmodelt.jpg (Accessed November 29, 2014).

• HENRY, A. L. (1964, May 18). Cautious pros. Barron's National Business and Financial Weekly (1942-Current File) Retrieved from https://ezproxy.elon.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/350724729?accountid=10730

• The Henry Ford. The Model T. [updated 1995; cited November 20, 2014]. Available from http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/showroom/1908/model.t.html.

• “Hess Transport Truck.” Photograph. 1914. Retrieved from http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lDYEsa4ryFE/UA8iB8oWmgI/AAAAAAAAACQ/DtqrOz38uFs/s1600/hess1964.jpg (Accessed November 30, 2014).

• The History Channel. “This Day in History: Key pens Star Spangled Banner.” Accessed November 29, 2014. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/key-pens-star-spangled-banner>

• The Library of Congress. Celebrating Mothers. [updated 2 February 2014; cited November 21, 2014]. Available from http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may09.html.

• The Library of Congress. The First Mother’s Day: May 9, 1914. [updated n.d.; cited November 21, 2014]. Available from http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_mother_1.html.

• “Mercury Cyclone GT!” 1964. Retrieved from http://www.seekcheaper.net/vintagemagazineads/products_pictures/DSC05989.jpg (Accessed November 30, 2014).

• National Park Service. Civil War Timeline. [updated 28 November 2014; cited November 25, 2014]. Available from http://www.nps.gov/gett/historyculture/civil-war-timeline.htm.

• National Park Service. Cold Harbor. [updated 26 November 2014; cited November 26, 2014]. Available from http://www.nps.gov/rich/historyculture/cold-harbor.htm.

• “Parliament Meeting.” 2014. Retrieved from http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.landofthebrave.info/images/parliament-1700,27s.jpg.pagespeed.ce.ZAZe1niIFM.jpg (Accessed November 30, 2014).

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• "Revenue Act of 1964." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Nov. 2014. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964>.

• Sanchez de Lozada, Boris, and Robert Amoush. “Henry Ford & The Five Dollar Day.” http://web.bryant.edu/~ehu/h364proj/summ_99/armoush/index.htm (November 22, 2014).

• Son of the South. The Civil War 1864. [updated 2003; cited November 25, 2014]. Available from http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war-1864.htm.

• Study Notes. U.S. Entry in WWI. [updated 2006; cited November 21, 2014]. Available from http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/us-entry-into-wwi/.

• US History Organization. “The Sugar Act.” Accessed November 29, 2014. <http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/sugaract.htm>

• WGBH Educational Foundation. Timeline: Significant Civil War Battles. [updated 1996; cited November 25, 2014]. Available from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/death/.

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Until next time…