4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

PROTEROZOICARCHEANPALEOPROTEROZOIC MESOPROTEROZOIC NEOPROT.EOARCHEAN PALEOARCH. MESOARCH. NEOARCH.

HADEAN

Billions of years (Ga)

Timeline 1: The Precambrian

K. Panchuk (2016) CC BY 4.0

SILURIANORDOVICIANEARLY

CAMBRIAN

Millions of years (Ma)540 520 500 480 460 440 420 400 380 360 340 320 300 280 260

DEVONIAN MISSISSIPPIAN PENNSYLVANIAN

MID LATE EARLY MID LATE EARLY MIDDLE LATEPERMIAN

EARLY MID LATE

CARBONIFEROUS

Timeline 2: The Paleozoic EraK. Panchuk (2016) CC BY 4.0

JURASSICEARLY

TRIASSIC

Millions of years (Ma)

250 240 230 220 0

CRETACEOUSMID LATE EARLY LATE PALEOCENE

NEOGENEEOCENE

Timeline 3: The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras

210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

MID LATEE

PALEOGENEOLIGOCENE MIOCENE

MESOZOIC ERA CENOZOIC ERA

Tim

elin

e 4

K. Panchuk (2016) CC BY 4.0

0

NEOGENE

Timeline 4: The Cenozoic Era

QUATERNARY

210 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 500 400

MIOCENE PLIOCENE

300 200 100

PLEISTOCENE

HOLOCENE

Millions of years (Ma) Thousands of years (ka)

K. Panchuk (2016) CC BY 4.0