TIMELINE 1500–1900TIMELINE 1500–1900

1844 William Hemsley Emory maps West Texas and the Mexican border

1830 Stephen F. Austin maps his settlement based on accurate survey

1569 Gerardus Mercator invents cylindrical map projection

1684 On La Salle expedition, Minet draws first French map of Texas

1728 Francisco Álvarez Barreiro draws first detailed map of inland Texas

1790s Philip Nolan creates first accurate Anglo American map of Texas

1520 Alonso Álvarez de Piñeda’s crew sketches first Spanish map of Texas

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Locate specific places of importance on a map of Texas.

• Interpret information from a map.

• Infer information from a map.

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Why are maps UsefulWhy are maps Useful

To represent a place or area graphically

To help locate places

To show the physical and human features of a place

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MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

The world is an enormous place. Finding your way around such a vast landscape would be almost impossible without the aid of maps. Maps can tell you about a place’s relative location and its absolute location on a geographic grid.

WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

In our increasingly global community, you may need to describe your location to others and find your way to distant places.

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• The geographic grid system is a set of imaginary lines that run at right angles to each other.

• The location indicated by the intersection of the coordinates in the grid is the absolute location.

• Location north or south on the globe is called latitude.

Geographic Grid System

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• East or west location is longitude.

• Latitude is shown by parallels, which are also called lines of latitude.

• Longitude is indicated by meridians, or lines of longitude.

Geographic Grid System

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Geographic Grid System

• Types of Grid Lines– Latitude (parallels)– Longitude (meridians)

• Units of Measurement– Degrees– Minutes– Seconds

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Lines of Longitude and Latitude

• Equator—divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres

• Prime Meridian—divides the earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres

• North Pole—Marks the northernmost point on the earth

• South Pole—Marks the southernmost point on the earth

Lines of Longitude and Latitude cont’

• Tropic of Cancer—Marks the northernmost latitude where the sun passes directly overhead at noon

• Tropic of Capricorn—Marks the southernmost latitude where the sun passes directly overhead at noon

Lines of Longitude and Latitude cont’

• Arctic Circle—Marks the location north of which the sun does not set during summer solstice

• Antarctic Circle—Marks the location south of which the sun does not set during winter solstice

Absolute Location

Name

0°

0°

90° N

90° S

23°30’N

23°30’S

66°30’N

23°30’S

Equator (latitude)

Prime Meridian (longitude)

North Pole

Tropic of Cancer

South Pole

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Capricorn

Antarctic Circle

CRITICAL THINKINGCRITICAL THINKING

• Using the map shown on page 31, identify the city at each of the following absolute locations:

31°48'N, 106°24'W29°32'N, 98°28'W29°39'N, 95°17'W

• How many degrees are there between the southernmost part of Texas and the equator?

• In Texas, is the sun ever directly overhead at noon? Why or why not?

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Compare and contrast different methods of showing scale.

• Interpret information from different types of map projections.

• Analyze map characteristics to determine the type of map projection.

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MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

Many different factors must be considered when creating a map. Most importantly, mapmakers must consider purpose, size, and accuracy.

For a map to be useful, it is important to select the one that will best show the information you need.

WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

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SHAPES USED TO DEVELOP MAP PROJECTIONSSHAPES USED TO DEVELOP MAP PROJECTIONS

CRITICAL THINKINGCRITICAL THINKING

• In what ways would a map of your neighborhood be similar to and different from a map of Texas? Explain.

• Onto what type of surface would you project the geographic grid if you were making a map of Texas? of Canada? Why?

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Compare and contrast general-purpose and special-purpose maps.

• Infer information about maps.

• Categorize maps as being either general-purpose or special-purpose.

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MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

Different types of maps answer different questions. Some provide general information, while others show more specific data.

WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

Knowing how to read different types of maps can help you better understand your world.

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• Why maps are useful– To represent a place or area graphically

– To help locate places

– To show the physical and human features of a place

• What are the different types of maps?– General Purpose—used to find location

• Political—show information such as boundaries, capitals, and cities

• Physical—show natural features such as landforms, rivers, and other bodies of water

– Special Purpose/Thematic—show a specific topic, theme, or spatial distribution of an activity

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• Main parts of a Map– Map Title: clarifies map’s purpose– Compass Rose : a map’s directional

indicator– Scale: shows the relationship between the

size of elements on the map and that of the actual areas

– Legend: explains what the symbols and scale mean

– Symbols: used to represent different information on a map

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Main Parts of a Map

SymbolsSymbols

LegendLegend ScaleScale

Compass RoseCompass Rose

Map TitleMap Title

Common Map

Features

Common Map

Features

Using Maps

POLITICAL

PHYSICAL

SPECIAL-PURPOSE/THEMATIC

MAP:

used to showlocations of infor-

mation such ascountries, states,

cities, towns,capitals, borders,

and roads

used to showand find locations

of natural fea-tures such as ter-rain, rivers, and other bodies of

water

used to show aspecific topic,

theme, or spatialdistribution of anactivity, such as

cattle ranching orclimate patterns

Using Maps

TYPES OF MAPS

GENERAL PURPOSESPECIAL PURPOSE/

THEMATIC

PHYSICAL P0LITICAL

Central America and the Caribbean Europe

West Africa

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AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN TEXAS

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CRITICAL THINKINGCRITICAL THINKING

• In what ways are general-purpose and special- purpose maps the same? How are they different?

• Why is a legend also called a map key?

• Categorize each of the following as either a general-purpose map or a special-purpose map: map of oil production in West Texas; map showing lakes, rivers, and landforms in Texas; map of Texas boundaries before and after the Texas Revolution.

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REVIEW QUESTIONSREVIEW QUESTIONS

• In the coordinates 30°50'N, 96°12'W, which measurement is stated first, latitude or longitude?

Finding Locations (pages 28–32)Finding Locations (pages 28–32)

• At which pole do the nights get shorter during the month of May? Why?

REVIEW QUESTIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS continuedcontinued

Understanding Scale and Projections Understanding Scale and Projections (pages 33–36)(pages 33–36)

• Which would probably be drawn to a smaller scale, a map of the Western Hemisphere or a map of your city? Explain.

• What causes the distortion found in projections?

REVIEW QUESTIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS continuedcontinued

• Why do you think maps that show boundaries between places are called political maps?

Exploring Different Kinds of Maps Exploring Different Kinds of Maps (pages 38–40)(pages 38–40)

• What type of map would show growth in the Texas cattle industry over the past century?

CRITICAL THINKINGCRITICAL THINKING

Are the coordinates 25°18'S, 130°42'E found in the Northern or the Southern Hemisphere? the Eastern or the Western Hemisphere? Explain why you should not need a map to know the correct answers.

Making InferencesMaking Inferences

Comparing and ContrastingComparing and Contrasting

What type of map projection would probably be most useful to students studying Texas? Give the reasons for your choice.

CRITICAL THINKING CRITICAL THINKING continuedcontinued

Supporting OpinionsSupporting Opinions

Which are more useful, maps or globes? Support your opinion with at least two reasons.

Mapmakers considerfactors such as the purpose and the size of the map.

Various types of maps provide different kinds of information for the reader.

Maps use relative and absolute location to identify where places are on the earth.

Map provide uswith a great deal ofinformation aboutour surroundings