timeline of the dissemination of medical knowledge
DESCRIPTION
Timeline from the William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History's 2014 Exhibit, "Knowledge Unbound: Literature of Medicine"TRANSCRIPT
Timeline of the dissemination of medical knowledge
1500
0
BCE
1550
0
BCE16
000
BCE
ttimeline
ca 15
000
BCE
Cave PaintingsThough cave paintings appear from 30,000 BCE, one drawing ca. 15000 BC depicts a mammoth
with a leaf-shaped dark area where the heart should be, perhaps the first anatomical drawing.
Cave PaintingsThough cave paintings appear from 30,000 BCE, one drawing ca. 15000 BC depicts a mammoth
with a leaf-shaped dark area where the heart should be, perhaps the first anatomical drawing.
of the dissemination of medical knowledge
1000
0
BCE
1450
0
BCE15
000
BCE
Trephination is thought to have been performed in order to release evil spirits from the body, which were believed to be responsible for causing illness. Science Museum, London.Wellcome Images.
Wellcome Library, London.
1350
0
BCE
ca 5000 BCE
ca 3200 BCE
Oldest Surgical ProcedureTools, such as pieces of flint and sharp animal teeth, were used to cut into the skull, even in the Neolithic period.
First Written LanguageSumer – though there is suggestion of synchronous
development in Egypt and China
5000
BCE
14000
BCE
Wellcome Library, London.
Wellcome Library, London.
Wellcome Library, London.
13000
BCE12
500
BCE
ca 1600 BCE
ca 600 BCE
ca 1550 BCE
ca 460-375BCE
2112BCE
1275BCE
Edwin Smith Papyrus
Believed to have been written
Ebers Papyrus Believed to have been written
Papyrus of AniOr the Book of the Dead, written
Hippocrates(Beginnings of Corpus Hippocraticum, ca 430 BCE)
Life of Sushruta
Medical Clay TabletOne of the oldest known ancient Mesopotamian medical texts is a collection of 15 prescriptions written in Sumerian on a clay tablet.
Wellcome Library, London.
Wellcome Library, London.
The Last Day of Pompeii, Karl BriullovPublic Doman. Wikimedia Commons.
0
12000
BCE
40
79
129
105
300BCE Royal Library of Alexandria Founded
In the reign of Ptolemy. The Alexandrian library may have preserved 400,000 to 700,000 papyrus rolls—the largest collection of recorded information in the ancient world.
Aulus Cornelius CelsusComposed the earliest surviving major medical treatise written in Latin: De Medicina
The Invention of Paper in China
Libraries Buried at Pompeii and
Herculaneum
Galen Born
1150
0
BCE
Wellcome Library, London.
Making Parchment,Public Domain. Wikimedia Commons.
11000
BCE1150
0
BCE
275
300
410
410
Earliest Surviving Text of the Hippocratic TextThe Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, a fragment of the Hippocratic Oath written in Greek, is preserved in the Wellcome Institute Library, London.
Fall of the Roman Empire
Middle Ages Begin
Transition from
Papyrus to Parchment
Wellcome Library, London.
10000
BCE10
500
BCE
529
Sushruta Samhita translated from Sanskrit to Arabic
Dark Ages
500
ca 700
9000
BCE95
00
BCE
Works of Johannitius (Hunayn ibn Ishaq) Translated Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen
Schola Medica Salernitana (Salerno)
Articella Texts
1000
ca 850
ca 85
2
ca 90
1Public Domain. Wikimedia Commons.
National Library of Medicine.
8000
BCE85
00
BCE
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (ca 980 – 1037)
Wrote The Canon of Medicine
Hildegard of Bingen (1098 – 1179)
Wrote Causae et Curae
The Black DeathKilled 30 to 60 percent of Europe’s population
Invention of Movable Type in China
First Recorded Use of Paper in
England
1025
1041
1150
1309
1347Wellcome Library, London.
Wellcome Library, London.
7001
BCE75
00
BCE
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Profoundly influenced medical illustration
Printing Press Developed
By Johannes Gutenberg
Library of the Vatican Established
By Pope Nicholas V
Middle Ages End
Fall of Byzantium
‘De arte phisicali e de cirugia’ by
John Ardene Illustrated medical text
Johannes de Ketham’s Fasciculus medicinae The first printed medical book to have anatomical illustrations
Illustrations Integrated with Printed TextIllustrations in printed books became increasingly integrated into text
Ortus Sanitatus
(Garden of Health)
The First Printed Herbal
with IllustrationsAn edition of the Herbarium
Apulei by Apuleius Platonicus
1499
1412
1470
1481
1448
1452
1453
1492
1491
1485
Wellcome Library, London.
National Library of Medicine.
Meggs, Philip B., A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998.
Courtesy of Michael Moran, MD
1500
1700
1600
4000
BCE30
00
BCE50
00
BCE60
00
BCE70
00
BCE45
00
BCE35
00
BCE 2500
BCE
5500
BCE65
00
BCE
of the dissemination of medical knowledgettimeline
ca 15
00
1514
1525
1628
1685
1525
1525
1526
1530
Vesalius(1514 – 1564)
Proliferation of Printers’ ShopsIn 200 European cities by 1500
Badianus Manuscript WrittenBy an Aztec Indian; translated by another in 1552
William Harvey Published on Blood CirculationWilliam Harvey published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in Frankfurt
Govard Bidloo Published Anatomia humani corporisDutch physician, anatomist, poet and playwright Govard Bidloo published Anatomia humani corporis
Complete Works of Galen Published in Greek
Paracelsus Discovered Errors in Galen’s Work
Hippocratic Corpus published in GreekLatin Edition
of Corpus Hippocraticum
Published
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
Wellcome Library, London.
Wellcome Library, London.
Courtesy of Rainer M. Engel, MD
Public domain. Wikimedia Commons.
Robert Hooke Published MicrographiaRobert Hooke published Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses
Invention of Color Printing
1775
1719
Wellcome Library, London.
1800
1900
2000
1000
BCE0
1000
2000
2000
BCE15
00
BCE 500
BCE 500
1500
2500
BCE
Edward Jenner(1729 – 1823)
Published An Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae
Invention of Lithography
By Alois Senefelder, German actor and author, as a cheap way to publish plays
Ebers Papyrus Discovered
In a tomb in Thebes
Edwin Smith Papyrus
PurchasedFrom a merchant in Luxor
Maclise Anatomical Texts
More Paper Machine-Made than Hand-made
Gray’s Anatomy
Published
Drs. Charles & John Bell Illustrated
Medical TextsTheir texts were plain and small, suitable for medical classrooms
First Medical Journal Published in the U.S.Medical Repository (1797 – 1824)
1798
1862
1915
1962
1926
1930
1929
1937
1940
1948
1954
1892
1820
1858
1867
1883 18
95
1865
1894
1840
18621796
1794
1797
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
Wellcome Library, London.
Courtesy of John Herman, MD
From a merchant in Luxor
Anatomical
1862
Courtesy of Herbert Schwartz, MD
John Shaw Billings(1838 – 1913)
Took charge of the Surgeon General’s Library in Washington
Frank H. Netter, MD(1906 – 1991)
CIBA Pharmaceuticals published The Netter Collection of Medical
Illustrations
Meredith Campbell, MD(1894 – 1969)
Published Pediatric Urology
Badianus Manuscript DiscoveredIn the Vatican Library by Professor Charles Clark
Edwin Beer, MD(1876 – 1938)
Published the first pediatric textbook, Diseases of the Urinary Tract in Children
Hugh Young (1870 – 1945)
Published Young’s Practice of Urology, Based on a Study of 12,500 Cases
Badianus Manuscript Translated and PublishedTranslated by Emily Walcott Emmart Published by Johns Hopkins Press
William P. Didusch (1895 – 1981)
Became the medical illustrator for the Brady Urological Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital
William Osler (1849 – 1919)
Published his famous Principles and Practice of Medicine
Max Brödel (1870 – 1941)
Medical illustrator came to Hopkins from Germany
First Urology-only Journal Published
In France under the supervision of Felix Guyon (1831 – 1920) and
Joaquin Albarran (1860 – 1912)
National Library of Medicine Opened
First Index Catalogue PublishedBillings and Fletcher catalogued what became the National Library of Medicine
Joseph Lister(1827 – 1912)
Published his articles on antisepsis in the Lancet
YOUAre visiting the AUA
William P. Didusch history exhibit
Campbell’s Urology
Published
Courtesy of Patrick Walsh, MD
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
National Library of Medicine