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Daily News Simplified - DNS

29 06 20Notes

Title Making sense of China’s calculations (Page Number 06) GS II: International

SL. NO. TOPICS THE HINDU

PAGE NO.1 Making sense of China’s calculations 06

2 PV Narshimha Rao, a subversive Insider 07

3 The Mopillah Uprising 07

4 Letter and spirit 06

5Proof of planting trees must for availing govt. services in Odisha

04

6 A real page TURNER 13

Dated: 29. June. 2020DNS Notes - Revision

Syllabus RelationsTheme Understanding Chinese intentions behind recent incursionsHighlights In the previous DNS of 26th June we learnt the fact from the

Government's announcement "China had been “amassing” troops and armaments along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) for nearly two months, the government said on Thursday and accused the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of violating the 1993 agreement between India and China that committed both sides to “minimum levels” of deployment. The author says that , "A charge that can be levelled against successive administrations in Delhi in recent years is that while China has consistently asserted its claims over the whole of Aksai Chin, India has chosen to overlook China’s more recent postures in this region. The author discusses the failure of intelligence and lapse in India's strategic calculation Failure of intelligence Definition - Intelligence is information gathered within or outside the nation regarding threats to the nation, its people, property, or interests; development, proliferation, or use of weapons of mass destruction; and any other matter bearing on the national security. The value of intelligence stems from the fact that better decisions can be made based on better information. Many attracts can be averted. The timing and nature of China’s actions should have aroused keen interest in intelligence circles about China’s strategic calculations. The Chinese build-up in the Galwan Valley, Pangong Tso and Hotsprings-Gogra did not require any great intelligence effort, since there was little attempt at concealment by the Chinese. India also possesses high quality imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) capabilities, distributed between the National Technical Research Organisation, the Directorate of Signals Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence and other agencies, which made it possible to track Chinese movement. Our capability in imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT)

EMISAT Intelligence-gathering satellite HysIS (hyper-spectral imaging satellite), which was launched in

last November, can see through soil up to a few centimeters and detect landmines and IEDs.


After the surgical strike in Pakistan, Indian Air Force has reportedly presented to the government radar and satellite images showing bombing of the intended targets.

Lapse in India's strategic calculation, interpretation and analysis The importance of Aksai Chin for China has greatly increased of late, as it provides direct connectivity between two of the most troubled regions of China, viz., Xinjiang and Tibet. China has constructed Highway 219 connecting the region. This does not seem to have been adequately factored in to our calculations. While Indian policy makers saw the reclassification of Ladakh as purely an internal matter, they overlooked the fact that for China’s military planners, the carving out of Ladakh into a Union Territory (followed later by Home Minister Amit Shah’s statement last year laying claim to the whole of Aksai Chin) posited a threat to China’s peace and tranquility. Indian strategist also failed to pick the big sign of Chinese forward push -

rising tensions with the U.S threats against Taiwan New security law for Hong Kong Repeated naval incidents in the South

China Sea Another of China’s current preoccupation, viz. that India is feeling emboldened because of its growing strategic alignment with the United States, should also have been adequately considered by the analysts, in any assessment of putative Chinese responses. Since last year when China’s economy began to show signs of a decline followed by the COVID-19 pandemic, China is known to have become extremely sensitive to what it perceived as efforts by others to exploit its weakness. It has often felt compelled to demonstrate that no nation should attempt to exploit the situation to China’s disadvantage. India’s intelligence and policy analysts obviously failed to analyse this aspect adequately. This is indicative of a weakness in interpretation and analysis of the intelligence available, as also an inability to provide a coherent assessment of China’s real intentions. Intelligence assessment of China’s intentions, clearly fell short of what was required. What went wrong?


India’s technological capabilities for intelligence collection have vastly increased in recent years, the capacity for interpretation and analysis has not kept pace with this. Advances in technology, specially Artificial Intelligence have, across the world, greatly augmented efforts at intelligence analysis. It is a moot point whether such skills were employed in this instance. The principal responsibility for intelligence assessment and analysis concerning China, rests with the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and India’s external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), and to a lesser extent, the Defence Intelligence Agency. It may not, perhaps, be wrong to surmise that the decision of the NSCS to dismantle the Joint Intelligence Committee has contributed to a weakening of the intelligence assessment system. The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) used to analyzes intelligence data from the Intelligence Bureau and the RAW, Directorate of Military Intelligence, Directorate of Naval Intelligence, Directorate of Air Intelligence. JIC used to be part of National Security Council (NSC). In the case of the R&AW, lack of domain expertise, and an inadequacy of China specialists might also have been a contributory factor. Ministry of External Affairs’s (MEA) stock of China experts seems to be dwindling, and its general tilt towards the U.S. in most matters, has resulted in an imbalance in the way the MEA perceives problems and situations. Preference given recently to Summit diplomacy - Summit diplomacy cannot be a substitute for carefully structured foreign office policy making. Any number of instances of this nature are available. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain of Great Britain was one of the earliest victims of Summit diplomacy. The disastrous meeting between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and U.S. President Richard Nixon had long-term adverse implications for India-U.S. relations. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and U.S. President George W. Bush did establish a rapport through frequent Summit meetings, but this was the exception rather than the rule. Currently, India’s Summit diplomacy has tended to marginalize the External Affairs Ministry with regard to policy making, and we are probably paying a price for it

Personal Notes


Title PV Narshimha Rao, a subversive Insider (Page number 07)Syllabus

GSI: Post Independence History of India


Theme Life and contribution of our PM Mr. PV Narshimha RaoHighlights Context:

The preparations for the year-long birth centenary celebrations of the late former PM P.V. Narsimha Rao have started at Hyderabad on June 28, 2020. Hence, let us look at the some of his most important contributions.

Political Career

Narasimha Rao was an active freedom fighter during the Indian Independence movement and joined full time politics after independence as a member of the Indian National Congress.

He served for a brief period of time in the Andhra Pradesh cabinet (1962–1971) and as Chief minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh (1971–1973). He rose to national prominence in 1972 for handling several diverse portfolios, most significantly Home, Defence and Foreign Affairs (1980-1984).

In 1991, he became the first person from South India to occupy the office of Prime Minister. One of the most important decisions taken by him was related to the appointment of the Finance Minister. He broke convention by appointing a non-political economist and future prime minister, Manmohan Singh as his finance minister.

Economic Reforms

The Public-sector led model of development accompanied by other factors such as closed economy, license raj system etc. had taken a severe toll on the economy leading to BoP crisis in 1991. India was forced to take loans from the IMF and in return, India had to adopt LPG reforms. This is considered to be major watershed in the economic history of India. The transition from centrally controlled economy to private sector-led economy was undoubtedly a herculean task and hence needed political commitment and economic acumen at the highest levels.

It was the political leadership provided by Mr. Narsimha Rao which enabled the smooth transition of the Indian Economy. Today, India is the fifth largest economy in the world. It has emerged as the IT capital and back-office of the World due to IT revolution. All of these has been made possible due to strong and effective leadership which was given to the country when it was going through its toughest phase.

Foreign Policy

One of the most important and often neglected contribution of P V Narsimha Rao was towards India's foreign policy. Some of his notable initiatives include:

Unveiling of "Look East Policy" to strengthen India's relationship with its neighbours

Establishment of full-fledged diplomatic relationship with Israel in 1992


Systematic drive to draw the international community's attention to Pakistan's sponsorship of terrorism against India

Personal Notes

Title The Mopillah Uprising (Page Number 07)Syllabus GS I: Modern Indian History Theme About causes and consequences of Mapilah rebellion in British india Highlights


Context: With the centenary of the Mapillah rebellion of 1921 fast

approaching, controversy has erupted over Malayalam movie projects commemorating what was arguably the greatest challenge to British rule between the great uprising of 1857 and the Quit India movement of 1942.

Actually if you take a look at the freedom movement, it covered a span of long decades, beginning from 1835 to 1947.

o And this period was interspersed with multiple rebellions Civil: sanyasi Tribal: Ulugulan Millitary: Royal Indian Navy revolt (Rating strike) Mixed: 1857

Now from the perspective of UPSC Prelims and Main examination: these revlts and uprising are recurrent themes. For example:

Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19th century?(2011)(a.) Introduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation- of tribal products


(b.) Influence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas

(c.) Rise of a large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen in tribal areas

(d.) The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities

Solution (d)

The demand for the Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was for: (2013)(a) the reduction of the share of the landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third

(b) the grant of ownership of land to peasants as they were the actual cultivators of the land

(c) the uprooting of Zamindari system and the end of serfdom

(d) writing off all peasant debts

Solution (a)

1. Mains 2019: The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British rule.

SO we will prepare Moplah Rebellion (And you should prepapre all other along similar lines)

What was it?

What were the underlying causes?

What were its effects?

So what exactly is this rebellion about? The Moplah peasant movement was engineered in August 1921

among the peasants of Malabar district in Kerala.


The Moplah tenants were Muslims and they agitated against the Hindu landlords and the British government.

The causes of revolt1. Societal Structure of Malabar: Any analysis of the peasant

movement of Moplahs should take into account that the Moplahs were Muslim peasants.

a. Land ownership in Malabari. Malabar's agricultural system was historically

based on a hierarchy of privileges, rights and obligations for all principal social groups:

1. Jenmia. The Jenmi, consisting mainly of the

Namboothiri Brahmins and Nair chieftains, were the highest level of the hierarchy, and a class of people given hereditary land grants by the Naduvazhis or rulers'.

2. Verumpattakkarana. The Verumpattakkarar, generally

Thiyya and Mappila classes, cultivated the land but were also its part-proprietors under the kanakkarar.

b. These classes were given a Verum Pattam (Simple Lease) of the land that was typically valid for one year.

c. According to custom, they were also entitled to one-third or an equal share of the net produce.

b. Non redressal of grievances i. Their grievances related to lack of any security

of tenure, renewal fees, high rents and other oppressive landlord exations. In the 19th century as well, there had been cases of Moplah resistance to landlord oppression but what erupted in 1921 was on a different scale altogether.

c. British Tenancy i. Then British had introduced new tenancy laws that

tremendously favoured the landlords and instituted a far more exploitative system than before.

ii. The pre-British relations between landlords and tenants were based on a code that provided the


tenants a decent share of the produce. The new laws deprived them of all guaranteed rights to the land and its produce and in effect rendered them landless.

d. SO BASICALLY : The fact that most of the landlords were Namboodiri Brahmins while most of the tenants were Mapillah Muslims compounded the problem. The Nairs formed an intermediate grouping of well-off peasantry with their own economic and social grudges against the Namboodiri landlords but largely unsympathetic to the economic travails of the Mapillahs.

2. Khilafat Movement a. First some basics about Khilafat Movement:

i. It was a pan-Islamist political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India led by to restore the caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate, who was considered the leader of Sunni Muslims, as an effective political authority.

ii. It was a protest against the sanctions placed on the caliph and the Ottoman Empire after the First World War by the Treaty of Sèvres

iii. Prominent leaders of Khilafat Movement were:

1. Shaukat Ali, Maulana 2. Mohammad Ali Jauhar, 3. Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Abul Kalam Azad

b. As we have seen that there was considerable anger among mapillah peasantry against the upper caste land lords as well British.

c. The Khilafat movement added to the religious fervour of an already desperate peasantry and fuelled their ire against the British and the Hindu landlords leading to the atrocities committed by a segment of the mobilised Mapillahs against Hindus regardless of caste.

Consequences of Moplah Rebellion The Moplah Rebellion was a failure because of the communal

element in it. What could have been a revolt against the British became an

anti-Hindu movement. The brutal violence, widespread forceful conversions and

destruction of property suggest that the motive went beyond what could have arisen from class conflict and took on religious colours.


The suppression of Moplahs by the British was so brutal that it ensured that Muslims would stay away from future nationalists movements. This would further the schism between Hindu and Muslims.

Personal Notes

Title Letter and spirit (Page Number 06)

Syllabus GS II: Polity and Governance

Theme About New Domicile law of Jammu and Kashmir

Highlights Context:

The term “Permanent Resident” as per Artcile35A has been replaced by “Domicile of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir” as per an order of Ministry of Home Affairs and the order has expanded the scope of persons domiciled in the UT of J&K including those who has resided for a period of 15 years in the UT of J&K or has studied for a period of 7 years and appeared in Class 10th /12th examination in an educational institution located in the UT of J&K or who is registered as a migrant by the Relief and Rehabilitation Commissioner (Migrants).

New Domicile Law The new domicile law of Jammu and Kashmir has brought hope such section

of the population who were living under a fractured citizenship rule prior to abrogation of Article 370 and 35A of the India Constitution.

This section of the population comprise of two to three lakh people and is made up of refugees from Pakistan, sanitary workers resettled from other parts of India and Gorkhas who arrived as soldiers before Independence.

Article 35A of the Indian Constitution Article 35A was added to the Indian Constitution through The Constitution

(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 in exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.

Article 35A was applicable to the Permanent Residents of the erstwhile


State of Jammu and Kashmir. Permanent Residents were granted special rights and privileges with respect to

i. employment under the State Governmentii. acquisition of immovable property in the Stateiii. settlement in the State iv. right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the State

Government may provide

Problem with Article 35A The abovementioned section of population was not categorised as

“permanent residents” leading to a denial of opportunities to them in education, employment and politics.

This denial of benefits was possible because of the Permanent Residents status guaranteed through Article 35A of the Constitution which was inserted through a 1954 Presidential Order.

Concept of Domicile after Abrogation of Article 370 Subsequent to changes to Articles 370 and 35A in August 2019, in March

2020, the concept of “permanent resident of the State” was discontinued in J&K.

As per the new domicile rules, those persons and their children who have resided for 15 years in J&K, or have studied for 7 years and appeared in the Class X or XII exam in an educational institution in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, are eligible for grant of domicile.

Concerns on grant of Domicile to a large section of the population There are concerns that the changes in domicile rules will lead to a huge

influx into the region subsequently leading to change in demography of the state.

The political parties of the valley have opposed this move as according to them it will slowly change the politics of the region based on its changing demography.

Even in the Jammu region, there are concerns that granting domicile could further lead to dispossession of land and will also result in shrinking of job opportunities for local people because of an influx of outsiders.

This could further lead to more political polarisation and could further alienate people of the valley from the mainstream.

Conclusion The editorial concludes by stating that Article 19 (1) guaranteed not only

freedom of speech and expression but also freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India and the freedom to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Thus, any movement into the region will be largely driven by economic needs. So, it is extremely unlikely that granting of domicile will lead to cultural and demographic change of the region.

So, fear of such a scenario is no good reason to form a regional ghetto as economic growth and vitality of a society and its connections with the outside world is important for its overall growth.

Personal


Notes

Title Proof of planting trees must for availing govt. services in Odisha (Page Number 04)

Syllabus GSIII: Environment Theme Afforestation Highlights

Context:

The Jajpur district administration in Odisha has made plantation a precondition for obtaining government licences.

This is a novel idea to popularize plantation drive by assigning specific number of trees to be planted against each licence or service. For example for getting a gun liscence one has to plant 10 trees and five trees for licence renewal. Similar precondition has been kept for opening of new foreign liquor shops and renewal of licence. Plantation, which has to be self-certified through photographic or video evidence though the administration reserves right to carry out random checking of plantations. The district administration, which began the drive since Rath Yatra, achieved a milestone when public planted 1.25 lakh trees alone in Jajpur block on Sunday.

Personal Notes


Title A real page TURNER (Page Number 13)

Syllabus GS1V: Case studies Theme Highlights

Context:

With contribution from local residents, an initiative by a library in Kerala’s Perumkulam has added public book shelves, earning it the title of India’s second ‘village of books’

Way back in 2017, when Bhilar, a village in Maharashtra’s Satara district, was declared a ‘village of books’ (Pustakanch Gaav) by the State Government, it sparked an idea in Kerala. Bhilar had created 25 special spaces called ‘book zones’ to encourage people to pick one up and read right there. The idea is aimed, primarily, at children so that the habit of reading is encouraged and nurtured early. The bookcases were built with sponsorships from local residents.

Personal Notes

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