tipping mar
TRANSCRIPT
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6 2 : 9 ^ L F X X _ N M F Y O K _ O • D O T M O C O R , N F 2 8 5 : 8 • X ? 6 : ? 8 2 - 6 2 : 9 • I ? 6 : ? 8 2 - 6 2 6 4 • www.tbppbkeafr.nga
^XT_NX_TFC OKEBKOOTBKE
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IBTA ZTGIBCO
Xlo ngkvoktbgkfc fpprgfnl tg strunturfc hosbek eokorfccy
roqubros okebkoors tg fnnopt ebvok pfrfaotors fkh sgcvo sot
prgdcoas rftlor tlfk oxpcgro strunturfc pgssbdbcbtbos. Ft
Xbppbke Afr wo docbovo tlft tlo hosbek prgnoss bs hykfabn,
roqubrbke tlo bkput gi fcc tlo ngccfdgrftgrs ofrcy gk. Ngk-
struntbgk sfvbkes fkh dottor dubchbke porigrafkno fro gkcy
sgao gi tlo afky fhvfktfeos gi f wocc-bktoerftoh hosbek.
Bkngrpgrftbke sustfbkfdco ongcgebnfc vfcuos bs fkgtlor sbe-
kbstnfkt pfrt gi rospgksbdco okebkoorbke. Xbppbke Afr bs ft
tlo igroirgkt gi fk oaorebke sponbfcty bk erook-dubchbke
strftoebos, wlbnl bkncuho rocybke gk aftorbfcs wbtl cgwor
oadghboh okorey, usbke aftorbfcs onboktcy, bkngrpgrft-
bke ronyncoh ngktokt, fkh hosbekbke igr cgke-tora hurfdbc-
bty. Uo bktoerfto tloso vfcuos bktg gur hosbek dy ngkhuntbke
rosofrnl fkh tostbke bkkgvftbvo systoas wbtlgut hopfrtbke
irga sgukh okebkoorbke prbknbpcos. Xlo tlgueltiuc fppcbnf-tbgk gi okebkoorbke prbknbpcos lfs ukcbabtoh pgtoktbfc dokostts
bk toras gi sobsabn sfioty, ngst sfvbke, fkh puro fostlotbn fp-
pofc. Gur lbelcy trfbkoh stf fppcbos tloso prbknbpcos fcgke
wbtl gur trfhoafrm bkeokubty tg drbke tlo eroftost pgssbdco
vfcuo tg gur ncbokt‒s prg`onts. Uo fro ngaabttoh tg gur vbsbgk
gi strunturfc okebkoorbke fs fk bkkgvftbvo hosbek frt, fkh
gur wgrm bs bkiusoh wbtl tlft vbsbgk.
Gur bkvoktbvokoss lfs cgke dook rongekbzoh cgnfccy fkh
kftbgkfccy dy tlo okebkoorbke ngaaukbty. Kg gtlor stra
bk Nfcbigrkbf‘kgt ovok tlgso tok tbaos gur sbzo‘lfs ro-
nobvoh agro hosbek fwfrhs irga gur poors ft tlo ^trunturfc
Okebkoors Fssgnbftbgk gi Nfcbigrkbf fkh tlo ^trunturfc
Okebkoors Fssgnbftbgk gi Kgrtlork Nfcbigrkbf bk tlo cfst
tok yofrs. Uo‒vo ronobvoh tgp prg`ont lgkgrs irga tlo
Kftbgkfc Nguknbc gi ^trunturfc Okebkoors Fssgnbftbgk fkh
tlo Faorbnfk Bkstbtuto gi ^tooc Ngkstruntbgk. Gur fwfrh-
wbkkbke prg`onts rfkeo irga cfreo-snfco ngaaornbfc dubch-bkes bk Nfcbigrkbf tg cgw-ngst strfw-dfco lgusbke bk Nlbkf.
Xbppbke Afr bs f stra gi lbelcy smbccoh strunturfc okebkoors hohbnftoh tg okebkoorbke oxnoccokno fkh
bkkgvftbgk. Gur fpprgfnl oaplfsbzos ofrcy ngccfdgrftbgk wbtl frnlbtonts, ngktrfntgrs, fkh gtlor
hosbek pfrtkors tg hocbvor tlo eroftost vfcuo bk sobsabn fkh sustfbkfdco hosbek tg gur ncbokts.
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abelt fppcy tlo eogtonlkbnfc rongaaokhftbgks igr tlo
wgrst pfrt gi tlo dubchbke sbto tg tlo oktbro igukhftbgk. Xlbs
nfk do bkonbokt fkh oxpoksbvo.
Igr tlo hovocgpor‘wlg lfs tlo cfreost stfmo bk dubchbke
ngsts‘porlfps tlo agst oontbvo freuaokt igr ofrcy ngc-
cfdgrftbgk bs vfcuo okebkoorbke. Fk oxnoccokt oxfapco bs gur
igukhftbgk hosbek igr Grbkhf Nbty Lfcc. Zrbgr tg tlo hosbek
plfso, f vfcuo-okebkoorbke wgrmslgp bkvgcvbke tlo prg`ont
frnlbtont, okebkoors, ngktrfntgrs, fkh ngst ngksuctfkts wfs
ngkvokoh, hurbke wlbnl Xbppbke Afr rovbowoh tlo eogtonl-
kbnfc nlfrfntorbstbns gi tlo sbto wbtl tlo oktbro h osbek tofa.
_sbke tlo bkigraftbgk eftloroh irga tlbs rovbow, Xbppbke
Afr wfs fdco tg trfho g fagke hborokt typos gi igukhf-
tbgks tg fnngukt igr sbto vfrbftbgk. F tfbcgroh hosbek sbekbst-
nfktcy rohunoh ngkstruntbgk tbao fkh ngst, rosuctbke bk f
sfvbke gi agro tlfk $6::,:::.
F ^R^XOA^ FZZTGFNL Xg agro tlgrguelcy fhhross
tlo koohs gi gur ncbokts, Xbppbke Afr lfs hovocgpoh f kow
aotlgh gi qufktbiybke hosbek pfrfaotors. Bk gur wgrm gk
tlo Erook Hgra ft ^tfkigrh _kbvorsbty, wo bhoktbstoh gur
ncbokt‒s sponbstn pfrfaotors, wlbnl spfkkoh bkbtbfc ngst tg
rosofrnl vfcuo tg N:4 bapfnts, wobeltbke ofnl fnngrhbke tg
bts bapgrtfkno. _sbke tlft bkigraftbgk, tlo hosbek tofa tg-
eotlor hovocgpoh f dubchbke-systoas aftrbx, bk wlbnl tlroo
hborokt strunturfc aftorbfcs‘stooc, ngknroto, fkh wggh‘
woro ovfcuftoh. Xlo systoa slgwoh tlft stooc wfs gur dost
gptbgk, wbtl wggh irfabke fs tlo songkh nlgbno. Fs f rosuct,
f stooc dubchbke fkh f wggh-irfaoh dubchbke woro socontoh
egbke bktg hosbek. Xlo systoa fccgwoh tlo hosbek tofa tg
socont tlo agst fpprgprbfto vortbnfc fkh cftorfc systoas
dfsoh gk ngsts gvor tbao, fs wocc fs gk bkbtbfc ngst. Uo kgw
oapcgy sbabcfr aftrbnos tg hotorabko tlo dost sgcutbgks
fkh eroftost vfcuo igr gur ncbokts‒ prg`onts.
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TO^OFTNL^trunturfc hosbek bs f nroftbvo frt. Ft Xbppbke Afr, wo oaplfsbzo nroftbvbty bk gur hosbek wgrm fkh
rosofrnl. Uo lfvo pudcbsloh frtbncos fkh pftoktoh strunturfc systoas= wo lfvo wgk fwfrhs irga
gur poors. Gi eroftost bapgrtfkno, lgwovor, bs tlft gur ncbokts' prg`onts efbk fk fhhoh hbaoksbgk
irga gur bkkgvftbgk fkh irosl porspontbvos.
Uo lfvo f lbstgry gi prgvok porigrafkno bk tlo strunturfc ho-
sbek gi dubchbkes wbtl ngapcox iukntbgkfc nlfccokeos, bkncuh-
bke prbvfto, bkstbtutbgkfc, stfto, fkh iohorfc ifnbcbtbos. Bk gur
hosbeks, wo low tg tlo cftost eubhocbkos igr tlo sobsabn ovfcu-
ftbgk fkh hosbek gi dubchbkes fkh fro wocc vorsoh bk f vfrboty
gi bkstbtutbgkfc sobsabn sfioty nrbtorbf. Uo lfvo pftoktoh tlo
^afrt Irfao fkh gtlor bkkgvftbvo sobsabn sgcutbgks. Uo
lfvo hovocgpoh, tostoh, fkh bkstbtutoh tlo uso gi ng rrueftoh
sloot-stooc slofr wfccs, usbke kgkprgprbotfry, g-tlo-sloci
ngapgkokts, igr fhvfknoh sobsabn porigrafkno bk ayrbfh
fppcbnftbgks. Uo lfvo pbgkooroh erook dubchbke sgcutbgks,
wlbnl bkncuho rosgurno-onbokt irfabke fkh tlo uso gi cgw-
noaokt ngknroto.
Xlgueltiuc hosbek nfk lfvo f sbekbstnfkt bapfnt gk tlo ngst
fkh utbcbty gi f dubchbke gvor bts cbiotbao. Uo fro hohbnftoh tgstkhbke tlo agst oontbvo, prfntbnfc sgcutbgks fkh igccgwbke
tlrguel gk tloso sgcutbgks irga ngknopt tg ngkstruntbgk.
^lfmo-tfdco tostbke ft _N ̂ fk Hboeg
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FUFTH^
Nfrqubkoz ̂ okbgr Fpfrtaokts
Tbnlagkh, NF
4:64 ^OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke Fwfrh gi Aorbt0 ^ustfbk-
fdco Hosbek
4:66 KN^OF Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc Ok-
ebkoorbke Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno0 Totrgstt
| Tolfdbcbtftbgk
Xlo Hfvbh Drgwor Noktor
Dormocoy, NF
4:6: ^OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno0 ^us-
tfbkfdco Hosbek
4:6: ^OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno0 ^us-
tfbkfdco Hosbek
4::2 _^EDN Erook Dubchbke ^upor Lo-
rgos Fwfrhs, Erook Xofa Fwfrh
4::< Faorbnfk Ngknroto Bkstbtuto ( FNB )Ngkstruntbgk Fwfrh, Erook/Okvbrgk-
aoktfc Zrg`onts
Ngrrueftoh ^loot-^tooc ^lofr Ufcc
Tosofrnl
4::2 ^OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno0 ^tuhy |
Tosofrnl | Eubhocbkos
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Hguelorty Yfccoy Lbel ^nlggc
^fk Tfagk, NF
4::5 Nfcbigrkbf Ngkstruntbgk afefzbko
(AnErfw-Lbcc Ngkstruntbgk), Dost gi
Nfcbigrkbf Ngkstruntbgk Fwfrh
Grbkhf Nbty Gnos
Grbkhf, NF
4::5 ^OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, ^afcc Zrg`ont Oxnoccokno
Fwfrh
4::9 KN^OF Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc Ok-
ebkoorbke, Gutstfkhbke Zrg`ont Fwfrh
4::9 ̂ OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno0 Dost
_so gi Kow Xonlkgcgey bk Kow Ngk-
struntbgk
4
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FUFTH^
Plfke Dob ̂ nlggc fkh Auctbpco
Lgusbke Zrg`onts
Lobcgke`bfke Zrgvbkno, Nlbkf
4::9 ^OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno0 ^po-
nbfc _so ̂ trunturos
4::9 ^OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc Ok-
ebkoorbke, Nortbstnfto gi Aorbt0 ̂ ponbfc
Tongekbtbgk
4::? Dubchbke fkh ̂ gnbfc Lgusbke Iguk-
hftbgk‒s Ugrch Lfdbtft Hfy, Ugrch
Lfdbtft Fwfrh
Cgu Lfrrbsgk Tosbhokno
@gsluf Xroo, NF
4::4 ^OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
B. Afekbk Dubchbke
Gfmcfkh, NF
4::6 KN^OF Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc Ok-
ebkoorbke, Gutstfkhbke Zrg`ont Fwfrh
4::6 ^OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
4::6 ^OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
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^tfkigrh Osngkhbhg Ybccfeo
Zfcg Fctg, NF
4::: ̂ OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
4::: ̂ OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
Zfnbstn Zcfno
^fk Irfknbsng, NF
4::: Faorbnfk Bkstbtuto gi ^tooc Ngk-
struntbgk Okebkoorbke Fwfrhs gi Oxnoc-
cokno, Kftbgkfc Ubkkor
6222 KN^OF Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Dost ^trunturo Fwfrh
622< ^OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
622< ^OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, L.@. Drukkbor Fwfrh
igr Oxnoccokno bk Hosbek (prosoktoh tg
Hfvbh Afr)
Xlo Cfkhafrm ft Gko Afrmot ^t
^fk Irfknbsng, NF
6222 ^OFGN Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
6222 ̂ OFGKN Oxnoccokno bk ̂ trunturfc
Okebkoorbke, Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno
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Doygkh dobke tonlkbnfccy suporbgr, Xbppbke Afr bs ngksnboktbgus
gi tlo prgerfaaftbn koohs gi dubchbkes fkh oxtroaocy nroftbvo bk
stkhbke ongkgabnfc sgcutbgks tg ngapcox prgdcoas. Xlobr nroftbvbty
fkh ongkgabnfc fpprgfnl lfvo dook bktoerfc tg kuaorgus
sunnossiuc prgerfas igr XAE Zfrtkors. Uo ngksbhor tloa tg do gko
gi gur dost rocftbgkslbps.
AFX X IBOCH | AFK FE BK E HBTONX GT | X AE Z FTX K OT^
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TOKGYFXBGK^ & TOX TGIBX^
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_N Dormocoy‒s Eroom Lofrst Xloftro DOTMOCOR, NF
Gko gi @glk Efcok Lgwfrh‒s agst bngkbn dubchbkes gk tlo
nfapus, tlo Eroom Xloftro bs gk tlo Kftbgkfc Toebstor
gi Lbstgrbn Zcfnos fkh bs f Nfcbigrkbf Lbstgrbn Cfkhafrm.Xbppbke Afr koohoh tg sftbsiy _N Dormocoy Nfpbtfc Zrg`ont‒s
ngkstruntbgk duheot, tlo ^obsabn Tovbow Ngaabttoo‒s por-
igrafkno roqubroaokts, fkh f ngkstruntbgk snlohuco dubct
frgukh tlo sofsgkfc koohs gi NfcZorigrafknos fkh tlo
_kbvorsbty‒s ngaaoknoaokt noroagkbos.
Xlo sobsabn rotrgstt hosbek bs f snloao ngapcotocy lbhhok
wbtlbk tlo vgbhs gi tlo ngcgkkfho strunturo, bk moopbke wbtl
tlo roqubroaokts tg prgtont tlo lbstgrbn ifdrbn. Bk grhor tg
abkbabzo ngkstruntfdbcbty rbsms, Xbppbke Afr‘wgrmbke wbtl
Nfpbtfc Zrg`ont‒s ngkstruntbgk afkfeor fkh tlo prg`ont fr-
nlbtont‘ngkhuntoh fk oxtoksbvo bkvostbeftbgk gi tlo oxbstbke
strunturo. Xlbs bkncuhoh prgtgtypo ngrbke gi gko gi tlo ngc-
uaks wbtlbk tlo ngcgkkfho. Iurtlor, hurbke tlo iofsbdbcbty
stuhy, wo wgrmoh wbtl Ybcf Ngkstruntbgk tg hgnuaokt tlo
prgnoss fkh spooh gi ngrbke tg oksuro tlft tlo prgpgsoh hosbek
wfs subtfdco fkh rofsgkfdco gk tlo dfsbs gi ngkstruntfdbcbty
rbsm, fkh hovocgpoh f hosbek fpprgfnl ngvorbke sobsabn dubch-
bke baprgvoaokts fkh uperfhos tg tlo oxbstbke cbio-sfioty,aonlfkbnfc, ocontrbnfc, pcuadbke, fkh oxbt/fnnoss systoas.
Xbppbke Afr lfh hovocgpoh fk frrfy gi sobsabn rotrgstt ngk-
nopts igr tlo tloftor, wlbnl wfs rftoh –vory pggr‑ bk tlo
_kbvorsbty‒s ^FIOT rftbke systoa. _sbke gkcbko hosbek ngc-
cfdgrftbgk tggcs, wo rostkoh rotrgstt ngknopts wbtl rofc-tbao
bkput irga _kbvorsbty porsgkkoc fkh lbstgrbn prosorvf-
tbgk sponbfcbsts fkh socontoh twg ngknopts igr iurtlor stuhy.
Nroftbgk gi tlroo-hbaoksbgkfc aghocs bk Eggeco ^motnl_p
locpoh fssoss tlo vbsufc bapfnt gi fk oxpgsoh rotrgstt fkh
locpoh bhoktbiy ngkstruntfdbcbty nlfccokeos igr f ngapcotocy
ngknofcoh rotrgstt. Gur stuhy fcsg bkncuhoh f rovbow gi lbs-
tgrbn hgnuaokts irga _kbvorsbty frnlbvos, strunturfc gdsor-
vftbgk gk sbto, kgkcbkofr rospgkso fkfcysbs, prghuntbgk gi fk
bccustrftoh ropgrt tfreotoh tgwfrh _kbvorsbty honbsbgk-afm-
ors, fkh suppgrt gi ngk struntbgk ngst ostbaftbgk.
Frnlbtont0 Nghy Fkhorsgk Ufskoy Ngktrfntgr0 Gvorff Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor0 _kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Dormocoy
^bzo0 95,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $?.9 abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:64
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4?
Zfnbstn Zcfno ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
Frnlbtont0 EokscorNgktrfntgr0 Zcfkt Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 Zfnbstn Tosgurnos Ergup
^bzo0 44?,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $?> abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:::
Xlo egfc gi tlbs prg`ont wfs tg rokgvfto fkh roprgerfa tlo
lbstgrbn Zfnbstn _kbgk Dubchbke tg fnngaaghfto twg vory
hborokt usos, tlo Gch Kfvy fflfeslbp stgro gk tlo cgwor stvostgrbos fkh tlo cuxury Zfcgafr Lgtoc gk tlo uppor stvo. Xlo
afkhfto tg nrofto gpok spfno subtfdco igr rotfbc konossb-
tftoh tlo roagvfc gi
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Xlo Cfkhafrm ft Gko Afrmot ^troot ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
HOXFBC GI NGTO TOBKIGTNOAOKX
Tobkigrnoaokt X-LgghNgkstkoaoktNrgss Xbos
Xypbnfc Lgrbzgktfc Tobkigrnoaokt
Ngrkor NgkstkoaoktLfbrpbk Tobkigrnoaokt
NgroUfcc
Xypbnfc Ngkstkoaokt Tobkigrnbke
Hbfegkfc Dfr FknlgrfeoNgkstkoaokt
XypbnfcLgrbzgktfcTobkigrnoaokt
Hbfegkfc Ngupcbke DofaTobkigrnoaokt
Xypbnfc Yortbnfc TobkigrnoaoktNgupcbke Dofa
Xlbs lbstgrbn, ocovok-stgry, 84:,::: si dubchbke gkno sorvoh
fs tlo lofhqufrtors igr tlo ^gutlork Zfnbstn Tfbcrgfh
Ngapfky. Xlo cfreo-snfco frnlbtonturfc fkh strunturfc rokg- vftbgk bkncuhoh tlo fhhbtbgk gi sbekbstnfkt kow fflggr spfno.
Ngkstruntoh bk 6265 gk f igukhftbgk gi tbadors hrbvok bktg
hoop hopgsbts gi dfy auh, bts strunturo ngksbsts gi f vbktfeo
rbvotoh stooc irfao wbtl bkstcc afsgkry ifåfho wfccs. Xlo
grbebkfc hosbek prgvbhoh cbttco bk tlo wfy gi cftorfc drfnbke,
fkh tlo rotrgstt snloao koohoh tg fhhross f vfrboty gi nlfc-
cokeos, bkncuhbke pggr sgbc ngkhbtbgks, cbabtoh fnnoss igr
ngkstruntbgk, lbstgrbn prosorvftbgk, fkh spfno pcfkkbke.
Xlo hosbek tofa fhhoh twg >>-iggt-squfro, 6?:-iggt-tfcc,
lgccgw ngknroto nfktbcovor tgwors fkh twg sgcbh ngknroto
slofr wfccs tg prgvbho stroketl, stbkoss, fkh tguelkoss.Xlo lgccgw ngknroto tgwors fkh tlobr igukhftbgks woro ngk-
struntoh ngapcotocy wbtlbk tlo bktorbgr spfnos gi tlo strun-
turo fkh fro sofacosscy bktoerftoh wbtl tlo oxbstbke dubchbke.
Xlo sgcutbgk bknrofsoh usfdco squfro iggtfeo, fvgbhoh ox-
pgsoh drfnbke, fkh fnngaaghftoh tlo kow aonlfkbnfc sys-
toas. Xlo hosbek fnnguktoh igr sgbc-strunturo bktorfntbgk
wbtl f igukhftbgk gi pgst-toksbgkoh hrbccoh pbors, wlbnl fro
fs hoop fs tlo dubchbke bs tfcc.
Frnlbtont0 AnNcusmoy & FssgnbftosNgktrfntgr0 Zcfkt Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 XAE Zfrtkors
^bzo0 84:,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $?: abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:::
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Xlo B. Afekbk Dubchbke GFMCFKH, NF
Frnlbtont0 Bdsok ^okty FrnlbtonturoNgktrfntgr0 Uostigur Ngrpgrftbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 ^TA Fssgnbftos
^bzo0 98,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $6.5 abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:::
Xlo B. Afekbk prg`ont wfs f sobsabn rotrgstt gi f lbstgrbn
igur-stgry stooc-irfaoh dubchbke usbke prgppoh slofr wfccs.
Xlo cfttor fccgwoh tlo gwkor tg prosorvo tlo Frt Hong torrf-ngttf-fkh-stgko ifåfho wlbco rotfbkbke afxbaua gpok
fflggr spfno. Xlo systoa ngksbsts gi f tfcc, scokhor ngknroto
slofr wfcc prgppoh kofr tlo tgp wbtl auctbstgry hbfegkfc
stooc drfnos. Hurbke cfreo ofrtlqufmos, tlo scgttoh, dgctoh
irbntbgk ngkkontbgks gi tlo stooc prgps, fcgke wbtl ffloxurfc
ybochbke ft tlo dfso gi tlo slofr wfcc, prgvbho sobsabn-okorey
hbssbpftbke aonlfkbsas. Xlbs systoa nroftos f lbel-porigr-
afkno cftorfc systoa tlft bs coss oxpoksbvo fkh coss frnlbton-turfccy bktrusbvo tlfk obtlor stooc drfnoh irfaos g r ngknroto
slofr wfccs fntbke fcgko. Aghork ^tooc Ngkstruntbgk afef-
zbko hgnuaoktoh tlo rotrgstt bk tlo frtbnco –Zrgppoh ^lofr
Ufccs0 Ngadbkbke ^tooc Drfnos fkh Ngknroto l̂ofr Ufccs igr
^obsabn ̂ troketlokbke gi Oxbstbke Dubchbkes.‑
irfao wbtl sgit stgry wfcc ngrronts sgit stgry
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
32/113
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
33/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
34/113
>4
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
35/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
36/113
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
37/113
>?
Frnlbtont0 Bdsok/^okty FrnlbtonturoNgktrfntgr0 Zcfkt Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 ^TA Fssgnbftos
^bzo0 68
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
38/113
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
39/113
>5
6::: Yfk Koss Fvokuo ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
Xlbs lbstgrbn dubchbke gk Futg Tgw bk ^fk Irfknbsng wfs
sobsabnfccy rokgvftoh fkh f kow stooc irfaoh strunturo
fhhoh fdgvo f kow sovok-covoc, docgw-erfho pfrmbke efrfeo.
Xlo 8?:,::: si prg`ont bkncuhos stity rosbhoktbfc ukbts, twocvo
agvbo fuhbtgrbuas, sovorfc rostfurfkts, rotfbc stgros, fkh f
lofctl ncud. Xg abkbabzo tlo hbsruptbgk gi usfdco spfno dy
ngknroto slofr wfccs, bk-scfd ngccontgrs woro dubct tg hbront
sobsabn igrnos irga tlo gch dubchbke tg tlo kow stooc irfao.
Xlo igukhftbgk gi tlo prg`ont bs gko gi tlo strst oxfapcos gi
abnrgpbco tonlkgcgey bk ^fk Irfknbsng.
Ft tlo cfst abkuto, bkngabke tokfkt Nruknl Ibtkoss Noktor
roquostoh f cfreo gpokbke do afho tlrguel f `ust-nga-
pcotoh trfksvorso slofr wfcc tg fhh frnlbtonturfc hrfaf
tg tlobr spfno. Uo fnngaaghftoh tlobr roquost dy fhhbke
slgtnroto robkigrnoaokt frgukh tlo kow gpokbke.
Frnlbtonts0 Iboch Zfgcb Frnlbtonts (dfso dubchbke), Hfvbh Dfmor fkh Zfrtkors (rosbhoktbfc)
Ngktrfntgr0 HZT Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpors0 XAE Zfrtkors, Lgccbhfy Hovocgpaokt, Durklfa Zfnbstn
^bzo0 ?4,::: esi
Ngapcotoh0 6225
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
40/113
Xbppbke Afr‒s afstory gi tlo tonlkbnfc fsponts gi tlobr trfho bs
gdvbgus bk ovorytlbke tloy hg, dut tlo frtiuckoss wbtl wlbnl tloy
uso tlobr snbokno bs wlft bs trucy roafrmfdco. Xloy‒vo locpoh us tg
soo tlo frt bk tlobr snbokno, ̀ uhbnbguscy puslbke tlo dgukhfrbos giokebkoorbke tg locp fnlbovo gur prg`ont fkh abssbgk egfcs. Xlobr
nroftbvbty, tlgueltiuckoss, fkh ukhorstfkhbke gi tlo prfntbnfcbtbos
gi gur dusbkoss fro aftnloh dy tlobr prgiossbgkfcbsa fkh hbcbeokt
igccgw tlrguel‘irga hosbek tlrguel ngkstruntbgk. Igr us,
Xbppbke Afr bs kgt f ngksuctfkt, tloy fro f pfrtkor.
X GA OFTCOR | HBTONX GT GI HOYOCGZ AOK X | DTBHE O LG_^ BK E
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
41/113
KOU NGK^XT_NXBGK
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
42/113
8:
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
43/113
86
Yfk Koss Aohbnfc Gno Dubchbke ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
Xlo Yfk Koss Aohbnfc Gno Dubchbke bs f iuccy rofcbzoh Cofk
fkh BZH hosbek fkh ngkstruntbgk prg`ont. Xbppbke Afr cofhs
tlo strunturfc ncustor ergup, f nrbtbnfc ngapgkokt bk tlo
gvorfcc hosbek-ngkstruntbgk tofa. Xlbs ncustor ngaprbsos
tlo frnlbtont, tlo stooc ifdrbnftgr, tlo rodfr ifdrbnftgr, fkh
tlo eokorfc ngktrfntgr.
Gur fdbcbty ft wlgco-prg`ont –soobke‑ wfs prgvok wlok wo
rongekbzoh tlo fflfw bk ^uttor Lofctl‒s sobsabn-hosbek ro-
qubroaokts igr tlo dubchbke. Xlo fh`fnokt Nftlohrfc Lbcc
Lgspbtfc wfs afkhftoh tg aoot Baaohbfto-Gnnupfkny
sobsabn porigrafkno stfkhfrhs= bt bs aofkt tg afbktfbk iucc
iukntbgkfcbty fitor f af`gr ofrtlqufmo. Bk tlft tlo iukn-
tbgk gi tlo suppgrtbke AGD bs coss nrbtbnfc, bt wfs hooaoh
dy ^uttor tg roqubro tlo porigrafkno nfpfdbcbty gi gkcy f
ngkvoktbgkfc dubchbke0 tlo dubchbke wguch pgtoktbfccy sus-
tfbk frnlbtonturfc fkh strunturfc hfafeo hurbke f af`gr
sobsabn ovokt. Bt nguch tlorody do –yoccgw tfeeoh‑ fkh cgso
iukntbgkfcbty hurbke tlo ropfbr prgnoss. Xbppbke Afr rofc-
bzoh tlft YKAGD‒s sovok covocs gi docgw-erfho pfrmbke woro
hosbekoh tg do tlo tgtfc sgurno gi pfrmbke igr tlo lgspbtfc
fkh wguch do bkfnnossbdco bi tlo AGD woro hfafeoh. Uo
tloroigro nlfccokeoh gursocvos‘fkh sunnoohoh‘tg hosbek
f sobsabn systoa usbke soci-noktorbke slofr wfccs tlft aot
tlo Baaohbfto-Gnnupfkny porigrafkno stfkhfrhs wbtlbk
tlo duheot rostrfbkts gi f ngkvoktbgkfc hosbek. Kgt gkcy hbh
gur sobsabn sgcutbgk rosuct bk ngkstruntbgk ngst sfvbkes, dut
bt fcsg fnlbovoh dottor hrbit porigrafkno tlfk tlo lgspbtfc ft
f aunl cgwor ngst.
Xbppbke Afr hosbekoh usbke Xomcf ^trunturos bk nggrhbkf-
tbgk wbtl tlo stooc ifdrbnftgr Lorrbnm fkh rodfr ifdrbnftgr
Lfrrbs ^fcbkfs. Xlbs bktoerftoh hosbek-ngkstruntbgk fp-
prgfnl wfs tfmok dy tlo tofa tg fccgw sofacoss ngkvorsbgk
gi strunturfc ngkstruntbgk hgnuaokts tg ifdrbnftbgk hrfw-
bkes. Uo fcsg hovocgpoh systoas tg okfdco tlo prfntbno gi
pfporcoss sudabttfc rovbows fkh rofc-tbao ifno-tg-ifno ro-
vbows dotwook tlo okebkoor fkh tlo hotfbcors.
Frnlbtont0 Dguchor FssgnbftosGwkor0 ^uttor Lofctl/NZAN
Eokorfc Ngktrfntgr0 Zfkmgw Dubchors
^bzo0 ?::,5:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $68: abccbgk
Zrg`ontoh ngapcotbgk0 4:68
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
44/113
84
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
45/113
8>
Frnlbtont0 MAH Frnlbtonts | ^tovoks fkh Fssgnbftos FrnlbtontsNgktrfntgr0 Uodngr Dubchors
Gwkor0 Nbty gi ^fk Irfknbsng | HZU
^bzo0 455,?:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $68: abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:64
^fk Irfknbsng Zudcbn _tbcbtbos Ngaabssbgk Lofhqufrtors ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
Xlo kow ^IZ_N lofhqufrtors bs sfbh tg do gko gi tlo erook-
ost gno dubchbkes bk Kgrtl Faorbnf, ngapcoto wbtl wbkh
turdbkos, sgcfr pfkocs, fkh f Cbvbke Afnlbko tlft ronyncos
wfstowftor. Xlo cftorfc systoa wfs grbebkfccy hosbekoh fs
f twocvo-stgry dfso-bsgcftoh dubchbke tlft wguch do baao-
hbftocy rognnupbfdco fitor f cfreo ofrtlqufmo, tlok rosho-
sbekoh fs f agro ongkgabnfc stooc-irfaoh strunturo wbtl
vbsngus hfapors. Fs tlo songkh hosbek wfs stbcc stkfknbfccy
bkiofsbdco, bk 4::< Uodngr Dubchors fsmoh Xbppbke Afr tg
rohosbek tlo dubchbke bk ngknroto.
Bk rohosbekbke tlo ^IZ_N lofhqufrtors bk ngknroto, Xbppbke
Afr bapcoaoktoh gur cftost btorftbgk bk f sorbos gi –soci-
noktorbke‑ wfccs, aootbke tlo porigrafkno afkhfto. Bk fh-
hbtbgk, tlo hosbek sgcutbgk0
• fccgwoh tlo fhhbtbgk gi f tlbrtooktl stgry dy rohunbke
tlo fflggr-tg-nobcbke lobelts. Xlo fhhbtbgkfc stgry aofks
lbelor hoksbty‘f sustfbkfdbcbty egfc, kgt tg aoktbgk tlo
ongkgabn bapcbnftbgks gi eroftor usfdco rofc ostfto=
• irga fk oadghboh-okorey stfkhpgbkt, honrofsoh tlo prg`-
ont‒s nfrdgk iggtprbkt dy 5.8 abccbgk pgukhs gi nfrdgk hb-
gxbho oabssbgks bk ngapfrbsgk tg ngkvoktbgkfc ngknroto
abxos. Xbppbke Afr wgrmoh wbtl Noktrfc Ngknroto tg
hosbek sbx hborokt cgw-noaokt ngknroto abxos igr tlo
prg`ont. Bk tloso abxos, Zgrtcfkh-noaokt ropcfnoaokts
rfkeoh irga 8: tg 5: pornokt, wbtl scfe fkh ffly fsl fs
tlo erook noaoktbtbgus ropcfnoaokt aftorbfcs. (Xbppbke
Afr‒s sponbfc ngknroto abx hosbeks lfvo ofrkoh COOH bk-
kgvftbgk nrohbts gk sovorfc prg`onts.)
• sfvoh tlo prg`ont $? abccbgk bk hbront fkh bkhbront strun-
turfc ngsts, pcus $> abccbgk bk hgwkstrofa ngsts fkh $66
abccbgk gk smbk, f tgtfc sfvbke gi $62 abccbgk, fs hosnrbdoh
bk –Xoksbgkbke Ofsos ^tross,‑ tlo iofturo frtbnco bk
Okebkoorbke Kows Tongrh ‒s Iodrufry 4:, 4:64 bssuo.
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
46/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
47/113
8?
Egchok Efto Drbheo Zfvbcbgk ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
Xlo >,?:: si proifdrbnftoh vbsbtgr‒s noktor bs cgnftoh docgw
tlo tgcc pcfzf gk tlo ^fk Irfknbsng sbho gi tlo Egchok Efto
Drbheo. Bt iukntbgks fs f wocngabke noktor, aoagrfdbcbf
stgro, fkh bktorprotbvo oxlbdbt spfno= bt fcsg gors grboktf-
tbgk fkh bkigraftbgk sorvbnos.
Xlo drbelt Bktorkftbgkfc Grfkeo dubchbke, dubct bk lgkgr
gi tlo 5?tl fkkbvorsfry gi tlo drbheo, bs f hbstbkntbvo gko-
stgry stooc strunturo wbtl f pgp-up ncorostgry ft tlo rggi
covoc. Ifdrbnftoh g-sbto fkh fssoadcoh ft ^trfuss Zcfzf, bt
bs ngapgsoh gi stfkhfrhbzoh strunturfc ocoaokts, wfcc pfk-
ocs, fkh ecfzbke ukbts. Xlrguel oxtoksbvo wgrmbke sossbgks
wbtl Zrg`ont Irge, Xbppbke Afr wfs fdco tg gptbabzo tlbs
stooc-irfaoh strunturo rosuctbke bk ngkstruntbgk ngst sfv-
bkes, usbke fcc dgctoh ngkkontbgks igr ofso gi ngkstruntbgk
fkh ropoftfdbcbty igr iuturo prg`onts.
Frnlbtont0 @oksok Frnlbtonts
Zroifdrbnftbgk0 Zrg`ont IrgeNgktrfntgr0 Ibslor Hovocgpaokt Bkn.
Gwkor0 EED Lbelwfy fkh Xrfkspgrtftbgk Hbstrbnt
^bzo0 >,?:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $6 abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:64
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
48/113
89
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
49/113
85
Frnlbtont0 ^boeoc fkh ^trfbk FrnlbtontsNgktrfntgr0 Tfcpl Cfrsok fkh ^gks
Gwkor0 Nbty gi Grbkhf
^bzo0 68,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $< abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4::5
Fs tlo noktor gi tlbs aukbnbpfc egvorkaokt‒s gporftbgks, bk-
ncuhbke tlo pgcbno hopfrtaokt fkh gtlor bapgrtfkt sorvbnos,
Grbkhf Nbty Lfcc lfh tg iucstcc ossoktbfc-uso ifnbcbty hosbek
nrbtorbf fkh, fs sunl, prgvbhoh f ukbquo gppgrtukbty tg fh-
vfkno dgtl sustfbkfdco fkh sobsabn hosbek.
Xlo strunturfc systoa bs f lydrbh gi wggh fkh stooc irfa-
bke. ^obsabn cgfhs fro rosbstoh dy rgnmbke drfnoh irfaos
tlft roprosokt tlo cftost eokorftbgk gi rostgrftbvo systoas.
Hurbke aghorftocy bktokso ofrtlqufmos, wlbnl gnnur gnnf-
sbgkfccy, tloso irfaos roafbk rbebh, prgtontbke frnlbtonturfc
ocoaokts irga hfafeo. Hurbke cfreo fkh rfro ofrtlqufmos,
tlo irfaos nfk rgnm fs f rbebh dghy rftlor tlfk dunmco drfnos
fs tloy hg bk ngkvoktbgkfc hosbeks. Yortbnfc pgst-toksbgkoh
nfdcos prgvbho rostgrbke igrnos fkh rofcbek tlo strunturo,
wlbco iusbdco ocoaokts ft tlo dfsos gi tlo irfaos fdsgrd sobs-
abn okorey. Xlo strunturfc iusos fro cgw-ngst stooc fkecos
tlft nfk tlok do ukdgctoh fkh ropcfnoh fitor ybochbke, tlus
prosorvbke tlo usoiuc cbio gi tlo dubchbke.
Bk fhhbtbgk tg afmbke tlo dubchbke sfior, tlbs fhvfknoh
strunturfc systoa bs fcsg agro sustfbkfdco. Hosbekbke igr
sobsabn hurfdbcbty nfk rohuno hfafeo pgtoktbfc fkh ropfbr
ngst gvor tlo cbio gi tlo dubchbke. Iurtloragro, ?: pornokt
gi tlo noaokt bk tlo ngknroto wfs ropcfnoh wbtl scfe (fk bk-
hustrbfc wfsto prghunt), tlorody hrfaftbnfccy rohunbke tlo
dubchbke‒s nfrdgk iggtprbkt. Xlo prg`ont ronobvoh COOH Egch
nortbstnftbgk irga tlo _^EDN, wlbnl bkncuhoh twg strunturfc
bkkgvftbgk nrohbts igr tlo cgw-noaokt ngknroto fkh igr tlo
dubchbke‒s ronoktorbke nfpfdbcbty.
Grbkhf Nbty Lfcc GTBKHF, NF
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
50/113
8<
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
51/113
82
Frnlbtont0 ^gcgagk OXNNgktrfntgr0 Nflbcc Ngktrfntgrs
Hovocgpors0 Gxigrh ^t. Hovocgpaokt= Oqubty Ngaa. Dubchors
^bzo0 66:,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $58 abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4::2
Hfvbh Drgwor Noktor | Gxigrh Zcfzf DOTMOCOR, NF
Xlbs abxoh-uso ngapcox cgnftoh bk tlo lofrt gi hgwktgwk
Dormocoy prgvbhos f ukbquo okvbrgkaokt tlft prgagtos
fkh aftorbfcbzos fk feokhf gi okvbrgkaoktfc lofctl, `us-
tbno, fkh fhvgnfny. Xlo Hfvbh Drgwor Noktor, kfaoh igr
tlo ^borrf Ncud‒s strst oxonutbvo hbrontgr, bkngrpgrftos wgrm
fkh eftlorbke spfno0 gnos igr vfrbgus kgkprgstt grefkbzf-
tbgks, f tloftor, f rostfurfkt, fkh ovokt ifnbcbtbos. Xlo fh`f-
nokt Gxigrh Zcfzf gors f lukhroh ukbts gi afrmot-rfto fkh
fgrhfdco lgusbke sot fdgvo rotfbc, iurtlor okrbnlbke tlo
noktor‒s ngaaukbty. Fctlguel wocc sorvoh dy trfksbt, tlo
ngapcox bkncuhos sgao docgw-erfho pfrmbke.
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh, tlo Hfvbh Drgwor Noktor bs f
aghoc gi bktoerftoh sustfbkfdco hosbek. ̂ ustfbkfdco iofturos
bkncuho kfturfc voktbcftbgk= bkngrpgrftbgk gi sgplbstbnftoh,
kfturfc hfy-cbeltbke strftoebos= plgtgvgctfbn pfkocs= fkh
rfbkwftor ngccontbgk. Lbel-scfe ngknroto wfs usoh, ropcfn-
bke noaokt dy 5: pornokt bk tlo igukhftbgks fkh ?: pornokt
bk tlo suporstrunturo. Xlo uso gi scfe, fk bkhustrbfc dy-prgh-
unt, rohunos tlo oadghboh okorey fkh nfrdgk iggtprbkt gi
tlo dubchbke gk tlo grhor gi 8: pornokt. Xlbs bs tlo strst ^fk
Irfknbsng Dfy Frof prg`ont tg uso lbel-scfe ngknroto gk sunl
f cfreo snfco. (Xbppbke Afr‒s cgw-noaokt ngknroto abx, spo-
nbfccy hosbekoh bk prgerossbvo btorftbgks wbtl tlo ngknroto
suppcbor Lfksok, efrkoroh f COOH bkkgvftbgk nrohbt igr tlo
prg`ont.)
Xlo Drgwor Noktor‒s cftorfc strunturfc systoa rofflonts
Xbppbke Afr‒s plbcgsgply gi bktoerftbke sustfbkfdco hosbek
fkh lbel-porigrafkno okebkoorbke. Xlo systoa usos pgst-
toksbgkbke nfdcos bk ffloxurfc wfccs fkh irfaos tg nrofto f
lbelcy hfafeo-rosbstfkt strunturo. Ulbco ngkvoktbgkfc
robkigrnoh-ngknroto strunturos fro oxpontoh tg yboch fkh
hbspcfno porafkoktcy tlrguel cfreo sobsabn ovokts, tlo
pgst-toksbgkbke nfdcos usoh bk tlo cftorfc systoa fnt fs
sprbkes, fccgwbke tlo dubchbke tg fflox, tlok pucc dfnm tg bts
grbebkfc fcbekaokt. Xlbs ronoktorbke dolfvbgr slguch fc-
cgw tlo Drgwor Noktor tg roafbk usfdco fitor f sbekbstnfkt
ofrtlqufmo, wlorofs f agro typbnfc strunturo wguch roqubro
ngstcy ropfbr.
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
52/113
?:
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
53/113
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
54/113
?4
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
55/113
?>
Frnlbtont0 Cohhy Afytua ̂ tfny FrnlbtontsNgktrfntgr0 @.T. Gdfyfslb Ngrpgrftbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 DTBHEO Lgusbke
^bzo0 6:4,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $8< abccbgk
Ngapcotbgk0 @ucy 4::2
Abssbgk Ufcm (>>: fkh >>? Dorry ^troot) ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
Xlbs bs tlo strst fgrhfdco lgusbke prg`ont bk tlo Abssbgk Dfy
kobeldgrlggh, ngksbstbke gi twg dcgnms gi igur-stgry rosb-
hoktbfc dubchbkes ngaprbsbke 6>6 ukbts. Xlo gko-, twg-, fkh
tlroo-dohrgga ngkhgabkbua lgaos fro fvfbcfdco tg agh-
orfto-bkngao ifabcbos ukhor tlo Ibrst-Xbao Lgaogwkor
prgerfa tlrguel tlo ̂ fk Irfknbsng Tohovocgpaokt Feokny.
Xloy fro ngkstruntoh gi cbelt-efueo aotfc irfabke. Hur-
bke tlo hosbek plfso, Xbppbke Afr aot wbtl tlo aotfc-stuh
irfabke sudngktrfntgr fkh tlo rggi-truss afkuifnturor tg
nggrhbkfto onbokt irfabke hotfbcs. Xlbs fpprgfnl‘fs gp-
pgsoh tg tlo trfhbtbgkfc prfntbno gi vfcuo okebkoorbke fitor
tlo hosbek bs ngapcoto‘rosuctoh bk cgwor dbhs fkh iowor
prgdcoas hurbke ngkstruntbgk. Fcgke wbtl sovorfc provb-
gus cbelt-efueo-stooc prg`onts, Abssbgk Ufcm dgcstors gur
strgke dfnmergukh bk tlbs bknrofsbkecy pgpucfr aotlgh gi
ngkstruntbgk. Xlo prg`ont fnlbovoh COOH ̂ bcvor nortbstnftbgk.
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
56/113
?8
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
57/113
??
Frnlbtont0 ^fbhf fkh ^uccbvfk Hosbek ZfrtkorsNgktrfntgr0 Noktrox Dubchors
Gwkor Hovocgpor0 ^fk @gfqubk Ergup, CCZ
^bzo0 9:,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $6? abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4::<
Xlbs lbel-okh rosbhoktbfc ngapcox bs nlfrfntorbzoh dy spf-
nbgus ukbts wbtl aghork hotfbcbke. Xlo uppor lfci gi tlo
sovok-stgry dubchbke gors eroft vbows gi ^fk Irfknbsng
tg tlo wost, Gfmcfkh tg tlo sgutl, fkh tlo Dormocoy lbccs tg
tlo ofst. Efrfeo spfno ngksuaos tlo af`grbty gi tlo ergukh
fflggr fkh iofturos nfr cbits tg afxbabzo fvfbcfdco pfrmbke.
Xwg ngaaornbfc ukbts wbtl ecfss stgroirgkts ifno ^fk Zfdcg
Fvokuo. Ft tlo songkh fflggr, tlo bktorbgr pgrtbgk gi tlo dubch-
bke stops dfnm igr tlo uppor stgrbos, nroftbke sbekbstnfkt gut-
hggr honm spfno. Xlo gpok fflggr pcfto bs ffloxbdco okguel tg
fnngaaghfto frnlbtonturfc spfno pcfkkbke gi tlo ukbts. Xlo
fflggrs fro typbnfccy obelt-bknl-tlbnm pgst-toksbgkoh ngknroto
scfds, spfkkbke up tg tlbrty ioot fagke ngknroto ngcuaks. Bk
sgao ukbts, tlo nobcbke wbcc do tlo dgttga gi tlo scfd btsoci,
afmbke uso gi tlo tlbk scfd prgstco tlft pgst-toksbgkbke nfk
gor. Agst ngcuaks fro sot dfnm irga tlo ngrkors, fccgw-
bke rosbhokts eroftor fnnoss tg tlo vbows. Xlo cftorfc-igrno
rosbstbke systoa ngaprbsos sbx ngkvoktbgkfc ngknroto slofr
wfccs, cgnftoh tg nggrhbkfto wocc wbtl tlo frnlbtonturfc ho-
sbek. Xloy fro nfpfnbty hosbekoh sg tlft kgkhuntbco ifbcuro
aghos fro ocbabkftoh, honrofsbke tlo rbsm gi cgss gi cbio fkh
strunturfc ngccfpso hurbke fk ofrtlqufmo.
989? ^fk Zfdcg Fvokuo GFMCFKH, NF
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
58/113
?9
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
59/113
?5
Frnlbtont0 Cohhy Afytua ̂ tfny FrnlbtontsNgktrfntgr0 Kbddb Drgtlors Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 Fgrhfdco Lgusbke Fssgnbftos
^bzo0
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
60/113
?<
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
61/113
?2
Bhf D. @fnmsgk Erfhufto Lguso (p. ?9)
Frnlbtont0 Zyftgm Frnlbtonts, Bkn.
Ngktrfntgr0 Gvorff Ngkstruntbgk
^bzo0 85,9:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $66 abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 Fueust 4::4
Nlfkkbke Dgwhbtnl Fpfrtaokts
Frnlbtont0 Zyftgm Frnlbtonts, Bkn.
Ngktrfntgr0 @.T. Gdfyfslb Ngrpgrftbgk^bzo0 54,6:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $65 abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4::8
Gwkor0 _kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Dormocoy
F prg`ont igr tlo _kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, tlo Bhf @fnmsgk
Lguso wfs ngapcotoh gk f ifst-trfnm snlohuco tg aoot f
Ifcc soaostor agvo-bk hfto. Xlo igur-stgry, 85,9:: si wggh-
irfaoh dubchbke bs frrfkeoh frgukh f noktrfc ngurt. Xlbrty
twg-tg-sbx-dohrgga ukbts gor spfno igr 64: erfhufto stu-
hokts. Nortfbk gdstfncos ngapcbnftoh tlo hosbek igr tlbs
prg`ont0 tlo kooh igr ngst-oontbvo lgusbke bk f tbelt urdfk
sottbke fkh tlo prg`ont‒s ncgso prgxbabty tg tlo Lfywfrh
Ifuct. Xloso nlfccokeos pusloh tlo cbabts gi wggh-irfao
ngkstruntbgk. Xg aoot tlo roqubroaokts gi tlo ukbvor-
sbty‒s ^obsabn Tovbow Ngaabttoo, Xbppbke Afr hovocgpoh
f ngst-oontbvo, aonlfkbsa-dfsoh nfpfnbty hosbek igr tlo
strunturo‒s cftorfc systoa. ^tfybke wbtlbk tlo dgukhs gi trf-
hbtbgkfc ngkstruntbgk aotlghs, wo baprgvoh tlo sobsabn
stroketl fkh tguelkoss gi tlo dubchbke dy f ifntgr gi twg.
Xlo Nlfkkbke-Dgwhbtnl hosbek tfmos fhvfktfeo gi afky
gi tlo sunnossiuc strftoebos fkh bkngrpgrftos tlo sfao rbe-
grgus nfpfnbty-dfsoh fpprgfnl tlft Xbppbke Afr oapcgyoh
igr tlo Bhf @fnmsgk Erfhufto Lguso. Xlo slbkeco-ncfh,
54,::: si dubchbke ngaprbsbke stity-sovok fpfrtaokts stops
hgwk irga igur tg tlroo stgrbos tgwfrh tlo stroot, ngapco-
aoktbke tlo snfco fkh nlfrfntor gi tlo fh`fnokt slbkeco-
styco dubchbkes.
Bhf C. @fnmsgk Erfhufto Lguso | Nlfkkbke Dgwhbtnl Fpfrtaokts DOTMOCOR, NF
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
62/113
9:
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
63/113
96
Frnlbtont0 ^X_HBG^ Frnlbtonturo
Ngktrfntgr0 Lukt Ngkstruntbgk Ergup
Gwkor0 _kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Dormocoy
^bzo0
Nfapdocc Lfcc ^obsabn Topcfnoaokt Dubchbke DOTMOCOR, NF
Xlbs prg`ont ngaprbsos f sovok-covoc ngknroto fkh pgst-
toksbgkoh ngknroto dubchbke gk tlo _N Dormocoy nfapus tg
ropcfno tlo gch sobsabnfccy hostnbokt Nfapdocc Lfcc. Cgnftoh
coss tlfk gko mbcgaotor irga tlo Lfywfrh ifuct, tlo kow
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
64/113
94
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
65/113
9>
Xlo nfapus gi tlo ^fnroh Lofrt ^nlggc ngaprbsos f afbk
dubchbke, dubct bk 6
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
66/113
98
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
67/113
9?
Afrbk Nguktry Hfy ^nlggc NGTXO AFHOTF, NF
Igukhoh bk 62?9, Afrbk Nguktry Hfy ^nlggc doefk bk roktoh
nbrnus tokts, wbtl pgrtfdco dftlrggas, wftor dfrrocs, fkh stoch
tocoplgkos. Fk fcc„purpgso rgga, f eyakfsbua, fkh cbdrfry/
fhabkbstrftbgk fkh ausbn-fkh-frt dubchbkes woro ngapcotoh
bk tlo ofrcy sbxtbos. Oxpfksbgk gi tlo frt, ausbn, fkh hrfaf
prgerfas rosuctoh bk ngkstruntbgk gi f Zorigrabke Frts
Noktor bk 62?-fnro nfapus.
Doeuk bk 4::5, tlo auctbplfso afstor pcfk bkncuhoh sbx kow
dubchbkes‘8>,>:: si gi kow ngkstruntbgk‘fkh f sorbos gi
rokgvftbgks. ^top 6, wlbnl bs COOH Egch nortbstoh, bkncuhosf auctbpurpgso rgga fhhbtbgk wbtl sgao cbelt-mbtnlok nf-
pfdbcbty, f kow fhabkbstrftbgk dubchbke, f ifnbcbtbos dubch-
bke, fkh f porigrabke frts fhhbtbgk iofturbke ausbn rggas.
COOH-Zcftbkua nortbstoh ^top 4 ngksbsts gi tlo kot-zorg-
okorey 42,::: si Cofrkbke Tosgurno Noktor wbtl frt stuhbgs,
tonlkgcgey cfds, fkh lbel-porigrafkno ncfssrggas. Xlo ok-
orey prghunoh dy f plgtgvgctfbn sgcfr frrfy wbcc do agro tlfk
tlo Cofrkbke Tosgurno Noktor wbcc ngksuao. Oxnoptbgkfc
hfy cbeltbke, kfturfc voktbcftbgk, fkh lofctly bkhggr fbr qufc-
bty fcc locp nrofto f lbel-porigrafkno cofrkbke okvbrgkaokt
bk suppgrt gi tlo ohunftbgkfc abssbgk gi ANH^.
ANH^ bs NLZ^-nortbstoh, tlo lbelost stfkhfrh igr erook dubch-
bke sponbstn tg snlggcs bk Nfcbigrkbf= bt wgk f 4:64 _^ UgghHosbek Fwfrh bk tlo Erook Dubchbke nftoegry.
Frnlbtont0 OLHH Frnlbtonturo
Ngktrfntgr0 Gcbvor Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor0 Afrbk Nguktry Hfy ^nlggc
^bzo0 8>,>:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $62.> abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:6:
Zlgtgs ngurtosy gi OLHH
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
68/113
99
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
69/113
95
Nlfrtwocc ^nlggc wfs igukhoh bk 62 tg fhvfkno tlo ohu-
nftbgk gi hyscoxbn nlbchrok. Igr tlbs kow ifnbcbty, ngapcotoh
agro tlfk twokty yofrs cftor, Xbppbke Afr fkh tlo frnlb-
tonts, OLHH, wgrmoh tgeotlor tg nrofto f cbvbke cfdgrftgry
tlft wguch bccuabkfto lgw dubchbkes fro fssoadcoh fkh
afmo tlo agst gi tlo snlggc‒s cbabtoh rosgurnos. Xlo dubch-
bke‒s oxpgsoh irfabke rovofcs bts iukhfaoktfc strunturo,
wlbco fhhbtbgkfc aofsuros woro tfmok tg bknrofso afto-
rbfc fkh ngst sfvbkes. Ibko tukbke gi tlo frnlbtonturo fkh
tlo strunturfc aghuco, fkh pronbso hotfbcbke tlrguelgut,
rohunoh dy >: pornokt tlo tgtfc fagukt gi wggh roqubroh.
Xlbs sfvbke fccgwoh igr tlo uso gi I^N-nortbstoh cuador,
wlbnl bs sustfbkfdcy ergwk fkh prghunoh. Ulgccy 5: por-
nokt gi tlo noaokt bk tl o ngknroto wfs ropcfnoh wbtl scfe (f
dy-prghunt gi stooc afmbke), tlus eroftcy rohunbke dgtl tlo
kfturfc rosgurnos usoh fkh tlo dubchbke‒s nfrdgk iggtprbkt.
^trunturfc bksucftoh pfkocs (^BZs) usoh bk tlo rggi iurtlor
rohunoh tlo fagukt gi cuador wlbco prgvbhbke igr lbel bk-
sucftbgk porigrafkno. Tosofrnl igr tlo dubchbke aftorbfcs
wfs suppgrtoh dy f Mroseo Igukhftbgk erfkt. Nlfrtwocc
wfs tlo strst snlggc bk tlo _.^. tg ronobvo f COOH Zcftbkua
nortbstnftbgk.
Nlfrtwocc ^nlggc ^OF^BHO, NF
Frnlbtont0 OLHH Frnlbtonturo
Ngktrfntgr0 Fusgkbg Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 Nlfrtwocc ^nlggc
^bzo0 46,445 esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
70/113
9<
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
71/113
92
Frnlbtont0 Fmgc fkh RgslbbNgkstruntbgk Afkfeor0 Tgoddocok
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 ^fk Tfagk Yfccoy _^H
^bzo0 >>:,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $6>? abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4::5
Hguelorty Yfccoy Lbel ^nlggc bs f eggh slgwnfso igr gur
smbccs fkh nfpfdbcbtbos bk oxpohbtbke f cfreo, ngapcox prg`-
ont tlrguel f rovbow dy tlo Hbvbsbgk gi tlo ^tfto Frnlbtont.
Xlbs $6>? abccbgk prg`ont gi twocvo dubchbkes fkh f hgzok
safccor strunturos bs tlo cfreost pudcbn lbel snlggc prg`ont
bk Nfcbigrkbf iukhoh dy prbvfto hovocgpors. Xlo kow nfapus
bkncuhos pcfybke stochs, f trfnm stfhbua, f swbaabke ifnbcbty,
fkh twocvo af`gr dubchbkes0 f eyakfsbua wbtl cgnmor rggas,
fk fuxbcbfry eyakfsbua, f pggc dubchbke, fk fhuct ohunftbgk
dubchbke, f nfroor tonlkgcgey dubchbke, f cbdrfry/nfiotorbf, f
tloftor, fk fhabkbstrftbgk dubchbke, fkh igur twg-stgry ncfss-
rgga dubchbkes. Xlo afekbtuho gi tlo prg`ont bs rofflontoh bk
tlo kuador gi hosbek hrfwbkes ngapcotoh0 6,:2: tgtfc, wbtl6?2 strunturfc sloots.
Xlo stfto lfh f sorbgus dfnmcge gi prg`onts tg rovbow, sg tlo
prg`ont wfs sbekbstnfktcy dolbkh snlohuco wlok wo ronobvoh
tlo H^F‒s dfnm-nlonm ngaaokts bk ofrcy @fkufry gi 4::9.
Kgrafccy f prg`ont gi tlbs sbzo wguch roqubro tlroo tg sbx
agktls igr tlo okebkoor tg rospgkh tg ngaaokts fkh tlok
uslor tlrguel stkfc H^F fpprgvfc. Dy wgrmbke frgukh tlo
ncgnm, wo woro fdco tg ngapross gur rospgkso tbao hgwk tg
tlroo wooms. Uo woro fcsg fdco tg ngapross tlo oktbro dfnm-
nlonm fpprgvfc prgnoss tg `ust gko agktl, cbeltkbke spooh igr
f prg`ont tlbs cfreo.
Xlo snlggc gpokoh gk tbao bk Fueust 4::5= bt wfs fwfrhoh
f 4::5 Dost gi Nfcbigrkbf Ngkstruntbgk Fwfrh dy NfcbigrkbfNgkstruntbgk afefzbko.
Hguelorty Yfccoy Lbel ^nlggc ^FK TFAGK, NF
Cbd & F t D bchb
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
72/113
5:
Cbdrfry & Frts Dubchbke
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
73/113
56
Cbnm-Ubcaorhbke Lbel ^nlggc ^FK ITFKNB^NG, NF
Frnlbtonts0 Zifu (Xonlkgcgey fkh Hosbek Noktor)
^bzo0 49,9:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $64,:::,:::
Ngapcotoh0 4::>
^AUA (Cbdrfry fkh Frts Dubchbke)
^bzo0 65,56: esiNgkstruntbgk ngst0 $>,9::,:::
Ngapcotoh0 6225
Ngktrfntgr0 Zcfkt Ngkstruntbgk
Gwkor0 Cbnm Ubcaorhbke Lbel ^nlggc
Xlbs bkhopokhokt snlggc sguelt tg dubch twg kow ifnbcb-
tbos tlft wguch iurtlor oklfkno bts fcrofhy hbstbkeubsloh
ngccoeo propfrftgry fkh tonlkbnfc frts nurrbnucf. Xlo twg-
stgry, 65,::: si Cbdrfry fkh Frts dubchbke bs gpok fkh cbelt
stccoh. Oxpgsoh stooc trussos wbtl cfabkftoh tbador tgp
nlgrhs suppgrt tlo rggi, nroftbke f vfst, bktorbgr vgcuao.
Xloy rost gk oxpgsoh stooc ngcuaks ft tlo scgpbke oxtorbgr
wfcc. Xlo Xonlkgcgey fkh Hosbek Noktor, wlbnl lgusos
stuhokt slgps fkh hosbek stuhbgs, iofturos oxpgsoh stooc
irfabke fkh oxpfksbvo stuhbg wbkhgw irgkts tlft gpok
gktg f aofkhorbke, docgw-erfho ngurtyfrh. Xlroo pohos-
trbfk drbheos gvorcggm tlo ngurtyfrh fkh cbkm tlo sgh rggis,
wlbnl hgudco fs ronroftbgk fkh sgnbfc spfnos. Ft tlo nok-
tor gi tlo pfrtbfccy ukhorergukh ngapcox, tlo ecfss slgp‒s
sfwtggtl rggi suppgrts plgtgvgctfbn pfkocs. Fcsg bkncuhoh
woro f kow nfiotorbf dubchbke wbtl oxpgsoh stooc trussos,
f wggh-irfaoh rggi, fkh hrfaftbn twokty-iggt-tfcc wbk-
hgws tlft gvorcggm tlo ngapcox. Xlo strunturfc hosbek gi
tlo cftor dubchbkes ngktrbdutoh tg tlo prg`ont‒s sustfbkfdco
egfcs dy usbke ?: pornokt scfe ngknroto fkh >: pornokt scfe
slgtnroto. Fhhbtbgkfc sustfbkfdco iofturos bkncuho tlo uso
gi ronyncoh aftorbfcs fkh wbkh-eokorftoh pgwor.
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
74/113
54
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
75/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
76/113
58
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
77/113
5?
Frnlbtont0 Iorkfu fkh Lfrtafk
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 Kfpf Yfccoy Ausoua
Ngktrfntgr0 Urbelt Ngktrfntbke, Bkn.
^bzo0 >>,>:: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $2 abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 6225
Xlo Kfpf Yfccoy Ausoua bs hohbnftoh tg prgagtbke tlo nuc-
turfc fkh okvbrgkaoktfc lorbtfeo gi tlo Kfpf Yfccoy. Xlo
nlfkebke oxlbdbts roprosokt f hbvorso rfkeo gi sud`onts irga
stko frts tg lbstgry tg kfturfc snboknos. Xlo 8?,::: si dubch-
bke ngaprbsos twg efccory spfnos, gnos, fkh f ausoua stgro.
Xlo twg-stgry strunturo iofturos f pfrtbfccy ukhorergukh
strst stgry hosbekoh wbtl ngknroto fkh afsgkry wfccs, wbtl f
pgst-toksbgkoh ngknroto scfd ft tlo songkh fflggr. Xlo fdgvo-
ergukh songkh stgry bs dubct prbafrbcy gi wggh wbtl stooc oc-
oaokts. Ofrcy ngccfdgrftbgk wbtl tlo frnlbtonts prghunoh f
dubchbke tlft bkngrpgrftos utbcbty fkh fostlotbn fppofc bk bts
oxpgsoh strunturfc cfkeufeo.
Kfpf Yfccoy Ausoua RG_KXYBCCO, NF
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
78/113
59
Xbppbke Afr bs sbapcy tlo agst nroftbvo okebkoorbke stra wbtl
wlga B lfvo ovor wgrmoh. Xloy hgk‒t `ust –sgcvo tlo prgdcoa,‑ tloy
oxpcgro f rfkeo gi sgcutbgks wbtl ygu tg ukhorstfkh tlo dost stt igr f
pfrtbnucfr prg`ont. Xloy fro eroft ngccfdgrftgrs.
LOK TR ^ BOE OC, IFBF | Z TBK NBZ FC | ^ BOE OC FK H ^ X TFBK FTNLBX ONX ^
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
79/113
55
Gur strftoey bs sbapco. Uo hosbek tg rohuno tlo nfrdgk iggt-
prbkt gi ovory prg`ont dy ngupcbke tlo tlorafc prgportbos gi
strunturo wbtl pfssbvo sgcfr hosbek= hotfbcbke igr cgkeovbty
fkh fhfptfdbcbty= prgtontbke tlo dubchbke tlrguel oklfknoh
sobsabn porigrafkno= fkh uctbaftocy, fvgbhbke ngkstruntbgk
wfsto fkh rohunbke ngsts.
Gur nrohoktbfcs bkncuho afky prg`onts tlft lfvo ronobvoh
nortbstnftbgk, bkncuhbke twocvo COOH Zcftbkua, kbko COOH
Egch, fkh gko Cbvbke Dubchbke. Xloso fnlbovoaokts pfrfccoc
Xbppbke Afr‒s gkegbke rosofrnl fkh ngaabtaokt tg fkf-
cyzo fctorkftbvo, rosgurno-onbokt aftorbfcs `ust oktorbke
tlo afrmotpcfno. Xloso bkncuho strunturfc bksucftoh pfkocs
( ̂ BZs), strfw dfco, rfaaoh ofrtl, dfadgg, rosgurno-onbokt
wggh irfabke, tbador irfao, fkh cgw-noaokt ngknroto. Uo
fro fcsg ngktbkufccy lgkbke gur smbcc bk wgrmbke wbtl vokhgrs
fkh ngktrfntgrs tg hosbek fkh bapcoaokt bkkgvftbvo fp-
prgfnlos fkh aftorbfcs. Xlo Nlfrtwocc ^nlggc bk ̂ ofsbho, NF,
bs f eggh oxfapco0 ^uppgrtoh dy f Mroseo Igukhftbgk erfkt
fkh bk f sorbos gi btorftbgks, wo wgrmoh wbtl tlo ngknroto sup-
pcbor tg hovocgp f abx gi >: pornokt noaokt fkh 5: pornokt
scfe (wfsto irga stooc afmbke). Xlbs fpprgfnl fnlbovoh f kot
NG4
rohuntbgk gi 8? pornokt wbtlgut fhhoh ngst, f sbekbstnfkt
baprgvoaokt gvor tlo 6< pornokt kot rohuntbgk typbnfccy
fnlbovoh wbtl ffly-fsl abxos, wlbnl ngao wbtl f 6: tg 6? por-
nokt ngst proabua fkh ngkstruntfdbcbty prgdcoas, tg dggt.
Xbppbke Afr bs f rongekbzoh cofhor bk sustfbkfdbcbty-grboktoh hosbek, sguelt fitor dy frnlbtonts fkh
dubchbke gwkors wlg slfro gur ngaabtaokt tg rohuno tlo koeftbvo slgrt- fkh cgke-tora bapfnt
gi dubchbke ngkstruntbgk gk tlo okvbrgkaokt. Gur bktoerftoh fpprgfnl aofks tlft sustfbkfdcohosbek bs bklorokt bk gur fkfcysbs gi ovory hosbek prgdcoa fkh fk ossoktbfc pfrt gi ovory sgcutbgk.
^_^XFBKFDCO HO^BEK
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
80/113
5<
^IZ_N LOFHV_FTXOT^
^fk Irfknbsng, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh
ZFNMFTH IG_KHFXBGK LV
Cgs Fctgs, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh (KPO)
^D^T ̂ _^XFBKFDBCBXR XTOOLG_^O
Ecok @ofk, UY
Cbvbke Dubchbke Nlfccokeo tfreot (KPO)
GAOEF NOKXOT IGT
^_^XFBKFDCO CBYBKE
Tlbkodonm, KR Cbvbke Dubchbke nortbstoh | COOH
Zcftbkua nortbstoh (KPO)
OC NOTTBXG TONRNCBKE NOKXOT
Oc Norrbtg, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh (KPO)
XLO HFYBH DTGUOT NOKXOT
Dormocoy, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh
CFKNF^XOT CGIX^
Gfmcfkh, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh (KPO)
AFTBK NG_KXTR HFR ^NLGGC,
^XOZ 4
Ngrto Afhorf, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh
ABNLFOC @. LGAOT ^NBOKNO FKH
^X_HOKX CBIO NXT
Ftlortgk, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh (KPO)
NLFTXUOCC ̂ NLGGC
^ofsbho, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh
^AFTX^ZFNO ^GAF | >< LFTTBOX
^fk Irfknbsng, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh (KPO)
^XFXBGK NXT IFABCR LG_^BKE
_kbgk Nbty, NF
COOH Zcftbkua nortbstoh
UO^X DTFKNL CBDTFTR
Dormocoy, NF
COOH Zcftbkua tfreotoh (KPO)
_N AOTNOH TON NOKXOT KGTXL
Aornoh, NF
COOH Zcftbkua tfreotoh
G_T COOH ZTG@ONX^
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
81/113
52
DB^LGZ G‒HGUH L.^. OKYBTGK-
AOKXFC ^NBOKNO NOKXOT
Gfmcfkh, NF
COOH Zcftbkua tfreotoh
RG^OABXO OKYBTGKAOKXFC
OH_NFXBGK NOKXOT
Rgsoabto, NF
COOH Zcftbkua tfreotoh
4::6 AFTMOX | >< HGCGTO^
^fk Irfknbsng, NF
COOH Egch nortbstoh
L4LGXOC
Lofchsdure, NF
COOH Egch nortbstoh
GTBKHF NBXR LFCC
Grbkhf, NF
COOH Egch nortbstoh
ZTO^OKXFXBGK TOXTOFX NOKXOT
Cgs Eftgs, NF
COOH Egch nortbstoh
GTBKHF NBXR LFCC
Grbkhf, NF
COOH Egch nortbstoh
AFTBK NG_KXTR HFR ^NLGGC,
^XOZ 6
Ngrto Afhorf, NF
COOH Egch nortbstoh
9
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
82/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
83/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
84/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
85/113
Oc Norrbtg Tonyncbke fkh Okvbrgkaoktfc Noktor OC NOTTBXG, NF
Oc Norrbtg‒s kow COOH Zcftbkua, kot-zorg-okorey ronyncbke
noktor ngksbsts gi fk fhabkbstrftbgk dubchbke, fk gporftbgks
dubchbke, fkh ronyncbke hrgp-g slohs. Xlo 4,::: si fhabk-
bstrftbgk dubchbke ngksbsts gi twg aghucfr strunturos ngk-kontoh dy f noktrfc nupgcf wbtl lbel ncorostgry wbkhgws. Xlo
9,8:: si gporftbgks dubchbke bs f tfcc, gpok strunturo, wbtl f
twokty-iggt ncofrfkno ukhor tlo rggi tg fccgw tlo agvoaokt
gi lofvy afnlbkory fkh tfcc stfnms gi aftorbfc. Xlo ronyncbke
hrgp-g frof ngksbsts gi fttrfntbvo ronyncbke slohs frrfkeoh
bk f 66: it-hbfaotor nbrnco. Cgke rotfbkbke wfccs nroftoh –tbp-
pbke wfccs‑ ft trunm-hgnmbke lobelt igr ronyncbke trunms tg
dfnm up fkh g -cgfh pbcos gi ronyncoh aftorbfcs.
Zrg`ont strunturfc iofturos bkncuhoh torkfry ngknroto wbtl
lbel-ronyncoh-scfe fkh ffly-fsl ngktokt fkh cgw-Zgrtcfkh-
noaokt ngktokt. F sbekbstnfkt prg`ont nlfccokeo wfs tlo
igukhbke gi strunturos gk fk gch cfkhstcc wbtl cgw, fccgwfdco
dofrbke prossuros sud`ont tg hboroktbfc sottcoaokt. Zrg`ont
hocbvory wfs hosbek-dubch, wbtl sponbfc oaplfsbs gk vfcuo
okebkoorbke tg prgvbho f lbel-vfcuo, cgw-ngst ifnbcbty tg tlo
Nbty gi Oc Norrbtg.
Ubtl tok mbcgwftts gi sgcfr pgwor, tlo noktor prghunos
okguel okorey tg pgwor f lukhroh pornokt gi tlo gno
dubchbke‒s fkh fpprgxbaftocy tlbrty pornokt gi tlo sbto‒s ok-
orey koohs. Fhhbtbgkfccy, tlo dubchbke bs hosbekoh tg afxb-
abzo tlo fvfbcfdbcbty gi kfturfc cbelt, rohunbke tlo kooh igr
frtbstnbfc cbeltbke fkh sfvbke okorey. Fcc tlo rfbkwftor tlft
ifccs gk tlo rggi gi tlo cfreo gporftbgkfc strunturo bs nfp-
turoh fkh stgroh bk fk 66,::: efccgk tfkm tg fflusl tlo noktor‒stgbcots fkh brrbefto tlo noktor‒s kftbvo pcfkt efrhoks. Ibkfccy,
rfbkwftor irga tlo sbto‒s ergukhs bs stctoroh tlrguel kfturfc
dbgswfcos0 dubct-bk cfkhsnfpbke ocoaokts tlft roagvo fkh
abtbefto pgccutbgk doigro wftor oktors stgra wftor systoas.
Frnlbtont0 Kgcc fkh Xfa Frnlbtonts
Ngktrfntgr0 Nlfrcos Zfkmgw DubchorsGwkor0 Nbty gi Oc Norrbtg
^bzo0 82,::: esi
Ngkstruntbgk ngst0 $4.< abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4:64
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
86/113
Tofflontbke pfkocs hbvort
sukcbelt bktg tlo bkhggr
ncfssrggas.
8 ^mycbelts fdgvo tlo
cfeggk cot bk sukslbko tg
kgurbsl tlo pcfkts. F sgcfr
trfnmbke systoa igccgws tlo
suk tlrguelgut tlo hfy,
hbvortbke rfys hgwkwfrh igr
stofhy cbelt.
6
4
>
8
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
87/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
88/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
89/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
90/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
91/113
.? abccbgk
Ngapcotoh0 4::?
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
92/113
2:
Pl D b ^ l c h A c b c L b Z `
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
93/113
26
Frnlbtont0 Gko Ugrch Hosbeks
Gwkor/Hovocgpor0 Nlbkoso Noktor igr Okvbrgkaoktfccy ̂ ustfbkfdco Xonlkgcgey
Xrfksior fkh Fhvoktbst Tocboi fkh Hovocgpaokt Feokny
Ngapcotoh0 4::8
Plfke Dob ^nlggc fkh Auctbpco Lgusbke Zrg`onts KGTXLOF^XOTK NLBKF
Bklfdbtfkts gi kgrtlofstork Nlbkf ngktokh wbtl sovoro ngch,
pgvorty, fkh vbgcokt sobsabn fntbvbty. Bk ngccfdgrftbgk wbtl
Gko Ugrch Hosbeks, fk frnlbtonturfc stra hohbnftoh tg sus-
tfbkfdco dubchbke, Xbppbke Afr locpoh tg hosbek strfw-dfcorosbhoktbfc dubchbkes, wlbnl prgvbho fk fgrhfdco, wfraor,
fkh sfior fctorkftbvo tg tlo roebgk‒s ngkvoktbgkfc drbnm
strunturos. Xlbs pfrtbnucfr ngkstruntbgk fgrhs afky fh-
vfktfeos0 strfw bs nlofp fkh rofhbcy fvfbcfdco, fkh strfw dfco
prgvbhos lbelor sobsabn rosbstfkno fkh oxnoptbgkfc tlorafc
bksucftbgk. Kgkotlocoss, wbtl f duheot gi $8 por squfro iggt,
tlo prg`ont roqubroh tlo wbso uso gi rosgurnos. Xlo sbapco
hupcoxos fro ngkstruntoh dy cgnfc tonlkbnfc tofas wbtl fos-
tlotbn bkput irga tlo rosbhokts. Fctlguel tlo ngapcotoh hu-pcoxos cggm sbabcfr tg tlo kgkrobkigrnoh drbnm lgaos kftbvo
tg tlo frof, tloy fro sg wocc bksucftoh tlft tlobr gnnupfkts
uso gkcy lfci fs aunl loftbke ngfc fs tloy abelt gtlorwbso.
Xlbs rohuntbgk bk ngfc ngksuaptbgk rosucts bk kgt gkcy f
agkotfry sfvbke dut fcsg f cgwor gnnurrokno gi rocftoh ro-
spbrftgry bcckossos bk tlo ngaaukbty. Agrogvor, honrofsbke
tlo uso gi drbnms bk ngkstruntbgk locps prosorvo pronbgus
tgpsgbc fkh iurtlor ngksorvos okorey.
Xlo prg`ont, wlbnl wfs suppgrtoh dy tlo Fhvoktbst Hovoc-
gpaokt fkh Tocboi Feokny fkh tlo Nlbkoso Noktor igr Ok-
vbrgkaoktfccy ^ustfbkfdco Xonlkgcgey Xrfksior, ngaprbsos
agro tlfk sbx lukhroh lgusos tg hfto bk stvo Nlbkoso prgv-
bknos. Bt wfs lgkgroh bk 4::? wbtl f Ugrch Lfdbtft Fwfrhs
irga tlo Dubchbke fkh ̂ gnbfc Lgusbke Igukhftbgk.
Xlo lgusbke prg`ont wfs fk oxtoksbgk gi prbgr wgrm dy tlo
sfao hosbek tofa igr f strfw-dfco snlggc dubchbke tlft ro-pcfnoh gko gi tlo afky hostrgyoh dy fk ofrtlqufmo bk 622
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
94/113
24
D N cc ' O bcc
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
95/113
2>
Dorof Ngccoeo‒s Ongvbccfeo bs fk ongcgebnfccy sustfbkfdco
rosbhoktbfc fkh cofrkbke ngapcox hosbekoh igr stuhokts wlg
strueeco tg dfcfkno tlobr fnfhoabn, wgrm, fkh ifabcy rospgk-
sbdbcbtbos. Bts ifabcy-irbokhcy iofturos bkncuho f tofnlbke fkhrosofrnl nlbch-nfro ifnbcbty wbtl f nfpfnbty gi f lukhroh nlbc-
hrok. Xlo vbccfeo fcsg bkncuhos f ngaagks lguso wbtl slfroh
faokbtbos igr tlo rosbhokts, gno spfno, aootbke rggas fkh
f mbtnlok, fkh f rosgurno lguso tlft sorvos fs f lgao igr sbx
stuhokts fkh fs fk ohunftbgk noktor igr sustfbkfdco cbvbke.
Erook dubchbke iofturos bkncuho tlo onbokt uso gi strun-
turfc bksucftoh pfkocs (^BZs), wlbnl fro afho dy sfkhwbnl-
bke f igfa ngro dotwook twg cfyors gi pcywggh gr grboktoh
strfkh dgfrh. ^BZs lfvo oxnoptbgkfc bksucftbgk prgportbos,afmbke tloa agro okorey-onbokt, fkh tloy rohuno tlo
kooh igr hbaoksbgk cuador. Gtlor sustfbkfdco iofturos bk-
ncuho tlo uso gi uctrf-lbel-scfe ngknroto, ronyncoh sbhbke,
sustfbkfdcy lfrvostoh cuador, pfssbvo sgcfr loftbke fkh
cbeltbke, fkh roncfbaoh wftor.
Dorof Ngccoeo's Ongvbccfeo DOTOF, MR
Frnlbtont0 Yfk Hor Tyk Frnlbtonts
Ngktrfntgr0 Aossor NgkstruntbgkGwkor/Hovocgpor0 Dorof Ngccoeo
^bzo0 >
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
96/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
97/113
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
98/113
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
99/113
G_T ZOGZCO
^tovok D Xbppbke ^O Zrbknbpfc
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
100/113
2<
^tovok D. Xbppbke, ^O Zrbknbpfc
Igr agro tlfk tlbrty yofrs, ^tovo Xbppbke lfs fhvfknoh
tlo snbokno fkh frt gi strunturfc okebkoorbke, pbgkoorbke
nroftbvo yot prfeaftbn hosbek sgcutbgks igr f drgfh rfkeo
gi prg`onts. Lbs fnngapcbslaokts bk sobsabn rotrgstt hosbeklfvo dook osponbfccy nrunbfc tg tlo Dfy Frof. Ft tlo sfao
tbao, lbs oaplfsbs gk ngkstruntfdbcbty lfs nucabkftoh bk fk
oxportbso bk ngst- fkh rosgurno-onbokt sgcutbgks.
^tovo pbgkooroh tlo uso gi vortbnfc pgst-toksbgkbke tg hocbvor
soci-noktorbke nfpfdbcbty tg ngknroto wfccs= Xbppbke Afr lfs
fppcboh prgerossbvo btorftbgks gi tlbs cftorfc systoa tg tlo
hosbek gi dgch prg`onts sunl fs tlo ^I Zudcbn _tbcbtbos Nga-
abssbgk lofhqufrtors, tlo Toko Nfzokfvo Fpfrtaokts, fkh
_N Dormocoy‒s Nfapdocc Lfcc. Agst ronoktcy, ^tovo fppcboh f kgvoc rotrgstt systoa igr 9, ^tovo wfs bkncuhoh igr tlo songkh tbao bk Okebkoorbke Kows Tongrh‒s Xgp 4? Kowsafmors, igr lbs pgst-tok-
sbgkoh ngknroto-ngro slofr-wfcc bkkgvftbgk fs bt ngktrbdutoh tg tlo eroft sunnoss gi tlo ^IZ_N lofhqufrtors. Bk 4::9 ^tovo
wfs socontoh irga fagke tlo Xgp 4? Kowsafmors tg ronobvo OKT‒s lbelost lgkgr, tlo Fwfrh gi Oxnoccokno, igr lbs bkvoktbgk
gi f sbapco, ngrrueftoh-aotfc slofr-wfcc fssoadcy tlft lfs eroft pgtoktbfc igr cgworbke ngkstruntbgk ngsts fkh baprgvbke
tlo sobsabn porigrafkno gi auctbukbt lgusbke prg`onts. Xlbs rosofrnl prg`ont fcsg ofrkoh ^tovo fk Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc
Okebkoorbke Fwfrh bk 4::2 irga ^OFGKN.
F erfhufto gi Ncoasgk _kbvorsbty, ^tovo doefk lbs okebkoorbke nfroor fs strst cboutokfkt wbtl tlo _^ Fray Ngrps gi Okebkoors
ft Igrt ̂ bcc, Gmcflgaf, fkh sggk tlorofitor ngapcotoh f tgur gi huty bk Ybotkfa. Fitor wgrmbke igr sovorfc Dfy Frof okebkoor-
bke stras, lo igukhoh ^tovo Xbppbke fkh Fssgnbftos bk 62. ^tovo sorvoh fs f dgfrh aoador fkh prosbhokt (4::4„4::>) gi
^OFGKN fkh wfs bkhuntoh fs f ioccgw gi tlo grefkbzftbgk bk 4::8.
Hfvbh Afr ^O Zrbknbpfc
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
101/113
22
^bkno lfvbke dook kfaoh prbknbpfc fkh cofh hosbekor bk
4:::, Hfvbh Afr lfs ngktbkuoh bk Xbppbke Afr‒s cgke-stfkh-
bke trfhbtbgk gi wocc-nrfitoh okebkoorbke sgcutbgks, wlbco
bktrghunbke fk oaplfsbs gk nroftbvbty fkh oxpcgrftbgk sup-pgrtoh dy prfntbnfc, prg`ont-sponbstn rosofrnl.
Hfvbh fhvgnftos ofrcy ngccfdgrftbgk wbtl frnlbtonts fkh
ngktrfntgrs tg prgvbho ncbokts wbtl tlo agst ngst-oontbvo
hosbek sgcutbgks pgssbdco. Agrogvor, lbs ignus gk lbel-
porigrafkno sobsabn fkh sustfbkfdco hosbek lfs pgsbtbgkoh
Xbppbke Afr ft tlo igroirgkt gi tlo erook-dubchbke agvo-
aokt. Hfvbh lfs f mook bktorost bk cofk hosbek fkh ngk-
struntbgk fkh bk sot-dfsoh hosbek fkh fntbvocy fppcbos tlgso
prbknbpcos bk fcc lbs wgrm. Lbs oktlusbfsa igr bkkgvftbgk lfs iuocoh tlo oxpfksbgk gi lbs hosbek roportgbro irga trfhbtbgkfcstooc, ngknroto, fkh wggh ngkstruntbgk tg sunl aftorbfcs fs rfaaoh ofrtl, dfadgg, strfw dfco, tbador irfao, fkh strunturfc
bksucftoh pfkocs.
Hfvbh wfs prg`ont tonlkbnfc hbrontgr igr IOAF Z-
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
102/113
6::
Cog Zfkbfk, ^O Zrbknbpfc
Igr tlo cfst sovorfc yofrs, Cog lfs hbrontoh Xbppbke Afr‒s
dusbkoss gporftbgks, gvorsoobke tlo bktoerftbgk gi stf
snlohucbke fkh wgrmfflgw wbtl strftoebn pcfkkbke, fnngukt-
bke, fkh bkigraftbgk tonlkgcgey= eubhbke tonlkbnfc strftoeyfkh stf hovocgpaokt= fkh bapcoaoktbke dost prfntbnos bk
okebkoorbke.
Cog lfs sunnossiuccy afkfeoh afky gi Xbppbke Afr‒s fadb-
tbgus prg`onts, bkncuhbke tlo ̂ I Zudcbn _tbcbtbos Ngaabssbgk
Lofhqufrtors dubchbke, _N Dormocoy‒s Nfapdocc Lfcc, fkh
fk BHBV ngktrfnt wbtl tlo Kftbgkfc Zfrms ^orvbno tlft bk-
ncuhos tlo 4:66 pgst-ofrtlqufmo ovfcuftbgk gi tlo Ufslbke-
tgk Agkuaokt. Lo bs nurroktcy prbknbpfc-bk-nlfreo igr ^fk
Irfknbsng‒s Agsngko Noktor oxpfksbgk. ^ovorfc gi lbs prg`onts lfvo efrkoroh roebgkfc fkh kftbgkfc rongekbtbgk igr bkkgvf-tbgk fkh okebkoorbke oxnoccokno, bkncuhbke Dormocoy‒s 4
-
8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
103/113
6:6
@glk Ugcio, ^O Fssgnbfto
@glk Ugcio‒s hufc stroketls fs f hosbekor fkh afkfeor lfvo
pcfyoh f moy rgco bk kuaorgus Xbppbke Afr prg`onts. Lo
tfmos sponbfc prbho bk ngksbstoktcy prgvbhbke tlo lbelost covoc
gi ncbokt sorvbno, irga prghunbke ncgsocy nggrhbkftoh ngk-struntbgk hrfwbkes tg rospgkhbke qubnmcy fkh ngapcotocy tg
`gd-sbto quostbgks. @glk lfs coh kuaorgus kow ngkstruntbgk
prg`onts, bkncuhbke tlo frnlbtonturo-fwfrh-wbkkbke Cbnm
Ubcaorhbke Xonlkgcgey fkh Hosbek Noktor bk ^fk Irfknbsng
fkh twg pudcbn snlggc nfapusos bk ^fk Tfagk. Igr tlo cft-
tor, lo wgrmoh wbtl tlo Hbvbsbgk gi tlo ^tfto Frnlbtont tg ba-
pcoaokt tlo ifst-trfnm rovbow prgnoss roqubroh tg aoot tlo
prg`onts‒ fadbtbgus snlohucos. @glk fcsg lfs oxtoksbvo oxpo-
rbokno bk tlo sobsabn rotrgstt gi oxbstbke dubchbkes, bkncuhbke
6::: Yfk Koss bk ^fk Irfknbsng fkh tlo B. Afekbk Dubchbke bk Gfmcfkh, wlbnl dgtl hfto tg tlo ofrcy 62::s.
@glk ngapcoaokts lbs tonlkbnfc fkh hosbek oxnoccokno wbtl f cgke-stfkhbke ngaabtaokt tg sustfbkfdco hosbek. Lo doefk
lbs nfroor fs f rosofrnlor ft tlo Kow Fcnloay Bkstbtuto gk Nfpo Ngh, Afssfnlusotts, wloro lo stuhboh tlo oontbvokoss gi
gko gi tlo kftbgk‒s strst cfreo-snfco, pfssbvo-sgcfr hoagkstrftbgk prg`onts. Lo fcsg vgcuktoors lbs tbao bk suppgrt gi afrbko
ngksorvftbgk igr ngfstfc Nfcbigrkbf. Xlbs drgfhor oxporbokno locps @glk hosbek lgcbstbn sgcutbgks tlft dokostt tlo ncbokt wlbco
abtbeftbke okvbrgkaoktfc bapfnts.
@glk ronobvoh lbs DF irga Hfrtagutl Ngccoeo fkh lbs AO bk strunturfc okebkoorbke irga tlo _kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf,
Dormocoy. Lo lfs dook wbtl Xbppbke Afr sbkno 622> fkh fk fssgnbfto sbkno 6225.
Afrm ^tovoksgk ^O Fssgnbfto
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
104/113
6:4
Afrm ^tovoksgk, ^O Fssgnbfto
Afrm ^tovoksgk lfs igccgwoh fk ukusufc pftl tg tlo prfn-
tbno gi strunturfc okebkoorbke. Fitor f drboi stbkt fs f dbg-
cgebnfc rosofrnlor, lo oadfrmoh gk fk obeltook-yofr nfroor
fs f stko wgghwgrmor, nfdbkot afmor, fkh nfrpoktor. Lbsoxtoksbvo oxporbokno bk rosbhoktbfc roaghocbke fkh kow
ngkstruntbgk mbkhcoh lbs bktorost bk strunturfc hosbek fkh
fkfcysbs. ^g ft tlo feo gi 86, Afrm roturkoh tg snlggc, okrgcc-
bke bk f afstor‒s prgerfa ft _N Dormocoy.
Lbs lfkhs-gk oxporbokno bk ngkstruntbgk fkh oxportbso bk
ngkstruntfdbcbty ebvo Afrm f ukbquo porspontbvo gk tlo prg-
noss gi hosbek fkh hotfbcbke. Lo lfs dook fdco tg slfro lbs
ukbquo oxporbokno fkh oxportbso dy tofnlbke f wggh-strun-
turos ngurso ft _N Dormocoy‒s ^nlggc gi Okebkoorbke. Bk fhhbtbgk tg lbs ng ktbkubke bktorost bk wggh fkh tbador ngkstruntbgk,lo lfs ngapcotoh f wbho vfrboty gi prg`onts bk stooc, ngknroto, fkh afsgkry, bkncuhbke f dfso-bsgcftoh agkuaokt hosbekoh
igr f tlgusfkh-yofr sorvbno cbio.
Afrm‒s prg`onts bkncuho sovorfc auctbukbt rosbhoktbfc fkh abxoh-uso hovocgpaokts, agst kgtfdcy tlo Gxigrh Zcfzf fpfrt-
aokts fkh tlo COOH Zcftbkua-nortbstoh Hfvbh Drgwor Noktor bk Dormocoy, f noktor igr okvbrgkaoktfc fhvgnfny prgagtbke
sustfbkfdco dubchbke prbknbpcos fkh wbkkor gi ^OFGN‒s fkh ^OFGKN‒s Oxnoccokno bk ^trunturfc Okebkoorbke Fwfrhs bk 4:6:.
Agst ronoktcy, Afrm spokt f kuador gi agktls ng-cgnftoh ft ̂ fk Irfknbsng‒s Zrg`ont Irge, hosbekbke proifdrbnftoh strunturos
igr f wbho rfkeo gi fppcbnftbgks bkncuhbke vbsbtgrs‒ noktors, aohbnfc gno dubchbkes, fkh rotfbc stgros.
Afrm ronobvoh lbs ukhorerfhufto hoeroo bk zggcgey irga tlo _kbvorsbty gi Abnlbefk, Fkk Frdgr.
Abmo Mgrgcym ^O Fssgnbfto
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
105/113
6:>
Abmo Mgrgcym, ^O Fssgnbfto
Bk gkcy tok yofrs fs f strunturfc okebkoor, Abmo Mgrgcym lfs
afho sudstfktbfc ngktrbdutbgks tg tlo stoch gi ofrtlqufmo
okebkoorbke. Abmo wofvos hykfabn nroftbvbty fkh tlo fdbc-
bty tg oontbvocy grefkbzo bkigraftbgk fkh hosbek wbtl lbsrfro ukhorstfkhbke gi porigrafkno-dfsoh sobsabn hosbek,
fkfcysbs, fkh ngaputor prgerfaabke. Fs f rosuct, lo soos
sgcutbgks wloro gtlors wguch soo gkcy gdstfncos, fkh lbs
hosbek gi fkfcysbs strftoebos fkh nroftbgk gi fkfcytbn tggcs
lfs hrbvok aunl gi Xbppbke Afr‒s sunnoss bk porigrafkno-
dfsoh sobsabn hosbek bk ronokt yofrs.
Abmo lfs dook nrunbfc tg tlo hosbek gi tlo ^fk Irfknbsng Zud-
cbn _tbcbtbos Lofhqufrtors, tlo Toko Nfzokfvo Fpfrtaokts,
tlo fwfrh-wbkkbke Nfrqubkoz ^okbgr Fpfrtaokts, 9
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
106/113
6:8
Afrn ^toyor, NO, COOH FZ Fssgnbfto
Afrn ^toyor‒s wbho rfkeo gi oxporbokno bkncuhos wgrm igr
okebkoorbke, frnlbtonturo, fkh ngkstruntbgk stras. ^bkno
`gbkbke Xbppbke Afr bk 4::?, Afrn lfs ngadbkoh lbs ok-
ebkoorbke fkh afkfeoaokt oxportbso gk prg`onts bkvgcv-bke dgtl kow fkh oxbstbke strunturos, wbtl fk oaplfsbs gk
sustfbkfdco hosbek fkh sobsabn sfioty. Lo stfrtoh ft Xbppbke
Afr fs prg`ont okebkoor doigro dongabke prg`ont afkfeor
bk 4:66= bk 4:64 Afrn wfs prgagtoh tg fssgnbfto.
Fs tlo cofh okebkoor igr sovorfc prg`onts, Afrn wfs fdco tg
oontbvocy bkngrpgrfto Xbppbke Afr‒s bkkgvftbvo, ngst oi-
iontbvo uso gi vortbnfccy pgst-toksbgkoh ngknroto wfccs igr
sobsabn rosbstfkno fkh lfs ng-futlgroh frtbncos bk Ngknroto
Bktorkftbgkfc fkh tlo Zgst-Xoksbgkbke Bkstbtuto @gurkfc gk tloso drofmtlrguels. Gko gi Afrn‒s strst prg`onts ft Xbppbke Afrwfs tlo fwfrh-wbkkbke sobsabn rotrgstt gi 4
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
107/113
6:?
Ebkf Nfrcsgk, ^O Fssgnbfto
Ubtl f ngro prgstnbokny bk frnlbtonturfc okebkoorbke, Ebkf
Nfrcsgk stfrtoh ft Xbppbke Afr bk 622? fs stf okebkoor sggk
fitor ngapcotbke lor ohunftbgk ft Nfcbigrkbf Zgcytonlkbn
^tfto _kbvorsbty= slo wfs qubnmcy prgagtoh tg prg`ont okeb-koor, tlok prg`ont afkfeor. Irga tlo doebkkbke gi lor nf-
roor, lor fdbcbty tg sofacosscy bktoerfto frnlbtonturo wbtl
strunturo, fcgke wbtl fk oxportbso bk sobsabn rotrgstt okeb-
koorbke fkh f hoop fkbty igr wgrmbke ngccfdgrftbvocy, lfs
ebvok Ebkf afky gppgrtukbtbos tg ngktrbduto tg auctbpco ifn-
ots gi prg`ont sunnoss irga ngknopt tlrguel tg ngapcotbgk.
Xlo sobsabn uperfho fkh af`gr rongkstruntbgk gi tlo
4?:,::: si Zfnbstn Zcfno bk ^fk Irfknbsng bs f nfso bk pgbkt.
Igr tlbs ngapcbnftoh fkh dgch ukhortfmbke, dosbhos gvorsoobke ngkstruntbgk fhabkbstrftbgk, Ebkf wfs rospgksbdco igr tlongkstruntbgk gi f covoc gi stooc trfksior trussos tlft fccgwoh igr tlo hbsngktbkuftbgk gi lfci gi tlo oxbstbke ngknroto suppgrt
ngcuaks wbtlbk tlo cgwor lfci gi tlo dubchbke.
Igr agro tlfk f honfho stfrtbke bk 4::6, Ebkf wfs sokbgr fssgnbfto ft @gk Drghy ^trunturfc Okebkoorbke, wloro slo sorvoh
fs sokbgr prg`ont afkfeor fkh gvorsfw tlo stra‒s hfy-tg-hfy okebkoorbke fntbvbtbos. ^lo roturkoh tg Xbppbke Afr bk 4:66 fs
prg`ont afkfeor fkh wfs fhvfknoh tg fssgnbfto tlo koxt yofr.
Afky gi Ebkf‒s prg`onts lfvo efrkoroh fwfrhs igr tlo hosbek gi kow dubchbkes fkh tlo sobsabn rolfdbcbtftbgk gi oxbstbke strun-
turos bk f wbho rfkeo gi aftorbfcs. Xloso bkncuho tlo Ngrt- Egchafk Tosbhokno bk Kfpf, NF= tlo Afrbk Lgrbzgk ̂ nlggc= Xrbkbty
^nlggc Okrbnlaokt Noktor= Zfnbstn Zcfno, fkh ̂ tfkigrh _kbvorsbty‒s Osngkhbhg Ybccfeo.
Kbnm Dunnb, ^O Fssgnbfto
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8/15/2019 Tipping Mar
108/113
6:9
Kbnm Dunnb, ^O Fssgnbfto
Kbnm Dunnb ̀ gbkoh Xbppbke Afr bk tlo sprbke gi 4::5 fkh wfs
ocovftoh tg tlo pgsbtbgk gi fssgnbfto bk 4:68. Lo lfs tlbrtook
yofrs gi okebkoorbke oxporbokno bk f wbho vfrboty gi prg`-
ont typos fkh sorvoh fs prg`ont afkfeor igr sovorfc yofrs. Fs sunl, Kbnm wfs bkstruaoktfc bk tlo ngapcotbgk gi tlo
fwfrh-wbkkbke ^fk Irfknbsng Zudcbn _tbcbtbos Ngaabssbgk
Lofhqufrtors dubchbke. Gko gi Xbppbke Afr‒s agst fadb-
tbgus prg`onts, tlo ^IZ_N lofhqufrtors bs f tlbrtook-stgry
ngknroto strunturo wbtl soci-noktorbke, vortbnfccy pgst-tok-
sbgkoh ngknroto ngro wfccs fkh baaohbfto-rognnupfkny
sobsabn porigrafkno. ^babcfrcy, Kbnm lfh lfkhs-gk rospgk-
sbdbcbty igr tlo Fccok Lguso bk Zfcg Fctg, f dfso-bsgcftoh prb-
vfto rosbhokno hosbekoh dy @oksok Frnlbtonts.
Kbnm wfs tlo cofh okebkoor gk tlo COOH-Zcftbkua Cfknfstor Cgits, f kot-zorg-okorey prg`ont gi POXF Ngaaukbtbos tlft
wgk tlo 4::2 Erook Dubchor gi tlo Rofr fwfrh. Lo lfs oxtoksbvo oxporbokno wbtl bkstbtutbgkfc ncbokts bkncuhbke tlo Kftbgkfc
Zfrm ̂ orvbno (KZ^), Eokorfc ̂ orvbnos Fhabkbstrftbgk (E^F), _kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, fkh Mfbsor Lgspbtfc.
Gutsbho gi Xbppbke Afr, Kbnm lfs dook bkvgcvoh sbkno 4::? wbtl tlo Okebkoors Fccbfkno igr tlo Frts (OFF), f cgnfc grefkbzf-
tbgk hohbnftoh tg tofnlbke strunturfc okebkoorbke fkh frt tg lbel snlggc stuhokts= lo bs nurroktcy gk tlo dgfrh gi hbrontgrs.
Kbnm wfs fwfrhoh tlo ^OFGKN Ngaaukbty Bkvgcvoaokt Fwfrh bk 4::2 igr lbs wgrm wbtl OFF.
Kbnm lgchs f D. .̂ bk nbvbc okebkoorbke irga _NCF fkh fk A.^. bk nbvbc okebkoorbke irga _N Dormocoy.
Ebkf Xossor Zlocfk Fssgnbfto
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6:5
Ebkf Xossor Zlocfk Fssgnbfto
Ebkf Zlocfk oktlusbfstbnfccy eubhos Xbppbke Afr‒s gvorfcc
strftoebn hbrontbgk, ignusbke gk cofhorslbp, grefkbzftbgk,
fkh oapcgyoo hovocgpaokt, fs wocc fs drfkhbke, afrmotbke,
fkh dusbkoss hovocgpaokt. ^lo iurtlor gvorsoos tlo stra‒skgktonlkbnfc stf bk tlobr gno afkfeoaokt, luafk ro-
sgurnos, fnnguktbke, fkh fhabkbstrftbvo iukntbgks. Ebkf bs
ngaabttoh tg ifnbcbtftbke tlo ngktbkuoh ergwtl gi Xbppbke
Afr fs f dusbkoss fkh fs f stra gi truo bkkgvftbgk, wloro
kow fkh oxpfksbvo pfttorks gi tlbkmbke fro kurturoh fkh
wloro pogpco fro okngurfeoh tgwfrh eokorftbvo cofrkbke
fkh lbelor covocs gi okefeoaokt.
Ebkf hovocgpoh lor cofhorslbp, hosbek, fkh afrmotbke ox-
portbso bk tlo wgrch gi afefzbko fkh dggm pudcbslbke. Fk fwfrh-wbkkbke nroftbvo, lor oxporbokno bkncuhos twocvo yofrs gierfplbn hosbek fkh afkfeoaokt pgsbtbgks ft Nflkors Zudcbslbke fkh tlo AnErfw-Lbcc Ngapfkbos‒ ̂ nlggc Hbvbsbgk= sbxtook
yofrs fs ng-gwkor gi f hosbek stuhbg sorvbke dggm pudcbslors= fkh obelt yofrs hbrontbke fkh afkfebke tlo pudcbslbke fra gi f
kgkprgstt grefkbzftbgk. Lor afrmotbke oxporbokno bkncuhos afkfebke fkh hbrontbke tlo prgagtbgkfc strftoey fkh fntbvbtbos
gi f ergup gi aohbf prgportbos, bkncuhbke sbx afefzbkos, twg nfdco XY slgws, fkh twg sfapcbke-fkh-ngupgkbke volbncos.
Ebkf sorvoh f tora fs ng-nlfbr gi FBF ̂ fk Irfknbsng‒s Ngaabttoo gk tlo Okvbrgkaokt, bs fntbvo wbtl tlo ̂ gnboty igr Afrmotbke
Zrgiossbgkfcs (^AZ^), fkh bs f aoador gi tlo ^gnboty igr Grefkbzftbgkfc Cofrkbke. ^lo bs nurroktcy okrgccoh bk tlo yofrcgke
Zrgiossbgkfc Ngfnlbke Ngurso ft Kow Yokturos Uost bk ^fk Irfknbsng, wgrmbke tg nortbiy fs fk Bktoerfc Ngfnl bk ^optoador
4:68, wbtl f ignus gk cofhorslbp fkh oxonutbvo ngfnlbke.
Ubtl f D.F. bk Ngaaukbnftbgks irga Igrhlfa _kbvorsbty bk Kow Rgrm Nbty, slo `gbkoh Xbppbke Afr bk 4::2 fs afrmotbke
hbrontgr fkh wfs prgagtoh tg fssgnbfto bk 4:68.
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6:<
Uo lfvo socontoh Xbppbke Afr igr prg`onts bk wlbnl wo woro
cggmbke igr bkkgvftbgk, ngapotokno , fkh f spfrm‘strunturfccyspofmbke. Xloy ngao up wbtl ukoxpontoh, strbmbke, fkh sunnossiuc
strunturfc ngknopts.... Xloy fro kgt gkcy pornoptbvo, dut fcsg vory
bafebkftbvo.. .. Iurtloragro, B fa stbnmcor igr eggh hrfwbkes, fkh B
tlbkm tlobr hrfwbkes fro agro tlfk ngapotokt‘tloy fro oxnoccokt‘
fkh wlok B soo ovory dfr bk tlo igukhftbgks hrfwk, ay oyos spfrmco.
B wguch rongaaokh Xbppbke Afr tg fkygko soombke f ngapotokt
fkh bkkgvftbvo okebkoorbke stra.
NLFTCO^ HFYB^ , IFBF | Z TBK NBZ FC | OLHH FTNLBX ONX _TO
^GAO GI G_T NCBOKX^
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6:2
^GAO GI G_T NCBOKX^F
Fgrhfdco Lgusbke Fssgnbftos
Fmgc fkh Rgslbb, Frnlbtonts
Fkslok fkh Fccok | ^tfkton Frnlbtonturo
D
Dfccbstbn Xonlkgcgey Bkngrpgrftoh
Dfkm gi Faorbnf
DFT Frnlbtonts
Dfrkoys KR
Dfy Frof Hbsngvory Ausoua
Dfyor Zlfrafnoutbnfc Hbvbsbgk
Doktcoy ^nlggc
Dorof Ngccoeo
DKBA
Dglcbk Nywbksmb @fnmsgk
Dggrf Frnlbtonts
Dguchor Fssgnbftos FrnlbtontsDrfkh fkh Fccok Frnlbtonts
DTBHEO Lgusbke
N
Nflbcc Ngktrfntgrs
Nlfrcos Zfkmgw Dubchors
Nghy Fkhorsgk Ufskoy Frnlbtonts
Xlo Ngaagkwofctl Ncud
Ngrkorstgko Zrgportbos
Nusnlborb Lgrtgk Frnlbtonts
H
Hfk ^abtl fkh Fssgnbftos
Hfkboc ^gcgagk Hosbek Zfrtkors
Hfvbh Dfmor fkh Zfrtkors
Hbskoy BAHHEF Frnlbtonts
HCT Ergup
Hgabkbnfk _kbvorsbty
O
OLHH Frnlbtonturo
Oaoryvbcco Noktor igr tlo Frts
Oqubty Ngaaukbty Dubchors
I
Iorkfu fkh Lfrtafk Frnlbtonts
Iboch Zfgcb
E
Eokscor
Ebnmclgrk Cfzzfrgttg Zfrtkors
Eguch Ovfks
L
Lfdbtft igr Luafkbty
Lfrcoy Occbs Hovorofux
Lgccbhfy Hovocgpaokt
Luktsafk Frnlbtonturfc Ergup
B
BHoFs, Bkn.
Bktorbgr Frnlbtonts (BF)
@@faostgwk Zrgportbos
@oksok Frnlbtonts
@gkos Cfke Cf^fcco
M
m4m hovocgpaokt
Mfkkor Frnlbtonts
Mfvf Afssbl Frnlbtonts
MAH Frnlbtonts
MXER Ergup, Bkn.
Mwfk Lokab Frnlbtonturo Zcfkkbke, Bkn.
C
Cohhy Afytua ̂ tfny Frnlbtonts
Cbnm-Ubcaorhbke Lbel ^nlggc
Cgbsgs + _ddocglho Fssgnbftos
A
Afrm Nfvfekorg Fssgnbftos Frnlbtonts
Afrm E. Fkhorsgk Ngksuctfkts
AnNfrtly Dubchbke Ngapfkbos, Bkn.
Aorny Lgusbke Nfcbigrkbf
Abnlfoc Ubccbs Frnlbtonts
Abh-Zokbksucf Lgusbke Ngfcbtbgk
Abtlŭk
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66:
K
Kftbgkfc Zfrm ̂ orvbno
KDD@
Koxt Ugrch Nfpbtfc
Kbddb DrgtlorsKbnlgcs Dggtl Frnlbtonts
Kgcc fkh Xfa Frnlbtonts
G
Gdsnurf Hbebtfc
Z
Zfeo fkh Xurkducc
Zfkgrfabn Bktorosts
Zfrfhbea Eokorfc Ngktrfntgrs
Zfucott Xfeefrt Frnlbtonts
Zormbks+Ubcc | ̂ AUA
Zormbks OfstafkZifu Cgke Frnlbtonturo
Zbxfr
Zcfkt Ngkstruntbgk Ngapfky
Zghocc Yokturos
Zgccfnm Frnlbtonturo
Zrfhg Ergup
Xlo Zrosbhbg Xrust
Zrg`ont Irge
Zrgspont ̂ borrf ̂ nlggc
Zucto Lgaos
Zyftgm Frnlbtonts
T
Tftncb Frnlbtonts
Tosgurnos igr Ngaaukbty Hovocgpaokt
@T Gdfyfslb Ngrpgrftbgk
^
^fbhf fkh ^uccbvfk Frnlbtonts
^fcvftbgk Fray
^fk Irfknbsng Hopfrtaokt gi Zudcbn Ugrms
^fk @gfqubk Ergup, CCN
^fros Toebs
^nlggcs gi tlo ^fnroh Lofrt, ^fk Irfknbsng
^ofefto Zrgportbos, Bkn.
^boeoc fkh ̂ trfbk Frnlbtonts
^mbhagro, Gwbkes fkh Aorrbcc CCZ
^M^ Bkvostaokts
^mbcciuc Aofks, Bkn.
^abtlErgup^AUA (kgw Zormbks+Ubcc)
^qufro, Bkn.
^TA Fssgnbftos
^tfrmwoftlor Dgkhy
^tgnmdrbheo Nfpbtfc Zfrtkors
^X_HBG^ Frnlbtonturo
^uk Cbelt fkh Zgwor
^ukwftor ̂ gcfr
^wbkortgk Dubchors
X
XLF Frnlbtonturo
XAE Zfrtkors
Xgcc Drgtlors
_
_kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Dormocoy
_kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Hfvbs
_kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Brvbko
_kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Aornoh_kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, Tbvorsbho
_kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, ^fktf Dfrdfrf
_kbvorsbty gi Nfcbigrkbf, ^fktf Nruz
_kbvorsbty gi Frbzgkf
_rdfk Gutstttors
Y
YDK Frnlbtonts
^ba Yfk hor Tyk
U
Ufrolfa Hovocgpaokt
Ufslbketgk _kbvorsbty, ̂ t. CgubsUodngr Dubchors
Uost Dfy Dubchors
Ubccbfa AnHgkguel fkh Zfrtkors
Ubcsgk Aofky ^uccbvfk Zfrtkors
UTK^ ^tuhbg
P
Pop ^gcfr
POXF Lgaos
Pykef
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I G _ K H O H 6 2 < > • ^ X F I I G I > 8 • > 8 O \ N O C C O K N O B K ^ X T _ N X _ T F C O K E B K O O T B K E F UF T H ^ •
6 N O T X B I B O H C B Y B K E D _ B C H B K E • 6 8 C O O H Z C FX B K _ A , 6 : C O O H E G CH D _ B C H B K E ^ • 9 K O X - P OT G - O K O T E R
D _ B C H B K E ^ • ? F B F /N G X O Z T G @ O N X ^
© 4 : 6 4 DR XB Z Z B K E A FT | FCC T B E L X^ T O^ O T Y O H | I G_T XL O H B XB GK | XL B T H Z T B K XB KE