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TRANSCRIPT
Development and use of the vehicle
energy/emission simulator
Christian Vock
AVL
ICT-Emissions Exploitation group workshop, Brussels, 2013-11-13
Overview
Energy and Emission Simulator
– Targets in the project
– Micro and Macro Emission Simulation
– Micro Simulation
– Conventional Vehicles
– Advanced Vehicles
– Macro Simulation
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Targets
• Modeling of general conventional vehicles (micro
scale)
• Modeling of specific advanced vehicles (micro scale)
• Validation of micro emission models with chassis
dynamometer measurements and real world tests
• Validation of macro emission model
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Micro and Macro Emission Simulation
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Traffic Simulation
Macro Simulation
vaverage
FCaverage CO2 average
Micro Simulation
Micro Emission Simulator Modeling of
‘conventional’ passenger cars
• Conventional passenger cars are vehicles which are not equipped
with special electric systems in order to reduce fuel consumption.
(no hybridization)
• In total 30 generalized vehicles created
– Five key segments
• A’: Mini-car
• B’: Small cars
• C’: Medium-Large Cars
• D’: Large and executive
• E’: Jeeps and SUVs
– Three efficiency categories, equivalent of Years 2008, 2012 and 2015
– Fuels: Gasoline and Diesel
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Micro Emission Simulator Procedure to determine
vehicle properties (example Class B’)
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• Exploration of most popular vehicles within class
• Collection of input data for vehicles selected
• Determination of average properties (e.g. capacity, weight, resistance, max power)
• Engineering experties to derive additional parameters (e.g. gear ratios) where necessary
• FC/emission maps selected based on extended ERMES database
Micro Emission Simulator ‘conventional’
passenger cars Typical Vehicle Model
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Micro Emission Simulator ‘conventional’ passenger
cars - Comparison to Type Approval Tests
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• Work is not fully finished yet
• Updated numbers should be closer to segment average data
Gasoline Vehicles Diesel Vehicles
Micro Emission Simulator ‘conventional’ passenger
cars – Validation Chassis Dynamometer
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Deviation of FC
against
measurements
Peugeot 308
e-HDI FAP
BMW X1
sDrive20d
Efficient
Dynamics
VolksWagen
Golf 1.4 TSI
90 kW
Toyota Avensis
1.6 VVT-i Average
UDC 5.5 -2.7 4.8 1.1 3.5
EUDC 0.0 0.0 -3.6 -4.9 2.1
NEDC 2.2 -1.7 0.0 -4.2 2.0
Artemis Urban -2.9 -2.2 -2.9 2.8 2.7
Artemis Road 8.9 -1.9 1.6 4.7 4.3
WLTC 0.0 0
Average 4.7 1.5 1.5 3.9 2.8
Micro Emission Simulator ‘conventional’ passenger
cars – Validation Real Lift Tests (Madrid – Urban
Highway)
• 1 Gasoline vehicle (FIAT Punto 1.2 G) 5 runs
• 1 Diesel vehicle (FIAT Punto 1.3 D) 5 runs
• Measurements done on West section of M30 equipped with variable
speed control limits
• 8 of 10 runs (gasoline & diesel) stay within expected 5% margin
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Micro Emission Simulator Modeling of
‘advanced’ passenger cars
• Advanced technology passenger cars are in the context of the
project vehicles which are equipped with future technologies such
as Start&Stop, Hybrids, Range Extender, or Electric vehicles
• Creation of generalized vehicles not possible due to low availability
on market and high number of different hybrid topologies
• 16 specific vehicles equipped with different hybrid topologies and
covering different vehicle categories were modelled
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Micro Emission Simulator ‘advanced’ passenger cars
Hybrid Topologies and Operating Strategies
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Micro Emission Simulator ‘advanced’
passenger cars Covered Vehicles and classes
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• Some combinations could not be filled since no vehicle in this class with the defined hybrid topology exists on the market (specifically Diesel)
• Other combinations could be filled with more resources
Controls
Micro Emission Simulator ‘advanced’ passenger cars
Typical Vehicle Model (Range Extender)
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Electric Motor & Battery
Micro Emission Simulator Validation of
Advanced Simulation Models
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• Maximum error between simulation and published data: 7%
• Average error: 3%
Macro Emission Model
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• Macro scale models already existing are validated and
compared with micro emission simulation results
Macro Emission Simulation
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Turin (Urban) Traffic Data – Gasoline Vehicle
• Generally good agreement between average speed
model (COPERT, macro emission simulation) and
instantaneous speed model (CRUISE, micro
emission simulation)
Macro Emission Simulation
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Madrid (Urban Highway) Traffic Data – Gasoline Vehicle
• For high saturation levels at urban highway COPERT underestimates FC
increase
• Reason: Different driving pattern compared to speed profiles used for
COPERT FC curve determination
• Investigation for Urban test case on saturation level (Turin) pending
Main Results
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• 30 generalised conventional vehicle models that
improve the existing COPERT 4 database
• 15 advanced vehicle models completed that
complement and expand emission knowledge towards
future vehicles
• Extensive validation via real world campaign and
chassis dynamometer measurements
Thank you for the attention
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Christian Vock (AVL)
Leonidas Ntziachristos (LAT/AUTh)
Roberto Tola (CRF)