tissues. a. tissues 1. def – a group of cells that are organized into groups and layers. 2. types...
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HAP Chapter 5 NotesTissues
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I. IntroductionA. Tissues
1. Def – a group of cells that are organized into groups and layers.2. Types (Table 5.1)
a. Epithelialb. Connectivec. Musculard. Nervous
3. Extracellular Matrixa. Non-livingb. Supports cellsc. Transmits signals
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II. Epithelial Cells
A. General Characteristics1. covers organs2. forms inner linings of body cavities3. lines hollow organs*always has an exposed surface*basement membrane – adheres epithelial layer to other tissues4. Other characteristics
a. Lack blood vesselsb. Readily dividec. Tightly packed
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5. Types of epithelial cellsa. Squamous – thin and
flattenedb. Cuboidal – cube shapedc. Columnar – tall and elongated
*simple – single layer*stratified – two or more layers
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III. Simple Squamous
A. Def – pg.931. Characteristics
a. Substances pass easily (filtration and diffusion)
b. Location… alveoli (lungs) O2 CO2
capillaries
blood and lymph vessels covers membranes that line
body cavitiesc. Easily damaged
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IV. Simple cuboidal
A. Def – pg. 931. Characteristics
a. Acts as a coverb. Location…
ovarieslines kidneys, salivary, and thyroid glandspancreas and livers
c. Secretion and absorptionhormones
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V. Simple Columnar
A. Def – pg. 931. Characteristics
a. Nuclei are located near basement membrane.b. Can contain cilia or microvillic. Good protectors of underlying tissued. Contain goblet cells - secretionse. Location…
female reproductive tubesdigestive tract
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VI. Pseudostratified Columnar EpithelialA. Def – pg. 94
1. Characteristicsa. Pseudo = falseb. Nuclei are located at different
levelsc. Have ciliad. Goblet cellse. Location…
respiratory tract (mucous/flem)
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VII. Stratified squamous epitheliumA. Def – pg. 95
1. Characteristicsa. Generally thickb. Push old ones towards the surfacec. Location…
skin (epidermis / dermis)-keratin (protein)
oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal
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VIII. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
A. Def – pg. 951. Characteristics
a. Protective liningb. Location…
glands (mammary, sweat, salivary, pancreas)
male and female reproductive tubules
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IX. Stratified columnar epitheliumA. Def – pg. 95
1. characteristicsa. Superficial cells – columnarb. Deep cells – cuboidalc. Location…
urethra and vas deferenspharynx
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X. Other epithelium types
A. Transitional1. characteristics
a. specialized to change due to tensionb. ability to change shapec. Location…
urinary tractB. Glandualar
1. characteristicsa. Produce secretions and substancesb. Form glandsc. types
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1. Exocrine gland – secrete into ducts that lead into the skin
or lining of digestive tractmerocrine – watery proteinapocrine – small portions
of cellsholocrine – cells break off and lyse.
2. Endocrine gland – secrete into tissue or blood
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A. Characteristics1. multiple…
framework, support, protection, store fat, repair tissue, protect against
infections, produce blood cells…B. Cell Types
1. Fibroblast – most commona. Large and star shapedb. Produce fibers
XI. Connective Tissue
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2. Macrophagesa. White blood cells – phagocytosis
scavengers ability to move
3. Mast Cellsa. Heparin – prevents blood clottingb. Located near blood vesselsc. Produce histamine
allergies and inflammation
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C. Connective Tissue Fibers (fibroblasts)1. Collagenous – thick threads
a. Great strengthb. Ex: ligaments and tendons
2. Elastic – thin fibersa. Elastin proteinb. Stretch easy and return to normal
shapec. Ex: vocal cords
3. Reticlular – thin fibersa. Form delicate supporting networksb. Hold organs in place
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D. Categories of Connective Tissue1. Loose Connective Tissue
a. Description – delicate thin membraneb. Mainly fibroblastsc. Binds skin to organs (usually muscles)d. Large blood supply
2. Adipose Tissuea. Description – energy storage centerb. Adipocytes – store fat droplets within cells.c. Location…
-underneath skin-around organs (protection)-in between muscles
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3. Dense Connective Tissuea. Description – closely packed collagenous fibers and elastic fibers.b. Strong yet stretchyc. Location…
tendons and ligamentsd. Poor blood supply = slow tissue repair
4. Cartilagea. Description – rigid connective tissue
that provides support and protection.b. Chondrocytes – cells that produce collagenous fibers.c. Little/no blood supply = poor healing
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d. Types of cartilage Hyaline – most common
(collagenous) - ends of bone, tip of nose, throat
Elastic – (elastic)- more flexible than hyaline- ears and larynx
Fibrocartilage – tough (collagenous)- shock absorber- spinal column, knees, pelvic girdle- meniscus
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5. Bone Tissuea. Description – most rigid connective tissue
b. mineral salts (calcium)c. Purpose
a. Supports body structuresb. Protects body structuresc. Attachment site for musclesd. Red marrow – white blood
cellsd. Osteocytes – bone laying cells
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6. Blood Tissuea. Description – transports materialsb. Helps to maintain stability
(homeostasis)c. Types
Red BC’sWhite BC’sPlatelets
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A. Def – ability to contract in response to stimuli
B. Characteristics 1. elongated2. ability to contract
C. Types of Muscle Tissues1. Skeletal2. Smooth3. Cardiac
XII. Muscle Tissue
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D. Skeletal 1. Characteristics
a. Connect bonesb. Voluntaryc. Contain striationsd. Allow movement
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E. Smooth1. Characteristics a. No striations b. Shorter in length c. Found in internal organs
-stomach, intestine, urinary bladder d. Involuntary
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F. Cardiac1. Only found in the heart2. striated3. involuntary
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