tissues - amar ujala
TRANSCRIPT
1. INTRODUCTION
In unicellular organisms a
single cell performs all the
vital activities. For
digestion, respiration, excretion
etc.
In case of Multicellular
organisms, specialized
functions are performed by a
different group of cells. As
blood flows for transportation
of O2, CO2, food hormones &
waste material, muscle cel
are involved in movement.
In plants, vascular tissue
conduct food & water from one
plant to another par
plant. Thus, m
organisms possess well
developed tissues to
highest possible efficiency or
particular function.
A tissue is defined as a
of cells with similar structure,
organized to perform
common function.
Term tissue was coined by
Bichat.
TISSUES
In unicellular organisms a
single cell performs all the
vital activities. For example,
digestion, respiration, excretion
case of Multicellular
specialized
functions are performed by a
different group of cells. As
blood flows for transportation
food hormones &
waste material, muscle cells
in movement.
vascular tissues
conduct food & water from one
plant to another partof the
plant. Thus, multicellular
organisms possess well-
developed tissues to provide
highest possible efficiency or
A tissue is defined as a group
milar structure,
organized to perform a
Term tissue was coined by
As plants are fixed or
stationary, most of their
tissues are of supportive type.
Animals move around in search
of food, to mate &
so they consume more energy
as compared to plants.
Plants have some localized
regions with special tissue
there are no such distinct
regions in animals. Growth in
animals remains uniform.
Branch of biology
with the study of tissue
called Histology.
2. PLANT TISSUES
Mainly they are of two types:
Meristematic
Permanent
2.1 Meristematic Tissue:
These are simple living tissues
having thin walled compactly
arranged immature cells which
are
capable of
formation of new cells.
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As plants are fixed or
stationary, most of their
tissues are of supportive type.
Animals move around in search
mate &for shelter
they consume more energy
as compared to plants.
Plants have some localized
regions with special tissues but
no such distinct
regions in animals. Growth in
animals remains uniform.
Branch of biology that deals
with the study of tissues is
Histology.
PLANT TISSUES
Mainly they are of two types:
Meristematic Tissue:
These are simple living tissues
having thin walled compactly
arranged immature cells which
capable of division and
formation of new cells.
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(i) Main features of Meristematic
tissues are :
Thin primary cell wall
(cellulosic).
Intercellular spaces are
absent (Compact tissue).
Generally, vacuoles are
absent, dense cytoplasm &
prominent nuclei arepresent.
Large number of cell
organelles are present.
Active metabolic state, stored
food is absent.
Actively dividing cells are
present in growing regions of
plants e.g. root & shoot tips.
(ii) Classification on the basis of
origin :
(A) Primary meristem
(Promeristem):
Derived directly from the
Meristems of embryo.
They consist of cells derived
from primary meristem.
They add to primary growth of
plants.
(B) Secondary meristem:
Formed by permanent tissues.
These are having cells derived
from primary permanent
tissue.
They usually add to the
diameter of plants.
Permanent tissues undergo
dedifferentiation to form
Secondary meristem.
(iii) Classification on the basis of
location:
(A) Apical meristem: It is present
at the growing tips of stems
and roots. Cell division in this
tissue leads to the elongation
of stem & root, thus involved
in the primary growth of the
plant.
(B) Intercalary meristem: It is
present behind the apex. It is
the part of apical meristem
which is left behind during
growth period. These are
present at the base of leaf &
internode region. These lead
to the increase in the length
of leaf (Primary) e.g. in grass
stem, bamboo stem, mint
stem etc.
(C) Lateral meristem: It is also
called as secondary meristem.
It occurs along the sides of
longitudinal axis of the plant.
It gives rise to the vascular
tissues. Causes growth in
girth of stem & root. They are
responsible for secondary
growth.
2.2 Permanent tissue
The permanent tissues are
composed of those cells
which have lost their
capability to divide. They have
definite shape, size and
thickness. The permanent
tissue may be dead or living.
The division & differentiation
of the cells of Meristematic
tissues give rise to permanent
tissues. In cell differentiation,
developing tissue and organs
change from simple to more
complex forms to become
specialized for specific
functions. The cells of
permanent tissueslose the
capacity to divide and attain a
permanent shape, size and
function.
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Depending upon the structure
and composition, the
permanent tissues are
classified into
two types :
2.2.1 Simple permanent tissues :
These are made up of same
type of cells which are
similar, structurally and
functionally. They include two
types of tissues:
(A) Protective Tissues: These
tissue are primarily protective
in function. They consist of :
Epidermis : Epidermis forms
one cell thick outermost layer
of various bodyorgans of
plants, such as leaves,
flowers, stems and roots.
Epidermis is covered from
outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a
water proof layer of waxy
substance called as cutin
which is secreted by the
epidermal cells. Cuticle is
very thick in xerophytes. Cells
of epidermis of leaves are not
continuous at some places
due to the presence of small
pores called as stomata. Each
stomata is guarded by a pair
of bean shaped cells called as
guard cells. These are the
only epidermal cells which
possess chloroplasts, the rest
being colorless.
Functions :
(i) The main function of
epidermis is to protect the
plant from desiccation
andinfection.
(ii) Cuticle of epidermis cuts the
rate of transpiration and
evaporation of waterand
prevents wilting.
(iii) Stomata, in epidermis allow
gaseous exchange to occur
during photosynthesis and
respiration.
(iv) Stomata also helps in
transpiration.
Cork or Phellem: In older
roots and stems, tissues at
the periphery becomecork
cells or phellem cells. Cork is
made up of dead cells with
thick walls and do not have
any intercellular spaces. The
cell walls in cork deposit
waxy substance called as
suberin. The cells of cork
become impermeable to
water and gases due to the
deposition of suberin. The
cork cells are without any
protoplasm but are filled with
resins or tannins.
Functions:
(i) Cork is protective in function.
Cork cells prevent
desiccation, infection and
mechanical injury.
(ii) Imperviousness, lightness,
toughness, compressibility
and elasticity make the cork
commercially valuable.
(iii) Cork is used for insulation, as
shock absorber in linoleum.
(iv) Cork is used in the making
variety of sports goods such
as cricket balls,tennis balls,
shuttle cocks, wooden
paddles etc.
(B) Supporting tissue : These are supportive in function and of three types
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(a) Parenchyma:
It is the fundamental tissue.
This tissue first time evolved
in bryophyte.
Cells are thin walled, oval or
spherical in structure.
Cell wall is mainly composed
of cellulose & pectin.
Large central vacuole for food
& water storage.
Primary function is food
storage.
Some parenchyma involved in
excretory substance storage
are called as idioblast, storing
substances such as resin,
tannin, gums & oils. In typical
parenchyma, chlorophyll is
absent.
Chloroplast containing
parenchyma tissue are called
chlorenchyma, whichperform
photosynthesis e.g. mesophyll
of leaves.
In hydrophytic plants,
aerenchyma (a type of
parenchyma containing air
spaces) provides buoyancy.
Parenchyma provides turgidity
to the cells.
(b) Collenchyma:
It is the living mechanical
tissue.
It has elongated cells with
thick corners.
Cells have localized cellulose
& pectin thickening.
Provides flexibility to plant
parts & easy bending of
various parts of plant.
Present only in herbaceous
dicot stem.
Present at thin margin of
leaves.
Few chloroplasts may be
present in its cells.
It gives mechanical strength &
elasticity to the growing
stems.
(c) Sclerenchyma:
It is the strengthening
tissue.
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Composed of extremely thick
walled cells with little or no
protoplasm.
Cells are dead & possess very
thick lignified walls (lignin is
water proof material).
Intercellular spaces are
absent.
Cells of Sclerenchyma are of two
types:
Sclereids: These are also
called grit cells or stone cells.
These are small cells, where
lumen is so small due to
higher thickening of cell wall,
as present in drupefruit
(Mango, coconut walnut) and
legume seeds
(Macrosclereids).
Fibers: They are very long,
narrow, thick, lignified cells.
Lumen is large as compared
to sclereids. Generally 1-3
mm. long. In the thick walls
of both the fibers and
sclereids are present in thin
areas called as pits.
Sclerenchyma fibers are used
in the manufacture of ropes,
mats & certain textile fibers.
Jute & coir are obtained from
the thick bundles of fibers.
EXAMPLES
Ex 1. Aerenchyma provides
(A) Flexibility of plant
(B) Mechanical strength to
plant
(C) Buoyancy to plant
(D) Photosynthetic ability to
the plant
Sol. (C)
Aerenchyma refers to the
parenchyma that has large air
spaces which is present in
the aquatic plants and
provide buoyancy to the
plant.
Ex 2. Which of the following tissue
has dead cells?
(A) Parenchyma
(B) Sclerenchyma
(C) Collenchyma
(D) Epithelial tissue
Sol. (B)
The collenchyma, a tissue of
living cells, the sclerenchyma,
a tissue of nearly always dead
cells, and. the vascular tissue
consisting of both living and
dead cells. It is responsible
(A) Xylem: Also known as wood
and is a vascular and
mechanical tissue. Thick
walled cells are found in the
form of tubular passages.
Aerenchyma provides
Flexibility of plant
Mechanical strength to
Buoyancy to plant
Photosynthetic ability to
Aerenchyma refers to the
parenchyma that has large air
spaces which is present in
the aquatic plants and
provide buoyancy to the
Which of the following tissue
Epithelial tissue
collenchyma, a tissue of
sclerenchyma,
a tissue of nearly always dead
cells, and. the vascular tissue
consisting of both living and
dead cells. It is responsible
for the transport and
dispersal of water, nutriments
and assimilates.
EDU-CATALYSERS
B1. Some parts of the plants are
flexible due to the presence
of
(A) Parenchyma
(B) Collenchyma
(C) Meristematic
(D) Sclerenchyma
B2. Permanent tissues are derived
from
(A) Simple tissue
(B) Meristematic tissue
(C) Complex tissue
(D) Collenchyma
2.2.2 Complex permanent tissue
consists of more than one
type of cells which work
together as unit
It helps in transportation of
organic materials, water &
minerals.
It is also know
or vascular tissue.
Xylem & phloem together
form vascular bundles.
Also known as wood
and is a vascular and
mechanical tissue. Thick
walled cells are found in the
form of tubular passages.
ylem consists of four types of
cells called as elements :
Tracheids : They are elongated
angular dead cells (Primitive
elements) mainly involved in
conduction of water &
minerals in gymnosperms.
Vessels: they are advance
element (Generally found in
angiosperms).
Vessels are cylindrical tube
like structures placed one
above the other end to end
which form a continuous
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for the transport and
f water, nutriments
and assimilates.
Some parts of the plants are
flexible due to the presence
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Meristematic
Sclerenchyma
Permanent tissues are derived
Simple tissue
Meristematic tissue
Complex tissue
Collenchyma
Complex permanent tissue: it
consists of more than one
of cells which work
as unit.
It helps in transportation of
organic materials, water &
It is also known as conducting
or vascular tissue.
Xylem & phloem together
form vascular bundles.
ylem consists of four types of
cells called as elements :
They are elongated
angular dead cells (Primitive
elements) mainly involved in
conduction of water &
minerals in gymnosperms.
they are advance
element (Generally found in
angiosperms).
Vessels are cylindrical tube
like structures placed one
above the other end to end
which form a continuous
channel for efficient
conduction of water.
Xylem parenchyma :
small & thick wal
parenchymatous cells
Subjected for storge of starch
(food).
Xylem Sclerenchyma :
are non-living fibers
thick walls & narrow cavities
provide mechanical support.
(B) Phloem :They also consist of both parenchymatous &
cells.
Phloem tissue consists of four
types of element:
Sieve tubes: Sieve tubes are
slender tube like structures
made up of elongated, thin
walled cells placed end to
end. The end walls of sieve
tube cells are perforated by
channel for efficient
conduction of water.
Xylem parenchyma : they are
small & thick walled
parenchymatous cells
Subjected for storge of starch
Xylem Sclerenchyma : They
fibers with
narrow cavities
provide mechanical support.
Except xylem parenchyma all
other xylem elements are
dead.
Hadrome: Tracheids
are collectively called
hadrome as main
elements in xylem.
The annual rings
the trunk of a tree are
xylem rings. By
number of annual rings we
can determine the age of a
tree.
They also consist of both parenchymatous &
nsists of four
Sieve tubes are
slender tube like structures
made up of elongated, thin
walled cells placed end to
end. The end walls of sieve
tube cells are perforated by
numerous pores are called as
sieve plates. Nucleus of sieve
cell degenerates at maturity,
however cytoplasm persists,
because of protoplasmic
continuation of sieve tube
with companion cell through
plasmodesmata. Sieve cells
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Except xylem parenchyma all
other xylem elements are
Tracheids & vessels
are collectively called
as main Conducting
elements in xylem.
The annual rings, present in
the trunk of a tree are called
xylem rings. By counting the
number of annual rings we
can determine the age of a
sclerenchymatous
numerous pores are called as
sieve plates. Nucleus of sieve
enerates at maturity,
ytoplasm persists,
because of protoplasmic
continuation of sieve tube
with companion cell through
plasmodesmata. Sieve cells
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possess slime protein or
protein which is concerned
with growth and repair of
sieve cells.
Companion cells : Companion
cells have dense cytoplasm
and prominent nuclei.
Sieve cells & companion cells
are so called sister cells
because they originate from
single mother cell.
Phloem fiber : They give
mechanical support to sieve
tubes
Phloem parenchyma : They
store food & help in radial
conduction of food.
Leptome : main part of
phloem involved in
conduction of food, which is
sieve tube.
In xylem only unidirectional
movement is possible while in
phloem bidirectional
movement can occur in
phloem. except Phloem
Sclerenchyma all elements
are living.
EXAMPLES
Ex. 3 Mucilage, tannins & resins
are stored materials of
(A) Xylem
(B) Apical tissue
(C) Phloem
(D) Parenchyma
Sol.(C)
Mucilage, tannins& resins
stored material of phloem
[phloem parenchyma].
Ex. 4 Xylem & phloem occur in
(A) Connective tissue
(B) Cortex
(C) Periderm
(D) Vascular bundle
Sol. (D)
Xylem & phloem occur in
vascular bundle and help in
conduction of food and water
respectively.
EDU-CATALYSERS
B-3 The wax like substance
present in the cell wall of
onion skin is
(A) pectin
(B) lignin
(C) cellulose
(D) suberin
B-4 Vessels and Companion cells
occur in
(A) Angiosperm
(B) Gymnosperm
(C) Pteridophytes
(D) Bryophytes
3. ANIMAL TISSUES
Outline classification of Animal tissue:
Animal Tissue
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The study of microscopic
structure of tissues is called
as Histology.
Cells of a tissue are often
held together by cell
junctions.
3.1 Epithelial Tissue :
Epi means above & thelial
means to grow)
Always grows on some other
types of tissue.
Cells of epithelium are set
very close to each other and
the tissue rests on a non-
cellular basement membrane.
Consists of single layer of
cells.
Blood vessels are absent
&they are non-nervous in
nature.
It covers all the organs & lines
the cavities of hollow organs
like stomach.
It is primarily protective in
function.
Epithelial tissues are classified as:
(i) Squamous epithelium: Also
called pavement epithelium.
Cells arranged end to end like
tiles on a floor.
Cells are polygonal in surface
view.
It forms the delicate lining of
cavities (mouth, esophagus,
nose, pericardium, alveoli
etc.) blood vessels and
covering of the tongue and
skin.
Epithelial cells are arranged in
many layers (stratum) to
prevent wear and tear in skin.
This pattern is stratified
squalors epithelium.
(ii) Cuboidal epithelium: They are
cube like cells that fit
closely.Cells look like squares
in section, but free surface
appears hexagonal.
It is found in kidney tubules,
thyroid vesicles & in glands
(salivary glands, sweat
glands).
(1) Epithelial Tissue
(I) Squamous Epithelium
(II) Columnar Epithelium
(III) Cuboidal Epithelium
(IV) Ciliated Epithelium
(C) Vascular
Tissue
(1) Blood
(2) Lymph
(B) Skeletal
Tissue
(1) Cartilage
(2) Bone
(A) Connective Tissue
Proper (1) Areolar tissue
(2) White fibrous tissue
(3) Yellow fibrous tissue
(4) Adipose tissue
(2) Connective Tissue (3) Muscular
Tissue
(4) Nervous
Tissue
(C) Cardiac
Muscles
(B) Non-Striated
Muscles
(A) Striated
Muscles
It forms germinal epithelium
of gonads (testes & ovaries)
It involves in absorption,
excretion & secretion. It also
provides mechanical
(iv) Ciliated epithelium:
Cells may be cubical or
columnar.
On its free surface are
present protoplasmic
outgrowths called cilia.
It helps in the movement of
ova in the fallopian tube.
3.2 Connective Tissue:
The cells of the connective
tissue are widely spaced and
embedded in an intercellular
matrix.
The nature of matrix decides
the function of tissue.
White & yellow
present in the matrix.
Their basic function
provide support to different
organs & keeping them in
place.
It forms germinal epithelium
of gonads (testes & ovaries).
It involves in absorption,
excretion & secretion. It also
provides mechanical support.
(iii) Columnar epithelium:
Columnar means
epithelium.
It forms lining of stomach,
small intestine & colon,
forming mucous membranes.
Border of microvilli is present
at the free surface end of
each cell
absorption efficiency in small
intestine.
Cells may be cubical or
free surface are
present protoplasmic
outgrowths called cilia.
It helps in the movement of
the fallopian tube.
The cells of the connective
tissue are widely spaced and
embedded in an intercellular
ature of matrix decides
the function of tissue.
White & yellow fibers are
present in the matrix.
Their basic function is to
provide support to different
organs & keeping them in
(i) Fluid or vascular tissue:
(A) Blood & lymph:
Blood is a connective
fluid matrix of blood is
plasma having wandering or
floating cellscalled
corpuscles.B
transportation
materials such as nutritive
substances, gases, excretory
products, hormones etc.
Plasma :
part of blood.
Constitution
90-91 :
7 :
(Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)
0.9 :
salt etc.
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Columnar epithelium:
Columnar means “pillar-like”
It forms lining of stomach,
mall intestine & colon,
forming mucous membranes.
Border of microvilli is present
at the free surface end of
each cell which increases
absorption efficiency in small
Fluid or vascular tissue:
Blood & lymph:
Blood is a connective tissue;
fluid matrix of blood is
plasma having wandering or
floating cellscalled
.Blood helps in the
transportation of various
materials such as nutritive
substances, gases, excretory
products, hormones etc.
form 55%
part of blood.
water
protein
(Albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)
inorganic
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Corpuscles: Forms 45% part
of blood.
RBC’s are also called as
erythrocytes, containing red
colored respiratory pigment
called hemoglobin that helps
in transportation of oxygen.
WBC’s (Leucocytes): They are
also celled as “Soldiers of the
body”.
They are irregular, amoeboid,
phagocytic cells that protect
our body by engulfing
bacterial & other foreign
particles.
They are of five types:
Monocytes, Lymphocytes,
Basophiles, Neutrophiles,
Eosinophils.
Blood platelets or
thrombocytes: They are
spindle shaped cells which
are involved in clotting of
blood.
(ii) Skeletal tissue: It is hard
connective tissue that forms
supportive framework of the
body. Itis of two types:
(A) Bone:
Matrix of bone is very hard
because of salts such as
calcium phosphate, CaCO3
(60-70%) etc. and a protein
ossein.
Bone cells (osteoblasts) are
embedded in this hard matrix.
Matrix is deposited in the
form of concentric layers of
lamellae formed round a
central canal (Haversian
canal), the done cells occupy
small spaces between the
concentric layers of matrix.
The long bones are usually
hollow, containing cavity
called as marrow cavity. It is
full bone marrow.
(B) Cartilage:
This tissue is elastic, less
hard as compared to bone.
Elasticity is due to the
presence of chondrin
(protein). Cells are called as
chondroblast, which are
widely spaced and matrix is
reinforced by fibers.
It occurs at joint of bones, in
the nose, ear, trachea &
larynx. It provides flexibility
and great tensile strength.
(C) Connective tissue proper:
It is the most abundant type
of connective tissue.
It is future divided into
following types:
(i) Areolar tissue: It is the most
distributed connective tissue
in the body.
This tissue fills spaces inside
organs & is found between
the skin & muscles, around
blood vessels, nerves & in the
bone marrow.
There are two types of fibers
Inelastic white fibres
(ii) Adipose tissue: These are oval
& round cells, filled with fat
globules.
The cells are called as
adipocytes. It found
subcutaneous layer below the
skin, around the heart, brain &
below the eyeballs. It acts as
an insulator & prevents loss
of heat from the body.
(iii) White fibrous connective
tissue: They are very little
matrix containing abundant
white fibers forming layers.
Bundles of this tissue are
called as tendons, which
attaches muscles to the
bones.
(iv) Yellow fibrous connective
tissue: They are very elastic
due to the presence of a
network of yellow fibers
matrix called as ligament
which attaches bone to bone.
EXAMPLES
EX-5 Cartilage is not found in
(A) Nose
(B) Ear
(C) Kidney
(D) Larynx
Sol. (C)
Elastic yellow fibres
These are oval
& round cells, filled with fat
The cells are called as
adipocytes. It found in
subcutaneous layer below the
skin, around the heart, brain &
below the eyeballs. It acts as
an insulator & prevents loss
of heat from the body.
White fibrous connective
They are very little
matrix containing abundant
forming layers.
Bundles of this tissue are
called as tendons, which
attaches muscles to the
Yellow fibrous connective
They are very elastic
due to the presence of a
fibers in its
matrix called as ligament
bone to bone.
Cartilage is not found in –
Kidneys are the chief
excretory organs and are
mainly concerned with the
excretion of urea in the form
of urine. Cartilage is a
connective tissue which
provides support and
flexibility to various parts of
our body.Cartilage is found in
the nose, ear, larynx but not
in the kidney.Renal tubules
and corpuscles in the kidney
are formed by Cuboidal
epithelium tissue.
EX-6 Bone matrix i
(A) Fluoride & calcium
(B) Calcium & phosphorus
(C) Calcium & Potassium
(D) Phosphorus & potassium
Sol. (B)
The bone matrix
hydroxyapatite, which
consists of mainly calcium
and phosphorus with trace
amounts of sodium,
magnesium, and bicarbonate.
After oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen,
calcium is the fifth most
important element.
EDU-CATALYSERSB-5 Intestine absorbs the digested
food materials. What type of
epithelial cells are
responsible for that ?
(A) Stratified squamous
epithelium
(B) Columnar epithelium
(C) Spindle fibres
(D) Cuboidal epithelium
B-6 Fats are stored in human
body as –
(A) Cuboidal epithelium
Elastic yellow fibres
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Kidneys are the chief
excretory organs and are
mainly concerned with the
excretion of urea in the form
of urine. Cartilage is a
connective tissue which
provides support and
flexibility to various parts of
our body.Cartilage is found in
the nose, ear, larynx but not
in the kidney.Renal tubules
and corpuscles in the kidney
are formed by Cuboidal
epithelium tissue.
Bone matrix is rich in -
Fluoride & calcium
Calcium & phosphorus
Calcium & Potassium
Phosphorus & potassium
bone matrix contains
hydroxyapatite, which
consists of mainly calcium
and phosphorus with trace
amounts of sodium,
magnesium, and bicarbonate.
After oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen,
calcium is the fifth most
important element.
CATALYSERS
Intestine absorbs the digested
food materials. What type of
epithelial cells are
responsible for that ?
fied squamous
Columnar epithelium
Spindle fibres
(D) Cuboidal epithelium
Fats are stored in human
Cuboidal epithelium
(B) Adipose tissue
(C) Bones
3.5 MUSCULAR TISSUE
Movements are brought about in our body with the help of muscular
tissues.
(a) Features:
They are long fiber-
They are capable of contraction or relaxation
(b) Types:
It is of three types:
(i) Striated muscles: They
these are under the control of one’s will.
multinucleated and unbranched.
which is called as sarcolemma.
These muscles get tired & need rest.
(ii) Non striated muscles:
smooth
muscles. These muscle
They are not enclosed by membrane but many
in bundles.
Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary
bladder, bronchi, iris of eye etc.
canal are brought about by smooth muscles.
Adipose tissue (D) Cartilage
Movements are brought about in our body with the help of muscular
-like cells called muscle fibers.
They are capable of contraction or relaxation.
They are also called as voluntary muscles because
under the control of one’s will. Muscle fibers
multinucleated and unbranched. Each fibra enclosed by thin membrane
s called as sarcolemma. Cytoplasm is called as sarcoplasm.
uscles get tired & need rest.
Non striated muscles: They are involuntary muscles also called as
muscles. These muscle fibers are uninucleate& spindle shaped.
They are not enclosed by membrane but many fibers are joined together
Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary
bladder, bronchi, iris of eye etc. Peristaltic movements in alimentary
canal are brought about by smooth muscles.
13
Cartilage
Movements are brought about in our body with the help of muscular
as voluntary muscles because
fibers or cells are
Each fibra enclosed by thin membrane
Cytoplasm is called as sarcoplasm.
They are involuntary muscles also called as
& spindle shaped.
are joined together
Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary
eristaltic movements in alimentary
(3) Cardiac muscle fibers
These are only found in the walls of heart. Their
the striated & non-
Branches are united by intercalated disc. In these
contraction & relaxation occurs
3.5 NERVOUS TISSUE
They are highly specialized
tissue due to which the
animals are table to perceive
and respond to the stimuli.
Their functional unit is called
as nerve cell or neuron.
Cell body is cyton covered by
plasma membrane.
Short, hair like extensions
starting from cyton are
dendrons which subdivide
further into dendrites.
(a) Types:
Nerve fibers are of two types:
fibers: They are also involuntary muscles.
nly found in the walls of heart. Their structure is in between
-striated muscles. They are uninucleate
Branches are united by intercalated disc. In these muscles rhythmic
contraction & relaxation occurs Thought the life.
They are highly specialized
tissue due to which the
animals are table to perceive
and respond to the stimuli.
Their functional unit is called
cell or neuron.
Cell body is cyton covered by
Short, hair like extensions
ng from cyton are
which subdivide
into dendrites.
Axon is long, tail like cylindrical
process with fine branches at
the end. Axon is cov
sheath.
Axon of one neuron is very
closely placed to the dendrons
of another neuron to carry
impulses from one
another neuron in the
electrochemical waves. This
close proximity is called as
synapse.
are of two types:
14
muscles.
structure is in between
uninucleate & branched.
muscles rhythmic
Axon is long, tail like cylindrical
process with fine branches at
the end. Axon is covered by a
one neuron is very
closely placed to the dendrons
of another neuron to carry
impulses from one neuron to
another neuron in the form of
electrochemical waves. This
close proximity is called as
(i) Medullated fibers
(ii) Non-medullated fibers
(b) Functions:
(i) They control all the body
activities
(ii) They co-ordinate between
various parts during any body
function.
Spinal cord & brain are made
up of nervous tissue.
EXAMPLES
EX-7 Striated muscles are
(A) Multinucleate &
unbranched
(B) Uninucleate & spindle
Shaped
(C) Uninucleate & branched
(D) Multinucleate &
branched
Sol. (A)
Unlike smooth muscle
cardiac muscle,skeletal
e is under voluntary control.
Similar to cardiac
however,skeletal muscle
iated; its long, thin,
multinucleated fibres are
crossed with a regular pattern
fibers
They control all the body
ordinate between
various parts during any body
brain are made
up of nervous tissue.
Striated muscles are -
Multinucleate &
Uninucleate & spindle -
Uninucleate & branched
Multinucleate &
muscle and
skeletal muscl
is under voluntary control.
to cardiac muscle,
muscle is str
iated; its long, thin,
multinucleated fibres are
crossed with a regular pattern
of fine red and white lines,
giving the muscle
appearance.
EX-8 The cell body of nerve cell
contains a nucleus &
cytoplasm & is called the
(A) Cyton
(B) Dendron
(C) Axon
(D) None
Sol. Neurons are
the nervous
transmit information to
other nerve
gland cells.Most
a cell body, an axon, and
dendrites. The cell body
contains the
plasm
EDU-CATALYSERS
B- Dendrites are found in
(A) Striated muscle
(B) Cardiac
(C) Neuron
(D) Nonstriated muscle
15
of fine red and white lines,
muscle a distinctive
The cell body of nerve cell
contains a nucleus &
cytoplasm & is called the -
Dendron
cells within
system that
transmit information to
cells, muscle, or
Most neurons have
cell body, an axon, and
The cell body
the nucleus and cyto
Dendrites are found in -
Striated muscle
Cardiac
Neuron
Nonstriated muscle
16
EXERCISE 1 (Topics- Plant tissues and its types)
1. A group of cells having common
origin and performing similar
function is called
(A) tissue
(B) organ
(C) organ system
(D) cell aggregate
2. Meristems are cells that
(A) store food
(B) help in excretion
(C) provide support
(D) divide continuously to
produce new cells
3. Plant length is increased by the
activity of
(A) apical meristem
(B) lateral meristem
(C) cambium
(D) all of the above
4. In plants, cell division is
restricted to
(A) Meristematic cells
(B) permanent cells
(C) xylem
(D) phloem
5. In grasses the length of
increases by the activity of
(A) apical meristem
(B) intercalary meristem
(C) lateral meristem
(D) secondary meristem
(Permanent tissue)
6. A permanent plant tissue
consisting of thin walled living
cells is
(A) parenchyma
(B) collenchyma
(C) Sclerenchyma
(D) xylem
7. A permanent plant tissue made
up of living having thickening at
the comers is
(A) Sclerenchyma
(B) collenchyma
(C) parenchyma
(D) phloem
8. The main function of
Sclerenchyma is to help in the
(A) conduction of food
(B) synthesis of food
(C) exchange of gases
(D) mechanical support
9. The wall of cork cells are
thickened by the deposition of
(A) cutin
(B) suberin
(C) lignin
(D) pectin
10. The wax like substance present
in the cell wall of onion skin is
(A) pectin
(B) lignin
(C) cellulose
(D) suberin
(Topics- Animal tissues and its types)
11. The entire body surface and
cavities inside the body are
lined by
(A) muscle tissue
(B) epithelial tissue
(C)connective tissue
(D) nervous tissue
12. Which one of the following is a
fluid connective tissue ?
(A) Areolar tissue
(B) cartilage
(C) Blood
(D) Ligaments
13. The tissue that attaches
muscles to the bones is
17
(A) cartilage
(B) tendon
(C) ligament
(D) blood
14. The tissue that joins one bone
to the other is
(A) ligament
(B) tendon
(C) blood
(D) cartilage
15. Areolar tissue is a
(A) nervous tissue
(B) muscular tissue
(C) connective tissue
(D) epithelial tissue
(Topics- Muscular tissue, Nervous
tissue and its types)
16. Contraction and relaxation are
unique features of
(A) epithelial tissue
(B) connective tissue
(C) muscle tissue
(D) nervous tissue
17. The tissue which is under the
control of animal’s will is
(A) cardiac muscle
(B) striated muscle
(C) non-striated muscle
(D) cartilage
18. The muscle which work
throughout life without
undergoing fatigue is
(A) striated muscle
(B) non-striated muscle
(C) ) cardiac muscle
(D) all of the above
19. Which of the following is a
voluntary muscle ?
(A) striated muscle
(B) Unstriated muscle
(C) ) cardiac muscle
(D) (A) and(B)
20. Wall of urinary bladder consists
of
(A) striated muscle
(B) Unstriated muscle
(C) both of above
(D) none of these
18
EXERCISE-2 (NTSE/OLYMPIAD) 1. The meristematic cells have
(A) Thin walls
(B) prominent nuclei
(C) Absence of vacuoles
(D) All of the above
2. Meristems helps in
(A) Absorption of water
(B) Absorption of minerals
(C) Transport of food
(D) Growth of plants
3. The division in meristematic
cells is
(A) Mitotic
(B) Amitotic
(C) Meiotic
(D) All of the above
4. The cells having the ability to
divide are
(A) Specialised
(B) Glandular
(C) Meristematic
(D) Permanent
5. A nail inserted some years back
at 1.5 metre height on a tree
trunk shall
(A) remain where it was
(B) move upwards
(C) move downwards
(D) move laterally
6. Most metabolism of the plants
is carried in tissue –
(A) Phloem
(B) Meristem
(C) Collenchyma
(D) Parenchyma
7. Which tissue provides maximum
mechanical strength to the
plants
(A) Parenchyma
(B) Xylem
(C) Phloem
(D) Collenchyma
8. Xylem & Phloem belong to the
group of
(A) Simple tissue
(B) Latex tissue
(C) Complex tissue
(D) None of these
9. Which constitutes the
thickening in collenchyma
(A) Suberin
(B) Cutin
(C) Pectin
(D) Lignin
10. Vessels and Companion cells
occur in
(A) Angiosperm
(B) Gymnosperm
(C) Pteridophytes
(D) Bryophytes
11. Which one is not a plant fibre
(A) Coir
(B) Flex
(C) Hemp
(D) Silk
12. Which of the following acts a
middle man?
(A) W.B.C.
(B) Plasma
(C) Blood
(D) Lymph
13. The main difference between
bone and cartilage is of
(A) Mineral distribution
(B) Cell structure
(C) Lymph vessels
(D) Haversian system
14. Tendon is made up of
(A) Yellow fibrous connective
tissue
(B) Adipose tissue
(C) Modified white fibrous tissue
(D) Areolar tissue
19
15. Muscles get fatigued due to
accumulation of
(A) ATP (B) CO2
(C) Lactic acid
(D) Poly Molecule
16. Chemical ions responsible for
muscle contraction are
(A) Ca2+ and K+
(B) Na+ and K+
(C) Na+ and Ca2+
(D) Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion
17. Collagen is
(A) protein
(B) Fat
(C) Sugar
(D) Starch
18. Sprain is due to pulling of
(A) Muscles
(B) Ligaments
(C) Tendons
(D) Nerves
19. Power of regeneration is poor in
(A) Brain cells
(B) Bone cell
(C) Muscle cell
(D) All of the above
20. Which one contain voluntary
muscles?
(A) Heart
(B) Hind limb
(C) Liver
(D) Lung
EXERCISE-3 (BOARD PATTERN)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
20
Q.1 What is a tissue?
Q.2 Name types of simple tissues?
Q.3 Where is apical meristem found?
Q.4 What are the constituents of phloem?
Q.5 What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Q.6 Give three features of cardiac muscles?
Q.7 What are the function of the stomata?
Q.8 Name the muscle of heart?
Q.9 Where are intercalary meristem located?
Q.10 Name the fat storing tissue in human body?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.11 Define the meristematic tissue?
Q.12 What are the different types of parenchyma?
Q.13 Select the examples of -
(a) complex permanent tissue,
(b) Simple permanent tissue,
(c) Connective tissue,
(d) Muscular tissue, and
(e) Nervous tissue, from the given list: Blood, phloem, muscle, Bones,
Sclerenchyma, Neuron, Cartilage, Chlorenchyma.
Q.14 Name the tissue responsible for the following functions in our body
(a) Storage of fat,
(b) Movement of limbs,
(c) Movement of food in the alimentary canal
(d) Act as barrier to keep different body systems separate.
Q.15 Where are fats stored in our body?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.16 What is the connective tissue ? List their types. Explain tendons and
ligaments.
21
Q.17 Describe the various types of protective tissues in plants.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Matrix of cartilage contains ___________ and of bone ___________ protein.
2. Cartilage cells are called ___________ and bone cells ___________.
3. A normal human adult has about ___________ extracellular fluid.
4. Formation of RBC in liver, spleen and red bone marrow is called
___________
5. Striated muscle fibres in the sarcoplasm contains many ___________
numerous ___________ and glycogen granules for the supply of adequate
___________.
6. Neuron receive impulses through ___________ and pass them on to the
next neuron through ___________.
7. Permanent tissues are derived from ___________ tissue.
8. Non vascular tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are
the examples of ___________tissues.
9. Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem are examples of ___________tissues.
10. Chlorenchyma tissues performs the function of ___________
11. Cork cambium is purely a ___________.
12. Due to secondary growth on the surface of trees stem small pores are
developed called ___________.
SKILL BOOSTER 1
1. Special feature of dividing cells is
(A) large lacuna
(B) thick cell walls
(C) dense cytoplasm devoid of
lacuna
(D) large intercellular spaces
2. Totipotency is present in
(A) meristem
(B) cambium
(C) phloem
(D) cork
22
3. Which of the following is a
feature of Meristematic tissues ?
(A) Thin cell wall
(B) Compact tissue
(C) Large no. of cell organelles
are present in the cells of
tissues.
(D) All of the above
4. Which of the following plant
tissue is formed by permanent
tissue ?
(A) primary tissue
(B) Secondary tissue
(C) Both of above
(D) None of above
5. Which of the following plant
tissues causes growth in girth of
stem and root ?
(A) Apical meristem
(B) Intercalary meristem
(C) Lateral meristem
(D) None of the above
6. The outer wall of epidermis in
stems and leaves has a waxy
covering made up of
(A) lignin
(B) suberin
(C) pectin
(D) cutin
7. Collenchyma differs from
Sclerenchyma in
(A) retaining cytoplasm at
maturity
(B) having thick walls
(C) having a wide lumen
(D) being Meristematic
8. Lignified elongated bead cells are
(A) parenchyma
(B) collenchyma
(C) sclerenchyma
(D) Epidermis
9. Which of the following plant
tissue lacks protoplasm at
maturity ?
(A) Sclerenchyma
(B) Collenchyma
(C) parenchyma
(D) Epidermis
10. In plants phloem tissues perform
the function of
(A) conduction of water
(B) conduction of food
(C) photosynthesis
(D) mechanical support
11. Tendon is a structure which
connects
(A) a bone with another bone
(B) a muscle with a bone
(C) a never with a
(D) a muscle with a muscle
12. Fluid part of blood after removal
of corpuscles is
(A) plasma
(B) lymph
(C) serum
(D) vaccine
13. Which of the following structures
joins skeletal muscle to bone ?
(A)Ligament
(B)Tendon
(C)Blood
(D) Bone
14. Yellow muscle fibers are also
called as
(A) bone
(B) muscle
(C) ligament
(D) none of these
15. Ligament joins
(A) bone the muscle
(B) muscle to muscle
(C) bone to bone
(D) none of these
16. Intercalated discs are present in
(A) striated muscle
(B) Unstriated muscle
(C) cardiac muscle
(D) all of the above
23
17. The function unit of nervous
tissue is called as
(A) cyton
(B) synapse
(C) neuron
(D) axon
18. Which type of tissue forms spinal
cord and brain ?
(A) muscle tissue
(B) Nervous tissue
(C) epithelial tissue
(D) Epidermis
19. Involuntary tissue forms wall of
which of the following organ ?
(A) intestine
(B) stomach
(C) bronchi
(D) all of the above
20. Movements in body are brought
about by
(A) muscle tissue
(B) epithelial tissue
(C) Bones
(D) tendons and ligaments
24
SKILL BOOSTER 2
1. The cell division is restricted to
(A) meristematic cells (B) permanent cells
(C) secretory cells (D) all of the above
2. The meristematic cells have
(A) thin walls (B) dominant nuclei
(C) absence of vacuoles (D) all of the above
3. Match the following and choose the correct option
a. Osteocytes 1. Fluid connective tissue
b. Schwann cells 2. Skeletal tissue
c. Thrombocyte 3. Areolar connective tissue
d. Fibroblast 4. Nervous tissue
(A) a - 1, b - 3, c - 2, d - 4 (B) a - 2, b - 4, c - 1, d - 3
(C) a - 3, b - 2, c - 1, d - 4 (D) a - 2, b - 4, c - 3, d - 1
4. Which of the following lack blood supply?
(A) Bone (B) Connective tissue
(C) Cartilage (D) Vessels
5. Companion cells are usually seen associated with?
(A) fibers (B) parenchyma
(C) xylem vessels (D) sieve tubes
6. Tendon is made up to
(A) only collagen fibers
(B) inelastic connective tissue fibers
(C) elastic connective tissue fibers
(D) inelastic and elastic connective tissue fibers
7. Nodes of Ranvier are found in
(A) neurons (B) chondroblasts
(C) osteoblasts (D) gland cells
8. Which of the following take part in the human body’s defense mechanism
against diseases?
(A) Antibodies and RBC (B) Antigens and antibodies
(C) WBC and RBC (D) Leucocytes and lymphocytes
9. Fluid part of blood after removal of corpuscles is
(A) Antigen (B) plasma
(C) serum (D) vaccine
10. The tissue is defined as a group of
(A) cells which are dissimilar in origin, but are similar in form and function
(B) cells which are similar in origin, but dissimilar in for and function
(C) cells which are dissimilar in origin, form and function
(D) cells which are similar in origin, form and function
11. Meristematic tissues of plants include
(A) mature fruits, tips of stem and root & cork cambium
25
(B) stem tips, root tips, vascular cambium & cork cambium
(C) vascular cambium, cork cambium & tips of mature leaves
(D) tips of mature leaves & mature fruits
12. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists.
List - I List - II
(Plant tissue) (Function)
a. Sclerenchyma 1. Conduction of water
b. Xylem 2. Transport of food
c. Phloem 3. Mechanical strength
d. Meristem 4. Cell Division
a b c d
(A) 4 2 1 3
(B) 1 4 3 2
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 2 3 4 1
13. Contraction and relaxation are unique features of
(A) epithelial tissue (B) connective tissue
(C) muscular tissue (D) nervous tissue
14. The muscle which work throughout life without undergoing fatigue is
(A) striated muscle (B) non-striated muscle
(C) cardiac muscle (D) all of the above
15. The tissue that join one bone to the other is
(A) ligament (B) tendon
(C) blood (D) cartilage
16. In plants, cytokinesis is due to
(A) Cell plate formation (B) permanent cells
(C) xylem (D) phloem
17. Tendon is a structure which connects
(A) a bone with another bone (B) a muscle with a bone
(C) a nerve with a muscle (D) a muscle with a muscle
18. A nail inserted some years back at 1.5-meter height on a tree trunk shall
(A) remain where it was (B) move upwards
(C) move downwards (D) move laterally
SKILL BOOSTER 3
ONE-MARK QUESTIONS
26
1. The tissues derived directly from the meristem of embryo is called as
…………
2. A group of cells with similar structure, organized to do a common
function is celled as.
3. Which plant tissue remains in active metabolic state always?
4. Sieve tubes and companion cells are found in …………. tissue.
5. Long, narrow, dead cells having a thick deposition of lignin in the cell wall
are called ………. cells.
6. Which tissue is responsible for transport of water in plants?
7. The special property of muscle fibres to contract forcefully and return to
relaxed state is called ……………
8. A branch of science dealing with the study of bones is called …………..
9. The fluid matrix of blood is called…………….
10. Spindle-shaped, non-striated, involuntary muscle fibres present in hollow
internal organs like urinary bladder are called ………….
11. The brain and the spinal cord are made up of ……………..
12. The small, branched processes of a nerve cell is called………………
TWO-MARK QUESTIONS
13. Define tissue. Give any two examples of plant and animal tissue each.
14. What do you mean by division of labour?
15. Name the different elements of xylem and phloem.
16. In hydrophytes xylem is less developed, why?
17. Write the composition of mammalian blood.
18. What is the function of nervous tissue?
19. State the main features of muscular tissue.
THREE-MARK QUESTION
20. What is Tissue? Explain Meristematic plant tissue.
FIVE- MARK QUESTIONS
21. Mention the role of parenchyma, collenchyma & Sclerenchyma.
22. Give summarized classification of animal-tissue.
23. Describe the structure of neuron with labelled diagram.
27
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D A A B A B D B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C B A C C B C A B
EXERCISE-2
(NTSE/OLYMPIAD)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D A C A D B C C A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D D C C D A B A B
EXERCISE-3
(BOARD PATTERN)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. CHONDRIN, OSSEIN
2. CHONDRIOBLASTS, OSTEOCYTES
3. 1.5 LITRES
4. ERYTHROPOIESIS
5. NUCLEI, MITOCHONDRIA, ENERGY
6. DENDRONS, AXONS
7. MERISTEMATIC
8. SIMPLE
9. COMPLEX
10. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
11. SECONDARY MERISTEM
12. LENTICLES
SKILL BOOSTER-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C A D B C D A C A B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A B C C C C B D A
SKILL BOOSTER-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D B C D A A D B D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
B C C C A A B A