tissues. cells work together in functionally related groups called tissues tissue - a group of...
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Tissues
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Tissues Cells work together in functionally related groups called
tissues Tissue - A group of closely associated cells that perform
related functions and are similar in structure Four primary types
Epithelium Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscle
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Epithelial Tissue Covers a body surface or lines
a body cavity Forms parts of most glands Functions of epithelium
Protection Absorption, secretion, and ion
transport Filtration Forms slippery surfaces
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Special Characteristics of Epithelia Cellularity - cells separated by minimal extra cellular
material Specialized contacts - cells joined by special junctions Polarity - cell regions of the apical surface differ from the
basal surface
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Special Characteristics of Epithelia Support by connective tissue Avascular but innervated - epithelia receive nutrients
from underlying connective tissue via diffusion Regeneration - lost cells are quickly replaced by cell
division
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Classifications of Epithelia
First name of tissue indicates number of cell layers Simple – one layer of cells Stratified – more than one
layer of cells
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Classifications of Epithelia Last name of tissue
describes shape of cells Squamous – cells are
wider than tall (plate-like) Cuboidal – cells are as
wide as tall, like cubes Columnar – cells are taller
than they are wide, like columns
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Simple Squamous Epithelium Description – single layer – flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei Specialized types
Endothelium (inner covering) – slick lining of hollow organs Mesothelium (middle covering)
Lines peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities Covers visceral organs of those cavities
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Simple Squamous Epithelium Function
Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Location Renal corpuscles Alveoli of lungs Lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Description - single layer of cube-like cells with large,
spherical central nuclei Function - secretion and absorption Location – kidney tubules, secretory portions of small
glands, ovary surface
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Simple Columnar Epithelium Description – single layer of column-shaped
(rectangular) cells with oval nuclei Some bear cilia at their apical surface May contain goblet cells
Function Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other
substances Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by
ciliary action
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Simple Columnar Epithelium Location
Nonciliated form - lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
Ciliated form - lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Description
All cells originate at basement membrane, but only tall cells reach the apical surface
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells, giving false
impression of stratification Function – secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by
cilia
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Locations Nonciliated - ducts of male reproductive tubes, ducts of large
glands Ciliated - lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
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Stratified Epithelia Properties
Contain two or more layers of cells Regenerate from below (basal layer) Major role is protection Named according to shape of cells at apical layer
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium Description
Many layers of cells – squamous in shape Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar Thickest epithelial tissue, adapted for protection from
abrasion Two types
Keratinized – forms epidermis, surface cells are dead and full of keratin, a protective protein, waterproof
Nonkeratinized - forms moist lining of body openings
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function – Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to
abrasion Location
Keratinized – epidermis Nonkeratinized – esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina,
urethra
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Figure 4.3e
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Description – generally two layers of
cube-shaped cells Function – protection Location
Forms ducts of Mammary glands Salivary glands Largest sweat glands
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Figure 4.3f
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium Description – several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal;
superficial cells elongated Function – protection and secretion Location - rare tissue type, found in male urethra and large
ducts of some glands
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Transitional Epithelium Description
Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous
Function – stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder
Location – lines ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra
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Glandular Epithelium Endocrine glands
Ductless glands Secrete substances directly into bloodstream Produce molecules called hormones
Exocrine Glands Ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface Include the following diverse glands
Mucus-secreting glands Sweat and oil glands Salivary glands Liver and pancreas
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Unicellular Exocrine Glands: Goblet Cells
Goblet cells - unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucin Mucin + water mucus Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces
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Multicellular Exocrine Glands Have two basic parts - epithelium-walled duct and secretory unit Classified by structure of duct
Simple Compound
Categorized by secretory unit, where secretory cells are located Tubular Alveolar (acinar) Tubuloalveolar
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Lateral Surface Features: Cell Junctions Factors holding epithelial cells together
Adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells Contours of adjacent cell membranes (Like puzzle pieces) Special cell junctions
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Tight Junctions Tight junctions (zona occludens) – close off intercellular
space Found at apical region of most epithelial tissues types Some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused Prevent certain molecules from passing between cells of
epithelial tissue
Tightjunction
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Adherens Junction Adherens junction (zonula adherens) is a type of anchoring
junction forms adhesion belt Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin
microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells With tight junctions, form the tight junctional complex
around apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues
Cell1
Inter-cellularspace
Extracellular matrix
Intracellular attachment
proteins
Plasmamembranes
Transmembranelinking proteins
Cell2
Cytoskeletalfilament
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Desmosomes Desmosomes is a type of anchoring junction
Two disclike plaques connected across intercellular space act like rivets or buttons
Regulate cell shape/structure by cell-cell interactions Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by linker proteins called
cadherins, the proteins interdigitate in the extracellular space Intermediate filaments insert into plaques from cytoplasmic side
Hemidesmosomes anchor the base of the cell to the basement membrane
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Gap junctions Gap junctions – passageway between two adjacent cells
Let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells Cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein Function in intercellular communication
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Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina Noncellular supporting sheet between the ET and the CT
Consists of proteins secreted by ET cells Functions
Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium
Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating ET cells can migrate
Basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying CT form the basement membrane
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Apical surface features
Microvilli – fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane Abundant in ET of small intestine and kidney Maximize surface area across which small molecules enter
or leave Act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion
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Cilia
Figure 4.8
Whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes Contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pair
Axoneme – a set of microtubules Each pair of microtubules – arranged in a doublet
Microtubules in cilia – arranged similarly to cytoplasmic organelles called centrioles
Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves
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Connective Tissue Most diverse and abundant tissue Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme Cells separated by large amount of extracellular matrix Main classes of CT include: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
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Connective Tissues
Functions Structural framework Fluid and solute transport Physical protection Tissue interconnection Fat storage Microorganism defense
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Connective Tissues Components
Specialized cells and extracellular matrix Contains varied cell populations and fiber types often
surrounded by a syrupy ground substance Resident and migrating cells
Fibroblasts Macrophages Fat cells Mast cells Other white cells
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Extracellular Matrix
Composed of ground substance and fibers Produced by fibroblasts
Ground substance Often viscous, gel-like part of extracellular matrix In bone it is hard – calcified using inorganic Ca++ salts Made and secreted by fibroblasts
Holds tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) Watery fluid occupying extracellular matrix Tissue fluid derives from blood
Fibers provide support Three types of protein fibers in extracellular matrix
Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers
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Connective Tissue Proper
Figure 4.9
Loose connective tissue – areolar, adipose, reticular
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Areolar Connective Tissue A Model Connective Tissue - Has structures and
functions shared by other CT
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Areolar Connective Tissue Description
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types Cells of areolar CT include; fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells,
and white blood cells Function
Wraps and cushions organs Holds and conveys tissue fluid Important role in inflammation Main defense site against infection, gathering of macrophages,
plasma cells, mast cells, WBCs Locations
Widely distributed under epithelia Borders all other tissues in the body Packages organs Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
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Areolar Connective Tissue
Figure 4.12b
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Adipose Tissue Description - closely packed adipocytes, have nuclei pushed to one side
by fat droplet Function - provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports
and protects organs Location - under skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, within abdomen
and in breasts
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Reticular Connective Tissue Description – network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance Function – form a soft, internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell
types Location – lymphoid organs; lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
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Connective Tissue Proper
Figure 4.9
Dense Connective Tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Description - primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers,
some elastic fibers and fibroblasts Function - withstands tension, provides structural strength Location - dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract,
fibrous capsules of joints and organs
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue Description – consists primarily of parallel collagen fibers,
fibroblasts and some elastic fibers, poorly vascularized Function - attaches muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to
bone (ligaments), withstands great stress in one direction Location - tendons and ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia
around muscles
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Elastic Connective Tissue Description -elastic fibers predominate Function – allows recoil after stretching Location - within walls of arteries, in certain ligaments,
and surrounding bronchial tubes
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Other Connective Tissues
Figure 4.9
Cartilage, Bone, Blood
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Cartilage
Firm, flexible tissue Contains no blood vessels or nerves Matrix contains up to 80% water Cell type – chondrocyte Cartilage types
Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage Description - imperceptible collagen fibers (hyaline = glassy),
chodroblasts produce matrix, chondrocytes lie in lacunae Function - supports and reinforces, resilient cushion, resists repetitive
stress Location - fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs,
cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx
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Elastic Cartilage Description - similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic
fibers in matrix Function - maintains shape of structure, allows great
flexibility Location - supports external ear, epiglottis
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Fibrocartilage Description - matrix similar but less firm than hyaline
cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate Function - tensile strength and ability to absorb
compressive shock Location - intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of
knee joint
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Bone Tissue Description - calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers,
osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers and matrix, osteocytes are mature bone cells in lacunae, well vascularized
Function - supports and protects organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals, stores fat, marrow is site for blood cell formation
Location - bones
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Blood Tissue Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix Description - An atypical connective tissue, red and white blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) Function - transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes Location - within blood vessels
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Tissues
PART 2
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Covering and Lining Membranes
Combine epithelial tissues and connective tissues Cover broad areas within body Consist of epithelial sheet plus underlying
connective tissue Three types of membranes
Cutaneous Mucosa Serous
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Covering and Lining Membranes
Figure 4.13a, b
Cutaneous membrane – skin Mucous membrane
Lines hollow organs that open to surface of body An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina
propria
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Covering and Lining Membranes Serous membrane – slippery membranes
Simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue
Line closed cavities – pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities
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Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue Description
Long, cylindrical cells Multinucleate Obvious striations
Function Voluntary movement Manipulation of environment Facial expression
Location - skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.14a
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue Description
Branching cells, striated Generally uninucleate Cells interdigitate at intercalated discs
Function - contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
Location - occurs in walls of heart
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.14b
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Smooth Muscle Tissue Description
Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei Arranged closely to form sheets No striations
Function Propels substances along internal passageways Involuntary control
Location - mostly walls of hollow organs
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.14c
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Nervous Tissue Description
Main components are brain, spinal cord, and nerves Contains two types of cells
Neurons – excitatory cells Supporting cells (neuroglial cells)
Function - transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
Location - brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Nervous Tissue
Figure 4.15
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Capacity for Regeneration Good – excellent:
ET, bone CT, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, and blood forming CT
Moderate: Smooth muscle, dense regular CT
Weak: Skeletal MT, cartilage
None or almost none: Cardiac MT, Nervous Tissue