tissues. definition: a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are...
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Tissues
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Tissues
Definition: a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure
Between cells: nonliving extracellular material
Four basic types of tissue…functionEpithelium…coveringConnective tissue…supportMuscle tissue…movementNervous tissue…control
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Epithelia (plural) Epithelium: sheet of cells that covers a body
surface or lines a body cavity; also form most of the body’s glands
Roles: as interfaces and as boundaries Functions:
Protection Absorption
Sensory reception Ion transport
Secretion Filtration
Formation of slippery surfaces for movement
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Special characteristics of epithelia
Cellularity Specialized contacts Polarity
Free upper (apical) surface Lower (basal) surface contributing basal lamina to
basement membrane Support by connective tissue Avascular but innervated
Without vessels With nerve endings
Regeneration
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Classification of epithelia
According to thickness“simple” - one cell layer“stratified” – more than one layer of cells
(which are named according to the shape of the cells in the apical layer)
According to shape“squamous” – wider than tall“cuboidal” – as tall as wide“columnar” - taller than wide
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to protect
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where diffusion is important
where tissues are involved in secretion and absorption: larger cells because of the machinery of production, packaging, and energy requirements
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“ciliated” literally = eyelashes(see next page)
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Stratified: regenerate from below
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Rare…
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Rare…
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Endothelium
A simple squamous epithelium that lines the interior of the circulatory vessels and heart
Mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities and covers the viscera
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Glands
Epithelial cells form them Production & secretion of needed
substances Are aqueous (water-based) products The protein product is made in rough ER,
packed into secretory granules by Golgi apparatus, released from the cell by exocytosis
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Classification of glands
By where they release their productExocrine: external secretion onto body
surfaces (skin) or into body cavitiesEndocrine: secrete messenger molecules
(hormones) which are carried by blood to target organs; “ductless” glands
By whether they are unicellular or multicellular
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Exocrine glandsunicellular or multicellular
Unicellular: goblet cell scattered within epithelial lining of intestines and
respiratory tubes
Product: mucin
mucus is mucin & water
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Multicellular exocrine glands
Epithelium-walled
duct and a
secretory unit
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Examples of exocrine gland products
Many types of mucus secreting glands Sweat glands of skin Oil glands of skin Salivary glands of mouth Liver (bile) Pancreas (digestive enzymes) Mammary glands (milk)
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Endocrine glands
Ductless glands
Release hormones into extracellular spaceHormones are messenger molecules
Hormones enter blood and travel to specific target organs
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Epithelial surface features
Lateral surfaceAdhesion proteinsTongue and groove wavy contoursCell junctions: see next slide
Basal surfaceBasal lamina: noncellular sheet of protein
together with reticular fibers form basement membrane
Apical surface
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Cell Junctions Tight junctions
So close that are sometimes impermeable
Adherens junctions Transmembrane linker
proteins
Desmosomes Anchoring junctions Filaments anchor to the
opposite side
Gap junctions Allow small molecules to
move between cells
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Apical surface features
Microvilli – maximize surface areaFingerlike extensions of the plasma
membrane of apical epithelial cellsOn moist and mucus secreting epitheliumLongest on epithelia that absorb nutrients
(small intestine) or transport ions (kidneys)
(continued)
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CiliaWhiplike motile
extentions of the apical surface membranes
FlagellumLong isolated
ciliumOnly found as
sperm in human
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Four basic types of tissue
EpitheliumConnective tissue
Connective tissue proper (examples: fat tissue, fibrous tissue of ligaments)
Cartilage Bone Blood
Muscle tissueNervous tissue
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Classes of Connective Tissue: note the cell types and great variety of subclasses
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Connective Tissue Originate from embryonic tissue called
mesenchyme Most diverse and abundant type of tissue Many subclasses (see previous slide) Function: to protect, support and bind together
other tissues Bones, ligaments, tendons Areolar cushions; adipose insulates and is food
source Blood cells replenished; body tissues repaired
Cells separated from one another by large amount of nonliving extracellular matrix
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Extracellular Matrix explained
Nonliving material between cells Produced by the cells and then extruded Responsible for the strength Two components
1. Ground substance Of fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans Liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard
2. Fibers: collagen, elastic or reticular
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Basic functions of connective tissue reviewed
Support and binding of other tissues Holding body fluids Defending the body against infection
macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBCs Storing nutrients as fat
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Classes of Connective Tissue
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Classes of Connective Tissue
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Classes of Connective Tissue
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Classes of Connective Tissue
*
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Classes of Connective Tissue
*
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Membranes that combine epithelial sheets plus underlying connective tissue proper (see next slide)
Cutaneous membranes Skin: epidermis and dermis
Mucous membranes, or mucosa Lines every hollow internal organ that opens to the
outside of the body Serous membranes, or serosa
Slippery membranes lining the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities
The fluid formed on the surfaces is called a transudate Synovial membranes
Line joints
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(a) Cutaneous membrane
(b) Mucous membrane
(c) Serous membrane
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Four basic types of tissue
EpitheliumConnective tissueMuscle tissue
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Nervous tissue
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Four basic types of tissue
EpitheliumConnective tissueMuscle tissueNervous tissue
NeuronsSupporting cells
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Tissue response to injury
Immune: takes longer and is highly specific Inflammation
Nonspecific, local, rapid Inflammatory chemicals Signs: heat, swelling, redness, pain
Repair – two ways Regeneration Fibrosis and scarring
Severe injuries Cardiac and nervous tissue
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Tumors (neoplasms): abnormal growth of cells
Adenoma – neoplasm of glandular epithelium, benign or malignant
Carcinoma – cancer arising in an epithelium (90% of all human cancers)
Sarcoma – cancer arising in mesenchyme-derived tissue (connective tissues and muscle)
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STEM CELLS….
STEM CELLS
______ Inner cell mass becomes the baby