title: issues in africa - wikispacesmrgreenshumanities.wikispaces.com/file/view/cry freedom.pdf ·...

Jr. High Service-Learning Project

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Title:

Issues in AfricaCore Subjects: Geography for Life

Core Standards/Objectives:6200-0101 Develop reading skills in geography. 6200-0103 Develop writing skills ingeography. 6200-0107 Develop critical analysis skills in geography. 6200-0109Develop creative thinking skills in geography. 6200-0402 Identify and explain theearth’s varied cultures. 6200-0403 Describe how the forces of cooperation and conflictinfluence people. 6200-0601 Explain why and how attitudes, events, persons,movements, and documents over time have influenced historical geography. 6200-0601 Examine how and why commonalties and differences of ideas, attitudes, choices,and technologies influence the interaction and behavior of people. 6200-0701 Showthrough personal actions the ability to contribute to the community through lifelonglearning. 6200-0703 Demonstrate an understanding of, and a reasoned commitment to,the rules of law.

PROJECT GOALS:To teach students how internal pressures and international sanctions helped changethe system of apartheid in South Africa.

ISSUE AREA/COMMUNITY NEED:To discuss possible solutions to problems in Africa and identify how individuals canget involved.

ABSTRACT OF ACTIVITY:This is part of a unit focusing on Africa. While studying Africa, lessons focused onhistorical themes such as the impact of European colonization on Africans andcurrent African problems. Students also will learn about South Africa’s history, theapartheid laws, and the forces that helped to change the government sanctioneddiscrimination. Students will view the movie CRY FREEDOM, complete viewingguides, and create projects showcasing activist, Stephen Biko, and how others canfollow his example. Students will read newspaper articles, discuss currentproblems facing Africa, and consider possible solutions to those problems. Finally,students can work independently or in groups on a service-learning projectdesigned to address one of those needs.


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TYPE OF SERVICE:Advocacy of issues in Africa. Indirect and direct service could be rendered as anextension of this activity.

TIME LINE/TIME COMMITMENT:Two weeks of an overall Africa unit that lasts approximately one month.

PREPARATIONS AND MATERIALS NEEDED:Geography textbooks, a copy of the movie CRY FREEDOM (produced by RichardAttenborough, 1987), movie questions, BIKO Illustrated Essay Poster AssignmentGuide and rubric, copy of speech given by Nelson Mandela at the Commemorationof the Twentieth Anniversary of Steve Biko’s Death (available online athttp://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1997/sp970912.html), CD of PeterGabriel’s song “Biko” on the album Peter Gabriel (#3 aka Melting Peter), and copiesof part II (“Boys Dreams of Better Life End in Miserable Death”) and part III (“Fromthe Grave, Boys Plead for End to Africa’s Suffering”) in the Associated Press series“In Case We Die” by Tim Sullivan and Raf Casert, found in THE SALT LAKETRIBUNE, March 19-21, 2000. Most are included in this lesson plan.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PROJECT:1. Teacher introduces the project by using a pair-square-share activity. Students

write about the question “What problems do you think Africa faces today?”Students share responses with a partner, in a small group, and finally with theclass as a whole.

2. Students engage in various learning activities focusing on Africa’s history,European colonization and exploitation of Africa, the African outlook, andapartheid in South Africa.

3. Students view the movie CRY FREEDOM and answer questions on a viewingguide.

4. Following the movie, the class reads Nelson Mandela’s speech and discussesSteve Biko’s role as an activist in ending apartheid and discrimination. The classlistens to Peter Gabriel’s song and discusses how Biko’s death focused theworld’s attention to the problem of apartheid (“and the eyes of the world arewatching now...”).

5. Using the project guide, students complete posters–Biko Illustrated Essay. Theteacher can have students use the computer lab to do Internet searches to findmore information about Biko. When completed, posters are displayed in theschool.

6. Working in small groups, students read the newspaper articles from the series “InCase We Die.” Each group completes a T-chart with the headings “Problems inAfrica Today” and “Possible Solutions.” Groups share charts with entire class(using overhead transparencies or large poster paper).

7. Finally, students may choose to complete an independent or small group service-learning activity addressing an issue discussed in class as a fourth-term extracredit assignment. Results of these projects will be displayed at the end-of-yearschool fair.


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COMMUNITY PARTNER OR RESOURCES:AFRICAREAmerican Red CrossAmerican Refugee CommitteeAmerican Connections to AfricaConcern AmericaEarthwatch InstituteGlobal ExchangeRural Support Integration Organization

REFLECTION RECOMMENDATIONS:Reflective journal entries are completed by students throughout the entire activityand turned in with Africa unit notebook to be evaluated by the teacher. Studentswho opt to complete an extra service-learning project keep a reflection journal andservice log as evidence of work completed.

CELEBRATION RECOMMENDATIONS:Biko posters can be displayed in the school. Students who complete independent orsmall group projects should display journals, pictures of project activities, andservice logs at the end-of-year school fair.


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World Cultural Geography Name ________________________Video Notes

Period _____

CRY FREEDOM

CRY FREEDOM is the true story about Stephen Biko, a black leader in South Africawho protested apartheid, and his friend Donald Woods, a white journalist. Both menwere instrumental in bringing about the end of South Africa's apartheid policies.

Apartheid was one of the most brutal and blatant policies of domination in recenthistory. Until 1990 and 1991, apartheid laws controlled the population of South Africa.Apartheid is an Afrikaans word that means "apartness."

Apartheid is basically a system of racial segregation. The White ruling group was madeup mostly of Afrikaners, whose ancestors were the Boers (Dutch settlers). A slightlysmaller group of Whites were descendants of British settlers. Together, these twogroups of Whites make up about 13 percent of the entire population. The Coloredgroup (people of Asian and mixed heritage) are about 12 percent of South Africa'spopulation. The largest group is made up of the Blacks, who are of African origin.Blacks make up about 75 percent of South Africa's population; however, the system ofgovernment under apartheid was designed to keep the Blacks powerless.

The struggle to end apartheid involved people living in South Africa and throughout theworld. Apartheid was finally abolished in 1990 and 1991.

Questions:

1. Describe the police raid on the township settlement.

2. Why doesn't newspaper man, Donald Woods, like Stephen Biko at the beginningof the movie?

3. Why is Stephen Biko banned by the South African government?

4. What does Stephen Biko mean when he says that "we know how you live. Howwould you like to see how we live?"


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5. Describe Donald Woods' experience when Stephen Biko takes him to visit ablack township. What new things does he learn about the lives of blacks inSouth Africa?

6. At dinner that night, the people tell Donald Woods that African culture is whatthey want back. Stephen Biko says, "We don't want to be forced into yoursociety." What good things do they point out about African culture?

7. How does Donald Woods change after meeting Biko and visiting the blacktownship–how does he become an activist in the fight against apartheid?

8. During the court proceedings, what charges does Stephen Biko make against thewhite government of South Africa?

9. According to Stephen Biko, what is “black consciousness” all about?

10. Was Donald Woods’ visit with Kruger, the Minister of Police in Petoria,successful? Did Kruger honor the promise he made?

11. When the police search Stephen Biko's house, where are the papers hidden?

13. Why is Mapetia arrested, and what happens to him?

14. What happens to Stephen Biko when he is arrested and put in jail?

15. According to Krueger, Minister of Police, how/why did Stephen Biko die?

16. Explain how the symbols on Biko’s casket reflect his life as an activist and thesignificance of his funeral. How are Biko’s ideas and life remembered?


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World Cultural Geography Name ________________________Video Notes

Period _____

CRY FREEDOM (Con't)

"Change the way people think, and things will never be the same."--Stephen Biko

Donald Woods wants to force the South African government to have an inquest(investigation) into Stephen Biko's death. He believes that he needs to stir up publicityoutside of South Africa to do this. He hopes that the world community will put pressureon South Africa. He decides to go on a lecture tour to the United States. He plans tospeak about Stephen Biko and take a stand against apartheid. He is arrested at theairport before he can leave. The South African government bans him for a five yearperiod. Under the ban

*he can be with only one person at a time*he is forbidden to write anything for public or private reasons*he cannot participate in the publishing business at all (remember that is his job)*he is restricted to a small district in South Africa*he, of course, cannot travel outside of the country*his house is bugged, and he is under constant surveillance

While he is banned, he writes a book about Stephen Biko. If the book is found in hishouse or if it is published, the South African government will consider it treason. Hemust either destroy it or smuggle it out of the country. An English publisher agrees topublish the book. He decides to try to escape the country so that the book can bepublished.

17. What disguise does Donald Woods take to escape South Africa?

18. Why does Stephen Biko say he takes risks?

19. What is surprising about the court finding on Stephen Biko's death?

20. Why does Stephen Biko use the phrase "Black is beautiful?"


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21. At first the younger Woods children believe that they are going to the beach, butwhat is the real plan?

22. What does Donald Woods ask for from the British government?

23. The South African government threaten to shoot down the Woods' plane. Howdoes Lesotho’s location make the South African’s threat a real possibility?

24. Following Stephen Biko's example, what do school children in Soweto do to showblack consciousness?

25. How can people today honor the legacy of Stephen Biko?


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World Cultural GeographyCRY FREEDOM Project

Due Date: Wednesday, February 28

Stephen Biko Illustrated Essay

Requirements:

Size--At least 22" by 27" (Standard Poster Size)

Visuals--You must include at least two visuals from each category below (a minimum ofsix visuals):

1) Diagrams, Charts, Tables, Graphs2) Political Cartoons, Illustrations, Pictures, Maps3) Quotes from the Movie, News Articles, Magazine Articles, or Speeches; BikoQuotes; Song Lyrics; Poems (Must be about Biko, South Africa, or Apartheid)

Title--Explain in one sentence Biko's significance in history and the anti-apartheidmovement.

Three Sections--Your poster must be divided into the following three sections/parts (besure to title each section):

Part I=Problems*Identify at least two specific problems Biko wished to solve or to bring to the attentionof others.

Part II=Biko’s Vision*Identify at least two specific actions Stephen Biko did to try to solve the problems.

Part III=Biko’s Legacy*Explain two specific things that people today could do to follow Biko’s example.

Captions--Each visual must have a caption that explains how the visual profiles Biko'ssignificance. All captions must be in your own words and should be at least twosentences long. The captions must support and develop the section you are developing(Problems, Biko’s Vision, or Biko’s Legacy). Be sure to include adequate and accurateinformation.

Visual Appeal--Neatness is important. Make sure labels and captions are clear, printedlegibly, and of uniform size (The title should be bigger than the labels and captions).Use color to make the visuals interesting. Mount visuals aesthetically. Use open spaceeffectively.


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Words by and about Stephen Biko (1946-1977)

Lyrics to Peter Gabriel’s Song entitled “Biko”on the Album Peter Gabriel (#3 aka Melting Peter)

September ‘77Port Elizabeth weather fineIt was business as usualIn police room 619Oh Biko, Biko, because BikoOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihya Moja–The man is dead

When I try to sleep at nightI can only dream in redThe outside world is black and whiteWith only one colour deadOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

You can blow out a candleBut you can’t blow out a fireOnce the flames begin to catchThe wind will blow it higherOh Biko, Biko, because BikoYihla Moja, Yihla Moja-The man is dead

And the eyes of the world arewatching nowwatching now

"The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed."--Stephen Biko

"As the charismatic leader of the Black Consciousness movement, Biko urged SouthAfrica's blacks to fight for their empowerment; the eloquent advocate of black self-pridesoon emerged as the leader of a generation of young black militants. He preached thatblacks' main problem was their attitude of inferiority, and that only they could spearheada victory over their oppressors, rather than the white liberals who tried to speak forthem. Biko's death made him a martyr to the cruelties of minority white rule and racialseparation."--Cyrille Hugon


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"While Steve Biko espoused, inspired, and promoted black pride, he never madeblackness a fetish. At the end of the day, as he himself pointed out, accepting one'sblackness is a critical starting point: an important foundation for engaging in struggle.Today, it must be a foundation for reconstruction and development, for a commonhuman effort to end war, poverty, ignorance and disease."--Nelson Mandela

"One of the greatest legacies of the struggle that Biko waged–and for which he died--was the explosion of pride among the victims of apartheid. The value that blackconsciousness placed on culture reverberated across our land; in our prisons; andamongst the communities in exile. Our people, who were once enjoined to look toEurope and America for creative sustenance, turned their eyes to Africa."--NelsonMandela

“Steve Biko was the greatest man I ever met....He was a statesman, in that sense of theword in which it is applied to Abraham Lincoln, having that breath of vision and thatwider comprehension of the affairs of men and nations that is conveyed to the listenerthrough more than mere words.”–Donald Woods

“Change the way people think, and things will never be the same.”–Stephen Biko

“The basic tenet of black consciousness is that the black man must reject all valuesystems that seek to make him a foreigner in the country of his birth and reduce hisbasic human dignity.”–Stephen Biko

“We are looking forward to a non-racial, just and egalitarian society in which color,creed, and race shall form no point of reference.”–Stephen Biko

“Even today, we are still accused of racism. This is a mistake. We know that allinterracial groups in South Africa are relationships in which whites are superior, blacksinferior. So as a prelude whites must be made to realize that they are only human, notsuperior. Same with blacks. They must be made to realize that they are also human,not inferior.”–Stephen Biko


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Steven Biko Illustrated Essay Rubric

Appropriate Size 4 pts._____

Title-Explains Significance 10 pts.____

Visuals/Captions- Two from each categoryDiagrams, charts, graphs, tables 6 pts._____

Captions-at least 2 sentences& explain significance 6 pts._____

Political Cartoons, illustrations, pictures, maps 6 pts._____Captions-at least 2 sentences& explain significance 6 pts._____

Quotes, lyrics, poems, speeches, articles 6 pts._____Captions-at least 2 sentences& explain significance 6 pts._____

Problems-at least twoTwo items Biko wished to solved 6 pts._____

Biko’s VisionTwo actions Biko tried to solve the problem 6 pts._____

Biko’s LegacyTwo specific ways people todaycan follow Biko’s example 6 pts._____

LabelsSections clearly identified 5 pts._____

Neatness/Visual AppealWords can be read easilyColor is used to enhancePoster is artistically arranged 15 pts._____

TOTAL 100 pts._____

title: issues in africa - wikispacesmrgreenshumanities.wikispaces.com/file/view/cry freedom.pdf ·...

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