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Title slide PIPELINE QRA SEMINAR

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PIPELINE RISK ASSESSMENT RISK REDUCING MEASURES 2

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selecting one or more options for modifying risks and implementing those options INTRODUCTION TO RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide 3

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Depending on the outcome of the risk evaluation Decision-making (i.e. to take mitigating actions or not) Decision could also be to not proceed showstopper! Mitigating actions (risk reducing measures) influencing the frequency or consequence of the risk Given the implementation of risk reducing measure is the residual risk tolerable? INTRODUCTION TO RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide 4

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We know that the frequency and consequence is combined to the risk in the QRA Reduction in risk through influence the frequency of the scenario or the consequence of the scenario Preferable to influence the frequency (i.e. avoid any kind of accident) INTRODUCTION TO RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide 5

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What could be a risk reducing measure? INTRODUCTION TO RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide 6

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There are always a number of barriers to prevent the accident from happen (or mitigate the consequences from the accident) When discussing risk reducing measures we add a barrier In order for the accident to happen the barriers must fail - Active failure directly linked to the accident (e.g. human error or safety valve failing on operation) - Latent conditions existing for days, weeks or months (e.g. unsufficient design and insufficient maintenance) INTRODUCTION TO RISK REDUCING MEASURES 7

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Decreasing effectiveness in risk reducing measures - Elimination (e.g. reduce the number of valves on the pipeline) - Substitution (e.g. re-think the pipeline routing) - Engineering/isolation (e.g. place the control panel outside the process room) - Administration/training (e.g. establish procedures for shut-down off pipeline and maintenance) - Protective equipment (e.g. respirators and helmet) Increasing success in risk reducing measures! INTRODUCTION TO RISK REDUCING MEASURES 8

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Preferable risk reducing measure elimination! Preferable risk reducing measure already implemented HSE design cross-disciplinary activities on design, risk reduction and operability - Increasing focus area - Previously design (engineering) and risk assessment (engineering) separated The earlier risk reducing measures could be specified (compare with risk identification for early stage projects) the easier implemented INTRODUCTION TO RISK REDUCING MEASURES 9

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San Bruno, September 2010 - rupture gas pipeline flawed weld during construction - lack of quality control (construction) - inadequate integrity management programme (inspection and maintenance during operation) Suggestion to risk reducing measures? - Review of integrity management programme (e.g. what could inspections actually find and frequency of inspection and maintenance) - RFO (pressure testing of system) EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 10

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New Mexico, August 2000 - rupture gas pipeline internal corrosion - inadequate integrity management programme (inspection and maintenance during operation) Suggestion to risk reducing measures? - Review of integrity management programme (e.g. what could inspections actually find and frequency of inspection and maintenance) EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 11

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Michigan, July 2010 - rupture oil pipeline external corrosion (under coating) - undetected for 17 hours - inadequate integrity management programme (inspection and maintenance during operation) - inadequate detection system and adequate preparedness/training/education of operators Suggestion to risk reducing measures? - Review of system for detection of leakages - Establish emergency procedures and conduct exercises EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 12

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Wonowon, June 2012 - leak compressor station - replacement of safety device (not same function) - inadequate knowledge of process equipment (safety device function) - no personal gas detectors and no process room gas detection Suggestion to risk reducing measures? - Review procedures for maintenance (and changes to the process equipment) - Install system for detection of leakages (flashing light) EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 13

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Carthage, February 2011 - leak compressor station - failing check-valve - inadequate design of ESD-system - impingement of process equipment Suggestion to risk reducing measures? - Typical example where HSE design could have been applicable! - Installation of passive fire protection (resist fire for certain period of time) EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 14

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Natural hazards (e.g. earthquakes, erosion, landslides and flooding) - Studies (e.g. location and environment) before pipeline routing - Design (i.e. criteria for earthquake impact) 3 rd party interference (e.g. excavation and collision with vehicle) - Warning signs - Protection (e.g. rocks) - Buried or exposed (depending on situation) EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 15

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Process conditions (e.g. moisture and changed conditions) - Internal inspections (e.g. pigging) - Internal corrosion protection - Management of change (i.e. what could be the consequences of this change?) EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 16

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Risk reducing measures for urban areas? - Valves on the pipeline (limiting the possible release) - Increased wall-thickness (resistance to 3 rd party interference and damages due to overpressure at other locations) - Ensure ventilation (density lower than air) - Public education (awareness of gas pipelines and possible detection of pending accidents sound/smell) EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 17

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Awareness of multiple effects (and possible opposite effects) of risk reducing measures Valves on the pipeline - Advantage limit the release - Disadvantage increasing release points Buried or exposed pipeline - Easy to see or not? - Exposed to 3 rd party or not? 18 EXAMPLE OF RISK REDUCING MEASURES

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When is a risk tolerable (acceptable)? What is a risk intolerable (unacceptable)? How much risk reduction is possible? How safe is safe enough? RISK REDUCING MEASURES Content slide, two columns with image 19

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QUESTIONS? End slide 20