titletitle transport in flowering plants is provided by vascular tissue xylemphloem transport water...
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title
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Transport in flowering plants
is provided by
vascular tissue
xylem phloem
transport• water• substances
dissolved in water
transport• organic nutrients
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Distribution of vascular tissue in Distribution of vascular tissue in dicotyledonous plantdicotyledonous plant
leafleaf
leaf vein
midrib vein
xylem
phloem
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Distribution of vascular tissue in Distribution of vascular tissue in dicotyledonous plantdicotyledonous plant
xylem
phloem
stemstem
cortexVascular bundle
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rootroot
Distribution of vascular tissue in Distribution of vascular tissue in dicotyledonous plantdicotyledonous plant
xylemphloem
cortex
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Xylem cellsXylem cells
xylem vesselsxylem vessels
xylem tissue is made up of xylem vessels
• dead, hollow cells
• thick cellulose cell walls with lignin
• no cross wall between cells
• provide support to plant other than transport
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phloem cellsphloem cells
Phloem cellsPhloem cells
phloem tissue is made up of sieve tubes and companion cells
• living cylindrical cells (cytoplasm,no nucleus)
• thin cellulose cell walls with no lignin
• joining end to end to form long tube
• substances can pass from cell to cell through sieve plates
1. sieve tubes sieve tube
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phloem cellsphloem cells
Phloem cellsPhloem cells
phloem tissue made up of sieve tubes and companion cells
• narrow cell with a nucleus / numerous organelles
• support the metabolic activities of the sieve tubes
2. companion cells companion cell
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The plant wilts
• Turgidity of cells provides support to plants
The cells of leaves lack water
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Osmosis in plant cellsOsmosis in plant cells
• In a solution with higher water potential
– water moves in by osmosis
– cell turgid fully turgid
• In a solution with lower water potential
– water moves out by osmosis
– cell flaccid plasmolyzed
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• evaporation• transpiration
• absorption by root
Water Balance in plant
lose
water
gain
wat
er
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Transpiration in plantsTranspiration in plants
What is transpiration?
• loss of water vapour from surfaces of plants due to evaporation
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Where does transpiration occur?Where does transpiration occur?
• stomata ( > 90% )
• lenticels ( < 10%)
• waxy cuticle (very small amount)
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water lost from leaveswater lost from leaves
Transpiration through stomata consists of 2 steps :
1 Water evaporates into the air space
2 Water diffuses out through the stoma
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water lost from leaveswater lost from leaves
Water is replaced by :
1 Water is lost from the cell surface (cell wall),
2 As a result, cells draw water from the xylem, pulling water up the plant.
which is replaced by the water in the cell. Each cell then pulls water from its neighbouring cells.
through cell wall
through cytoplasm and vacuoles
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Light intensityLight intensity– more CO2 for
photosynthesislight intensity
more water vapour diffuses out
stomata
transpiration rate
open more widely
tra
nsp
iratio
n r
ate
light intensity
SA for diffusion of water
vapour
light intensity Temperature
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TemperatureTemperature
temperature
more water vapour diffuses out
rate of evaporation
transpiration rate
rate of diffusion of water vapour
temperature (oC)tr
ans
pira
tion
ra
te302515 20
diffusion gradient
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diffusion gradient
of water vapour
concentration of water vapour in the surrounding air
more water diffuses out
Relative humidityRelative humidity
relative humidity
lower
relative humidity of atmosphere (%)
tra
nsp
iratio
n r
ate
0 20 40 60 80 100 transpiration rate
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remove water vapour accumulating near the leaf surface diffusion gradient
of water vapour
Air movementAir movement
more
air movement
water vapour diffuses out
transpiration rate
more
rate of diffusion
wind velocity (km/h) (air movement)
tra
nsp
iratio
n r
ate
0 8 16 24
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To Measure the Rate of To Measure the Rate of Transpiration by Using Transpiration by Using
a Simple Potometera Simple Potometer
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What are the environmental conditions What are the environmental conditions under which transpiration occurs quickly ?under which transpiration occurs quickly ?Ans: It is under dry, warm and windy conditi
ons.
air/water meniscus
graduated capillary tube
reservoir
leafy shoot
tap
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Ans: No. It is because it only measures the rate of water uptake by the leafy shoot …
Ans: In addition, it is too small to fit the whole root system and this may affect the rate of water uptake.
Does this apparatus give you an accurate Does this apparatus give you an accurate measurement of the rate of transpiration ?measurement of the rate of transpiration ?
air/water meniscus
graduated capillary tube
reservoir
leafy shoot
tap
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Sometimes you may introduce an air Sometimes you may introduce an air bubble into the capillary tube. State the bubble into the capillary tube. State the advantageadvantage of this method. of this method.Ans: Movement of the air bubble is easier to obs
erve than that of air/water meniscus.
air/water meniscus
graduated capillary tube
reservoir
leafy shoot
tap
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Sometimes you may introduce an air bubble Sometimes you may introduce an air bubble into the capillary tube. State the into the capillary tube. State the disadvantagedisadvantage of this method.of this method.Ans: Friction between the capillary wall and the bu
bble may affect the movement of bubble.
air/water meniscus
graduated capillary tube
reservoir
leafy shoot
tap
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To Measure the rate of To Measure the rate of water uptake and watewater uptake and water loss of a plant using a r loss of a plant using a
weight potometerweight potometer
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Change in volume in burette
Change in weight of the whole set-up
= (V2 – V1)cm3
= (W1 – W2)g
= amount of water uptake
= amount of water loss
V2
V1
W1
W224 hours
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= (V2 – V1) / 24 cm3/hr
= (W1 – W2) / 24 g/hr
Rate of water uptakeRate of water uptake
Rate of water lossRate of water lossV2
V1
W1
W224 hours
Rate of water lossRate of water loss
>>
Rate of water Rate of water uptakeuptake
Water retained
Photosynthesis / new cells
1cm3 water
=
1g water
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in flowering plantsin flowering plantsprovided byprovided by
Transport
consist ofconsist of
carriescarries carriescarries
Concept diagramConcept diagram
vasculartissues
xylem phloem
water organicnutrients
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Transport of water and mineral saltsTransport of water and mineral salts
Xylem vessels transport – water– mineral salts
by transpiration pullwater forms a continuous stream inside
water drawn out of xylem vessels to
replace water loss
through leaf transpiration
water in xylem
vessels is moved
up as plants
transpire
minerals and other
substances dissolved in water can be transported up the plant
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water and minerals absorbed by roots
bud
Transport of organic nutrientsTransport of organic nutrients
Phloem transport - organic nutrients
by translocation
through sieve plates
moving up to growing part
moving down to growing
fruit and root for storage
organic nutrients made by photo-
synthesis