Tlaxcalteca and Affiliated Tribes of Texas

TIMELINE SUMMARY12th Century to 21st Century

Pyramids to Missions to Present

Chicomostoc Place of Origin

Seven Tribes In approximately 1193 A.D seven tribes emerged

from Chicomostoc, the seven caves - the bowels of earth - and settled in Aztlan, from where they subsequently undertook a migration southward in search of a sign that would tell them where to settle once more.

1. Acolhua

2. Chalca3. Tepaneca4. Tlalhuica 5. Tlaxcalteca 6. Xochimilca 7. Mexica

The Four Tlaxcaltecan Regions

Symbols: Tlaxcalan Regions

Symbols: Tlaxcala Regions

Four Tlaxcala Rulers in 1519 Xicotencatl of Tizatla, Maxixcatzin of Ocotelulco

Tlehuexolotzin of Tepeticpac , Citalpopocatzin of Quiahuiztlan

Tlaxcalteca Warriors:Traditional Weapons / Armor

The Flower War was fought by smaller armies with one of their motives being to take sacrificial captives.

Agreed upon battle by the different tribe leaders to engage in ritual battles that would provide the different tribes with enough sacrificial victims to appease the gods.

TLAHUICOLE: Otomi Warrior Tlahuicole was an Otomi born in

1497 in a northern Tlaxcala village.

He distinguished himself by his courage during the flowery wars.

In one of those wars, he killed a son of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma .

He was taken prisoner during a battle.

Moctezuma , impressed by his courage , made him a Leader in his Army.

TLAHUICOLE Cont. Tlahuicole fought for Moctezuma against the Tarasco’s, in the

state of Michoacán, and upon his return he was offered his freedom. Tlahuicole refused to return to his homeland or stay as a general of the Mexica armies.

He believed that he had disgraced his people and instead the brave warrior asked to die in combat.

He was taken to the wheel of gladiatorial sacrifice , tied at the waist to a circular stone , delivered a short truncheon and a shield to defend himself .

He killed eight soldiers, wounding another twenty , they finally overcame him . He was later sacrificed to Huitzilopochtli, God of the Mexica.

First European Encounter22 April 1519

Captain-General Herman Cortés dropped anchor in the Gulf Coast of Mexico

31 August 1519 Cortés‘ army and his Indian allies encounter

a hostile force of at least 30,000 Tlaxcaltecans

Tlaxcalteca warriors led by Xicotencatl, the younger, attack the Spaniards three times

Xicotencatl - The Younger

Conquistador: Armor / Weapons Tlaxcalteca Leaders were very impressed with the weapons and armor,

horses and dogs and decided to form an alliance with the Spaniards.

Cortez Meets the Four Rulers

Alliance is Formed1519

Four Tlaxcala Rulers and Cortez agree to an Alliance

1520 Allied Forces March on Tenochtitlan, the Aztec

Capitol

1521 Aztecs surrender

Conquest of Tenochtitlan Must factor in the European Diseases.

Tlaxcaltecas Accept New Culture

The four Tlaxcala Rulers accept Christianity

July 1520 - Four Rulers are baptized

Accept Spanish names

Tlaxcala Rulers Christianized

Xicotencatl of Tizatla - Don Vicente

Maxixcatzin of Ocotelulco - Don Lorenzo

Tlehuexolotzin of Tepeticpac - Don Gonzalo

Citalpopocatzin of Quiahuiztlan - Don Bartolomé

Indigenous Name Christian Name

1521 - 1540After 1521 - Spaniards and Allies spread Westward

Exploration/Conquest Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco etc.

Remained there until 1540

Could not move Northward for another 50 years

Could not penetrate the Gran Chichimeca

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1560 - 15901560 - Viceroy Don Juan De Valasco makes request

for 1000 Tlaxcaltecan Indians to relocate to the Gran Chichimeca

Plan fails - not enough volunteers

During that period, Silver is discovered to the north

1591 - Viceroy Don Luis De Valasco (son of Don Juan De Valasco) succeeds with request for 400 families from the Tlaxcaltecas

1591 Agreement Reached1591 - Miguel Caldera (Mestizo) proposes plan

Convinces Tlaxcala leaders to negotiate a contract

Four Tlaxcalteca leaders agree to sending 100 families

from each of their regions

In return for sending 400 families to the Gran Chichimeca region, they will receive certain rights

RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES Tlaxcaltecan settlers in the Gran Chichimeca shall be Hidalgos

(Noblemen) free from tributes, taxes, and personal service for all time.

Will be allowed to settle apart from Spaniards; Spaniards cannot take their property.

Tlaxcalans will at all times be apart from the Chichimecas, including lots, pastures, wooded lands, rivers, salt beds, mills and fishing rights.

Lands given to Tlaxcaltecans and the community as a whole will never be taken back due to non occupation.

Markets in the new settlements shall be free from sales tax, excise tax and any other form of taxes

Rights and Privileges Tlaxcaltecan colonists and their descendents besides being

Hidalgos and free of all taxes shall enjoy all exemptions and privileges already granted or to be granted in the future to the province and city of Tlaxcala.

The principles of Tlaxcala who go to the new settlements and their descendents, shall be permitted to carry arms

and saddled horses without penalty.

The 400 Tlaxcaltecan Families June 6th 1591 ____Tlaxcaltecans from Ocotelulco led by Captains Lucas de

Monte Alegre and Miguel de Las Casas.

June 7th 1591____Tlaxcaltecans left from Tizatlan led by Captain

Buenaventura Paz.

June 9th 1591 _____Tlaxcaltecans left from Quiahuiztlan led by Captain Lucas

Tellez.

June 9th 1591 _____Tlaxcaltecans left from Tepeticpac led by Captain

Francisco Vasquez and Joaquin Paredes.

Names of Pioneers

The Great Migration Begins

Founded States and CitiesMexican States Founded by Tlaxcalteca

settlers.

Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas

Founded over 100 towns and cities including: Albuquerque , Santa Fe and Las

Cruces New Mexico Mission de San Antonio and Villa de San

Andres de Nava in Texas,

Northern Expansion 1750

Pre–Texas Settlement 17501750 - Jose Escandón invites New Spain

families to settle along the Rio Bravo.

Brings Tlaxcalteca Families from Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi.

New Settlement of Nuevo Santander De Revilla - straddles the Rio Bravo

Tlaxcaltecan Technology SpreadsAgriculture activity brought labor instruments such as

plows drawn by load animals. Crops would be mainly corn, ayocote, pumpkin, chayote, chilacayote, beans, tomato, variety of chili peppers and agave for water extraction honey, among many others, depending on the regional soil and climate.

Tlaxcaltecan Agriculture

 Tlaxcaltecans were already using different farm animal in teams for agricultural work . And they also used sheep, pigs and cattle for meat, dairy, wool and leather.

 

Baskets Basket making was another activity brought by the

Tlaxcaltecans for storing and transporting foods, such as the chiquipextles, chiquihuites and tenates. Baskets of various sizes, and other objects such as backpacks, mats to sleep on, mats for wrapping the dead, made from reeds, estate, tulles and rods.

GrindstonesProduction of grains required grinding for flour. So grindstones become indispensable, including traditional hand grinders and wheeled European millstones.

CeramicsThe Tlaxcalans brought their ceramics that were used

for brewing and depositing of grains and seeds. They continued their ceramic tradition of decorating objects such as pots, cajetes, comales, spoons, dishes, tecomates, among others, as well as build cuexcomates to store the grains.

Textiles Tlaxcalans brought their waist loom textile tradition which were

very important to make small clothing, such as ayates, quexquemetls, tilmas, huipiles, petticoats and loincloth, but also brought with them the traditional European foot loom that produced the internationally famous sarapes and jorongos with the technique known as "saltillo", which are already so characteristic and part of the current traditional charro, known as "sarape veined" costume. This required the cultivation of cotton and certain species of agave for extraction and production of fibers to natural.

Tlaxcaltecan CultureTo make converts of the indigenous peoples,

the friars would use dances, music, singing and theatre, activities performed in the liturgical calendar, forming part of religious ceremonies, dances of Moors and Christians.

The Carnival, the Advent, Posadas, etc., are even today in some populations of this area an important part of its devotional festivals showing the use of traditional Tlaxcalteca instruments of pre-Hispanic time such as the tepanhuehuetl and teponaztle.

Tlaxcaltecan Culture The newly converted Tlaxcaltecans traveled

with the recently adopted Catholic devotions and traditional holidays bringing along images of St. Stephen, St. Michael the Archangel, San Francisco, St James, and the Virgin of the Assumption among many others.

They would also name the new settlements with the names of their patron saints.

• As the 2nd Governor of Texas his first actions were against the Indian tribes.

• In 1839 his troops drove the Cherokee tribes from Texas.

• A similar campaign was fought against the Comanche.

• Lamar believed that it was necessary to bring about the “total extinction" of the Indian tribes.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo1847 - 1848

People living along the Rio Grande are given a year to decide:

Stay in place and become an American citizen or move to Mexico.

Our ancestors lived on both sides of the Rio Grande.

The ones who decided to stay on the Texas side became “White;” the others remained Mexican citizens

Abuelos

MANY WORDS HAVE EVOLVED INTO TEX-MEX

coyotl coyote coyote

atolli atole corn gruel, porridge

huexolotl guajolote turkey

comalli comal griddle

aguacate chichimeco eloteajolote chichipico empachoalicantre chicle epazoteameyal chicon espantoapaxtle chile esquitearriate chilocoayote ezcuintleatlatl chilpayate guajoloteatole chinamite huaxtecoatoyac chipil huazontleayocote chipocludo huehueayotl chipote huitlacochecacahuate chipotle huizachecacles chiquihuite huizticacomixtle chocolate itacatecajete cihuatl ixtaccalli citlalli ixtlecapulin coco jicamachachalaca comal jicarachanate coyote jicotechapopote cozcacuahtli jitomatechayote cuate jojoquechicalote cuauhtli magueychichi cuithache malacatechichigua ejote mapache

matlapilli quentonitl tlaconetlamayate quetzal tlacosmazatl quexquemetl tlacuachemecate quiote tlacuilometate sincuate tlapalemezquite tamal tlaslimeztli tata tlatoanimitote tatema tochtlemolcajete tatemarse toloaqhemole tecajete tololochemoyote tecalli tomatenana tecolote tonatiuhnixtamal tecomate totonaconopal tecomcuate tuleocelote tejocote tunaocote tejon tzontecopapalote temazcal tzontzontlepetate temolote xochitlpichicato teocalli yolotlpichicuate tepatl zacatepinacate tetl zapotepinole texcal zopilotepulque tezontle zoquetequelite tiza

Legacy Plans

Survival StrategyTlaxcalteca Nation and Affiliated Tribes

of Texas

Our Tribal members are descendents of those Tlaxcalteca, Chichimeca, Guachichle, Huichol, and Coahuilteco Indians.

Tlaxcalteca Nation & Affiliated Tribes of Texas

Form of Self GovernanceOur form of governance is evolved from our

traditional Atlipetl type of government.The Principle speaker Tlatoani (Governor)

presides over the Cabildo (Council).Each Family has one Representative called a

Regidor (Council person) that will communicate those issues that could affect the whole TNATT population to the Cabildo (Council).

The Cabildo convenes as required to address any issues that could affect the TNATT population.

Present Clan LeadersTeodosio, Yolanda, Edwardo

Maintain Traditions Honor our Sacred Peyote Medicine

Maintain Traditional Arts & Crafts Gathering of Nations Pow Wow

Huichol Art