TLE PRESENTATION(4th Quarter)

PRESENTED BY: III - Mendeleev

Drafting Details

Drafting DetailsFactor Considered in Planning a House:

1. Income and Social Status of the Owner

2. Size and Location of the lot

3. Size of the family

4. Needs of the members of the family

5. Construction and Design

6. Cost of the Material and Labor

Drafting Details

Factors Considered in Planning a House

5. Legal Restrictions of the Building Code

Secure building and plumbing permit before constructing the house.

Every adult member needs 14 cubic meters of air space in the house.

Two children are counted ne adult. And one child needs 7 meters of air space.

The minimum height of bed, living, kitchen and dining rooms shall be 3 meters.

Porches, toilet and bath, and balconies shall be 2 ½ m.

The minimum height from the floor to floor of a two storey house should be 3 meters.

Minimum room areas are as follows:

Living room- 10 square meters

Bedroom- 6 square meters

Kitchen- 3 square meters with a minimum width of 1 ½ meters.

The total window area opening should be 1/10th of the total floor area in each storey.

Balconies and windows should not face neighboring properties especially if wall to fence is less than 2 meters.

The minimum height of the first floor from the ground is one meter.

Proposed grade should not be less than 15 cm from the existing grade.

The minimum distance from the wall to the front fence should be 3 meters.

The minimum distance from the wall to the sides and the fence is 2 meters.

A residence should not cover 90% of the corner lot nor 75% of the inside lot.

A working plan is required with 24 square meter floor areas or more.

A working plan should be signed first by a licensed architect or civil engineer.

Eight blueprint copies are required for the permit.

Eleven copies are needed for loan.

Approved copies are distributed to the following:

City engineer

Fire department

Health

Building constructor

Architect or Civil Engineer

House owner

Electric office

Plumber

Drafting Details

Some Finishing Materials(Floor Finishes)

Like other parts of the house, flooring materials vary in kind, form, durability and cost.

These are some materials :

1. Marble Tile – available in 0.20 m.X0.40m. sizes

2. Ceramic Tile – available in 4”x4” and 8”x12” in both white and colored.

3. Crazy-cut Marble

4. Granolithic Marble Chips

5. Asbestos Vinyl Tile

6. Parquet Wood Tile

7. Washout Finish

8. Brick Tile

9. Marcelo Vinyl Tile

Drafting Details

Some Finishing Materials(Wall Finishes)

The house walling covers the most attraction in the entire house. These are some materials:

1. Synthetic Adobe

2. Marble Chips Washout

3. Termite Design Plaster Finish

4. Adobe Rubble

5. Brick Tile Veneer

6. Sun Blast Finish

Drafting Details

Some Finishing Materials(Roof Covering)

Ordinary and Low-coat houses use the traditional G.I. Sheet roofing. These are some materials:

1. Coloroof

2. Ordinary Corrugated G.I. Sheets

3. Placa Romana Asbestos Roofing

4. Spanish Ondula Roof Tile

5. Spanish Tegula Tile

Drafting Details

Some Finishing Materials(Doors and Windows)

• Flush and Panel Doors may be use as the same wood materials, while windows may use steel frame, aluminum casement, glass panels, glass wood jalousie in case with iron grills for safety purposes.

Drafting Details

People to Use the PlanA complete plan of the building includes all the essential elements

of the house for construction purposes. All parts included has its own function. Groups of individuals make use of the plan to attain the desired goal as displayed in a part by part representation of the drawing, viz:

1. Architect. He prepares the plan for the house owner and shows the said plan to the estimator, the builder and the contractor for bidding purposes.

2. Homeowner. The plan gives him an advanced idea on how the house looks like when finished, the approximate cost of the house and his guide in planning like when finished, the approximate cost of the house and his guide in planning the decorations as well as the selection and placement of furniture.

3. Estimator. He computes the cost of the materials that may be decided by the house owner and the cost of labor.

Drafting Details

People to Use the Plan4. Builder. He uses the plan in his study of the

details and sizes of the parts as his guide in the actual construction of the house. His group includes the following:

A. Mascus

B. Carpenters

C. Mechanics

5. Contractor. He determines the cost charges in bidding and for the approval of the building permit.

Drafting Details

Major Content of the Plan

A plan is expected to be complete in order to be functional and will exactly serve its purpose. To this end, a plan should have the following elements:

1. Plan Views. The views that fully describe the form and sizes of any major parts of the house.

A. Floor Plan. The plan that shows the interior design of the house. It is assumed to have been cut slightly above the window level. It indicates the size and arrangement of rooms, doors, windows and furniture, bathrooms fixtures and kitchen equipment.

B. Foundation Plan. The plan that shows the arrangement of footings and foundations.

C. Floor Framing Plan. Indicates the arrangement of the flooring materials, joists, girders and the kinds of finishes.

D. Roof Framing Plan. Represents the detailed arrangement of the parts of the roof like ruling, trusses, girt plates, etc.

Drafting Details

Major Content of the Plan

2. Elevations. Representation of the exterior views of the finished house. This is a graphic projection of the four sides of the building

3. Sectional Views. This shows the interior of some important parts of the structure.

4. Detailed Views. This represents the necessary information of the minor but complicated parts that is not made clear in its major representation. It is a blow-up of a part to a bigger scale reading.

5. Mechanical Detail. This is the detailed study about the electric and plumbing installations of the house.

6. Survey and Plot Plan. This shows the information about the lot where the house is to be constructed in relation to the neighboring areas.

7. Perspective. A picture-like presentation of the finished house.

8. Specifications. The written instruction on how the house is to be constructed, the kind of materials needed, the kind of finish desired and other information the house owner wish to be implemented but could not be reflected in the plan.

Drafting Details

Typical Information Included in a House Plan

1. Arrangement, shape and sizes of rooms.

2. Shape and sizes of structural parts.

3. Style of roof used.

4. Material information

5. Wall thickness and outer structural parts.

6. Location and sizes of windows and doors.

7. Sizes, kinds and location of stairs, closets, porches, etc.

8. Sizes, shape and location of

bathroom and kitchen equipment.

9. Location of lights and other electrical fixtures.

10. Layout and location of water and waste disposal system.

11. Lawn development.

12. Arrangement of furniture and other equipment.

13. Specifications of finishes, kinds of materials and other treatment not included in the details.

Drafting Details

Draftsmen’s Emphases in Planning

1. Type of drawing. The kind of drawing must match the part drawn and the function of the plan desired to attain the purpose.

2. Symbols. The symbols should be conventional in nature and internationally understood and readable to everyone.

3. Architectural Terms. No single word should confuse the users.

4. Abbreviations. Any long word decided to be cut should conform the standard and should be consistent throughout.

5. Scaling. Scale used should often be small, to avoid crowding.

6. Dimensions. Placement of dimensions, dimension figures, systems of dimensioning and arrangement of the same must be legible enough to avoid destroying the appearance of the drawing.

7. Lines. The tone and construction of lines used must be the standard so as to mean right thing.

Drafting Details

Types of Floor plan1. Single Line Floor. A floor plan presentation with

single line used around wall line.

2. Abbreviated floor plan. A kind of floor plan presentation using double lines.

3. Pictoral plan. The kinds of floor plan that shows relationship along the various parts of the lot.

Kinds:Plane pictorialBird’s eye viewFlat- appears in isometric form

Drafting Details

In Drawing Floor Plans

Block-in all over-all dimensions of the house and add thickness outside wall in light lines.

Layout interior partitions lightly.

Locate doors and windows in full

width.

Darken object lines.

Complete door and window symbols.

Add symbols for stairwell, if any.

Remove layout lines if it destructs views.

Draw outlines of kitchen and bath fixtures.

Indicate symbols and sections for masonry.

Dimension drawing.

Check work.

To make the work systematic and to facilitate the process, different are allowed in order to include all the necessary features in the following

The simple steps are the following:

Drafting Details

General Rules in Lettering Floor Plan.

Never attempt to letter without guidelines.

Be consistent. Use only one style throughout the work.

Lettering in a bold distinctive letters. Avoid fine and artistic touchier. It will disturb the lines.

Prepare thick strokes from the beginning to the end.

Practice a common letter and reduce gradually up to 2mm. as the ideal height. (1/8”)

Use the standard size always unless bigger size is called for.

Practice spacing in words,

not in alphabet.

For the habit of lettering, not long hand writing when taking down notes or even writing names.

Use capital letters most of the time.

Take time in lettering. Practice quick and correct strokes first. Speed follows later.

When letters tend to slant to any direction, counter it by practicing vertical strokes.

If slant is desired, practice slanting lines to 67.5%.

Letter notes only after mechanical lines to avoid

smudges on the surface of the paper and overlapping on important details.

Use soft pencil. HB or F is preferable.

Numerals used in dimensioning should be one style only like the letters.

The size of the letter should match with the importance of the words. The more important the word is, the bigger the letter.

Lettering template is only advisable if accuracy of the letter style is desired.

Drafting Details

Lines That Needs Emphases on Floor Plans

Different finish lines of the building need to be clear in elevations for its size or location. They should all appear horizontal lines.

Ground line

Floor line

Ceiling line

Base line

Ridge line

Drafting Details

Rules in Architectural Dimensioning

Like other objects drawn as a part of a working drawing, architectural parts has to be dimensioned following some rules and regulations to make the work standard and universally understood. The following rules has to be observed for the benefit of the purpose:

1. Dimension lines should be made solid and dimension figures are lettered above or below the line.

2. Arrowhead of any form at the end of each dimension line is optional.

3. A slash or cut within the line may be provided with a fractional dimension to maintain vertical space.

4. Consistency in the position and arrangement of figures is a must.

5. Dimension figures can be in a unidirectional or aligned system, but never both within one work.

6. An over-all dimension should be placed outside of the details.

7. The thickness of a dimension line in a mechanical drawing should be similar throughout.

8. Sizes of rooms are expressed by indicating the length and the width of the room.

9. Numerals are placed outside of the dimension line if the area dimensioned is

too small.

10. Center lines of partitions can also be used in dimensioning rooms

11. Door and window sizes are shown directly on it, or indexed to it, or made separate in a schedule.

12. Rooms are dimensioned from wall-to-wall regardless of its thickness.

13. Curved leader lines are more practical in use to avoid confusion with other lines.

14. Dots at the end of a dimension line in a small area is advisable to accommodate arrowheads.

15. Sizes of bricks or stone veneer should be added in framing dimension line in small areas.

16. Arrowheads can be placed outside the dimension line in small areas dimensioned

17. A leader line representing a large area may end with a slot.

18. A very small dimension line appearing on the object that which can not be on the floor plan can be represented with a leader line for easy interpretation.

19. The number of risers of a stair should be placed on the line with an arrow indicating its direction, like up or down.

20. Center lines are used as basis in dimensioning doors, windows, pilasters, beams and areaways.

21. A simplified form in place of the arrowhead is used, like a shaded or un-shaded small dot, an inclined short line or half arrowhead, while arrow most especially the pointed ones are used in machine drafting only.

Drafting Details

Rules in Architectural Dimensioning

22. Abbreviate words if symbols do not show clearly what is really intended for. Use the standard abbreviation to avoid confusion.

23. Sub-dimensions must total that of the overall.

24. Dimensions rooms by distances to the outside face of the stud in partitions, if framing dimensions are necessary.

25.The actual size of the building is reflected on the floor plan regardless of the scale used.

26. Establish thickness of the walls and partition components before the total wall thickness is determined.

27. If English system is used, express dimensions over one foot (1’) In foot and inches, like (10’-3”) and in inches, if less than one foot, like (0’-8”).

28. Nevertheless, express dimensions in Metric, if possible.

29. Consistency of the unit throughout the plan is a must.

Drafting Details

Elevation PlanThe view of the house taken from the four

directions as front, rear, left side, and right side. It reveals the actual appearance of the house including the materials used, location of wall openings and important parts of the structure as directly seen in a particular direction. The practical purpose of the elevation is to show

the normal views of the wall surfaces

Drafting Details

Kinds of Elevations

Drafting Details

Steps in Drafting Elevations

1. Layout and rise and run to get the roof angle.

2. Extend the establishment angle to outline roof line.

3. Draw parallel line to represent facia board.

4. Draw vertical line for vertical line for the outside wall.

5. Determine width of the overhand and draw vertical line to put a limit.

6. Measure the distance from the grade line to the top of the wall.

7. Extend the grade line.

8. Get the distance from the outside wall to the center of the roof and draw vertical center line.

9. Show the opposite side of the roof to represent the outside wall and width of the

overhang.

10. Draw the object lines to its final tone.

11. Clear-up symbols, doors and windows.

12. Draw gutters and cornice details.

13. Dimensions parts, details and over-all.

14. Add landscape, if desired.

15. Check the work part by part.

Drafting Details

Rules in Dimensioning Elevations

1. Vertical dimension should read at the right side of the drawing.

2. Any level dimension should bear a label, note or abbreviation.

3. Room height should be indicated with floor-to-ceiling dimension.

4. Footings are dimensioned from the ground level.

5. Height of doors and windows are determined by dimensioning floor line to the top of the said window or door.

6. Dimension only vertical distances.

7. Sizes of windows and doors should be indexed to its

schedule.

8. Styles of windows and doors should be given on elevations.

9. Roof pitch is determined by indicating the rise over the run.

10. Elevation of ground line is determined and expressed as above datum.

11. The size of small, complex or obscure areas should be index to a separate detail of the part.

12. Dimensions of floor and ceiling lines are indicated by ceiling line which is used as extension line.

13. Height of planters and walls are shown from its ground

line.

14. The thickness of the slab should be dimensioned.

15. Sub-dimensions should be lettered inside major dimension.

16. Sizes of footings should be dimensioned.

17. Dimension figures should be bold enough for ease.

18. Avoid giving extra and unnecessary dimensions that will only crowd and spoil the appearance of the view.

19. Dimension different levels in sectional views.

20. Clear-out dimensions in detail.

Drafting Details

Steps in Projecting Elevations

1. Vertical line projection. Used to show the total length of the building as well as its major parts

2. Horizontal line projection. Show the total height of the building, the eave line and ridge line

3. Roofline projection. Show the ridge and eve lines of the roof pitch or angle

4. Block-in outline. Draw the major lines of the house

5. Add elevation symbols

Drafting Details

Common Material Symbols to be Identified in Elevation

Plants

Cement, mortar

Foundation wall

Earth

Gutter

Flashing

Vertical sidings

Bricks

Handrail

Footing

Basement slab

Concrete block

Shrubs

Continuous sill

Horizontal sidings

Plywood

Down spout

Cut stone

Glass

G.I sheets

Glass panel

Perspective Drawing

Perspective DrawingPerspective. A kind of drawing included in a plan representing the structure as it appears to the naked eye of the observer. The sides of the building vanish to a point as viewed by the observer at a distance.

A Perspective is also known as Central Projection.

Perspective Drawing

General Kinds of Perspective

A Perspective is classified based on the nature of preparation. viz:

1. Artist Perspective. The artist perception of the design of the building. The details are more on imagination and calculation than measured.

2. Mechanical Perspective. A kind of perspective prepared with the aid of the necessary instruments. It is drawn to the details of the size and parts. This is less popular since it is difficult to construct, time consuming and may come out in a distorted form.

Perspective Drawing

Types of Perspective1. Parallel Perspective. A one-point perspective. It

emphasizes only the front of the building or any side with most design and where most of the interest is directed.

2. Angular Perspective. A two-point perspective. It emphasizes any of the two views of the building with the most design. This is the most common type.

3. Oblique Perspective. A three-point perspective. This is made only if the object has no parallel edges with the picture plane.

Perspective Drawing

Examples of Types of Perspective

One Point Perspective (Parallel Perspective)

Perspective Drawing

Examples of Types of Perspective

Two Point Perspective (Angular Perspective)

Three Point Perspective (Oblique Perspective)

Perspective Drawing

Elevations in PerspectiveRegardless of the number of points used, perspective is

classified based on the level of viewing as follows:

1. Worm’s Eye View. An elevation showing the sides and bottom of the building. It is viewed below or on the ground level.

2. Man’s Eye View. The elevation showing the sides of the building only. It is understood that the observer has stationed himself within man’s height, generally at 5’-6” level.

3. Bird’s Eye View. The elevation that reveals the sides and top of the building. This is sometimes called an airplane view, for being sighted overhead of the structure.

Perspective Drawing

Types of Elevations in Perspective

Man’s Eye View

Worm’s Eye View

Bird’s Eye View

Perspective Drawing

Elements in PerspectiveIn plotting a perspective, there are some basic element that has to be considered, In Effect, these elements will later determine the type of perspective to be drawn.

1. Observer’s Eye. This is the viewer himself.

2. Object. The model used, or the design of the building.

3. Plane of Projection. The level at which the building is viewed.

4. Projectors. The vanishing lines from the building to the vanishing point.