tlic507d - drive heavy combination vehicle - learner guide

8/14/2019 TLIC507D - Drive Heavy Combination Vehicle - Learner Guide

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TLIC507D Driveheavy combination

vehicle

Assessment


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Contents

What this Learners Guide is about........................................ 3

Planning your learning ........................................................... 4

How you will be assessed...................................................... 7

Section 1............................................................................................. 9

How are articulated vehicles correctly driven under licensetesting conditions? ................................................................. 9

Section 2........................................................................................... 45

How are prime movers coupled and uncoupled to trailers, underlicense testing conditions? ................................................... 45

Additional resources....................................................................... 55

Feedback on activities .................................................................... 57


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TLIC507D Drive heavy combination vehicle

Page 2 Australian National Training Authority 2003ADELG1024 Customised and Developed by Armstrongs Driver Education P/L May 2008


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Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 3Customised and Developed by Armstrongs Driver Education P/L May 2008 ADELG1024

What this Learners Guide is about

ThisLearnersGuideisabouttheskillsandknowledgerequiredtodriveaheavycombinationvehiclesafelyincludingsystematicandefficientcontrolofallvehiclefunctions,monitoringoftrafficandroadconditions,managementofvehicleconditionandperformance,couplinganduncouplingoftrailer,andeffectivemanagementofhazardoussituations.Assessmentofthisunitwillusuallybeundertakenwithinalicensingexaminationconducted,byorundertheauthorityof,therelevantstate/territoryRoadTrafficAuthority.

TheElementsofCompetencyfromtheunitTLIC507DDriveheavycombinationvehiclecoveredinthisLearnersGuidearelistedbelow.

Drivetheheavycombinationvehicle

Monitortrafficandroadconditions

Monitorandmaintainvehicleperformance

ThisunitofcompetencyisfromtheTransportandLogisticsTrainingPackage(TLI07).


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Planning your learning

ItisimportanttoplanyourlearningbeforeyoustartbecauseyoumayalreadyhavesomeoftheknowledgeandskillsthatarecoveredinthisLearnersGuide.Thismightbebecause:

youhavebeenworkingintheindustryforsometime,and/or

youhavealreadycompletedtraininginthisarea.

Togetherwithyoursupervisorortrainerusethechecklistsonthefollowingpagestohelpyouplanyourstudyprogram.Youranswerstothequestionsinthechecklistwillhelpyouworkoutwhichsectionsof

thisLearnersGuideyouneedtocomplete.

ThisLearnersGuideiswrittenwiththeideathatlearningismademorerelevantwhenyou,thelearner,areactuallyworkingintheindustry.Thismeansthatyouwillhavepeoplewithintheenterprisewhocanshowyouthings,discusshowthingsaredoneandansweranyquestionsyouhave.Alsoyoucanpractisewhatyoulearnandseehowwhatyoulearnisappliedintheenterprise.

IfyouareworkingthroughthisLearnersGuideandhavenotyetfoundajobintheindustry,youwillneedtotalktoyourtraineraboutdoingworkexperienceorworkingandlearninginsomesortofsimulatedworkplace.


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Section 1: How are articulated vehicles correctlydriven under licence testingconditions?

Areyouableto: Yes No

1. completeapre-departurevehiclecheck?

2. starttheengineandundertakepost-startupchecks?

3. secureorconfirmthesecurityoftheloadbeingtransportedonanarticulatedvehicle?

4. steer,manoeuvreandpositionthevehicleinaccordancewithtrafficregulations,vehiclelimitationsandroaddimensions?

5. drivethevehicleinreverse,maintainingvisibilityandachievingaccuratepositioning,especiallyofthetrailer?

6. manageenginepowertoensureefficiencyinperformanceandminimiseengineandgeardamage?

7. monitorthevehicleformalfunctionsandtoensuremaximumefficiencyofoperation?

8. monitorandanticipatetrafficandroadconditionstoavoidinjurytopeopleordamagetoproperty,equipmentandloads?

9. stopthevehiclewithoutinjurytopersonnelordamagetothevehicle,propertyorland?

10.park,shutdownandsecurethevehiclein

accordancewithmanufacturersspecifications,trafficregulations andcompanyprocedures?


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Section 2: How are prime movers coupled anduncoupled to trailers, under licencetesting conditions?

Areyouableto: Yes No

1. safelyandcompletelycoupleaprimemovertoatrailerinaccordancewithmanufacturersspecifications?

2. safelyandcompletelyuncoupleatrailerfromaprimemoverinaccordancewithmanufacturersspecifications?


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How you will be assessed

AssessmentofthisUnitofCompetencywillincludeobservationofrealorsimulatedworkprocessesusingworkplaceproceduresandquestioningonunderpinningknowledgeandskills.Itmustbedemonstratedinanactualorsimulatedworksituationundersupervision.

Youwillberequiredtosafely:

undertakerequiredpre-departurechecks

coupleanduncoupletrailers

secureloads

drivearticulatedvehiclesinavarietyofroad,weatherandroadconditions

parkandsecurearticulatedvehicles.


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Section 1

How are articulated vehiclescorrectly driven under licensetesting conditions?


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Section outline

Areascoveredinthissection

Pre-departurechecks

Securingloads

Selectingandchanginggears

Drivinganarticulatedvehicle,invariousroad,weatherandtaskconditions

Manoeuvringtrailers,usingreversegears

Parkingandsecuringarticulatedvehicles


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Pre-DepartureChecks

Thissub-sectionmayalsobeasimplerevisionexercise.However,itisnolessimportantthanpreviously,evenifyouhavebecomean

experiencedrigidvehicledriver.

Youmayhavealreadycompletedthisactivityforrigidvehicles.However,itisvitalandshouldbeundertakenforarticulatedvehicles.

Driversofarticulatedvehiclesmustcompletefullpre-departurechecksbeforemovingoffinthosevehicles.Yourcompanywillhaveapolicyonthechecksyoumustundertakebeforeyoudriveavehicle.Thesetaskswillvaryfromcompanytocompany,accordingtohowmuchresponsibilityyourcompanygivesyoutochecktheserviceabilityoftheirarticulatedvehicles.


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Activity 1: What procedures are required to complete apre-departure check?

You are required to identify and check the serviceability of anarticulated vehicle.

Before you start this activity, look at the following checklist anddiscuss any details you are unsure of with your trainer. Then usethe checklist to tick off the successfully completed tasks when youhave finished the activity.

Sub-tasks Steps Completed

1. Completeengine offchecks

Confirm that the engine is switched off

Check that all fluid levels (oils, coolants, fuel,brake and clutch fluids, and windscreenwasher) are appropriate

Confirm that Air Wet Tank was drained atconclusion of previous shift

Investigate any possible fluid leaks

Check that ancillary drive belts are in goodworking order.

2. Completeenginewarmingup checks

Confirm that brakes are fully applied

Start the engine safely, ensuring gearbox isfirst disengaged

Check that oil, air and alternator warning lightsare working

Check all tyre inflation pressures

Check all tyres for wall condition, tread depthand even wear

Check that the spare wheel is in good conditionand secured in position

Check that all wheel nuts are tight and have nosigns of movement

Check that parking, head, hazard, auxiliary andclearance lights are working satisfactorily

Check that rear parking, indicator, brake andreversing lights are working satisfactorily

Confirm that all plates and signs are visible,

readable and in correct quantities


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Check exhaust for visible emissions and noiseleaks

Check vehicle posture to ensure the chassisis even with the wheels

Check lockers, stowage compartments anddoors, ensuring serviceability of latches

Check serviceability and security of externalfittings, including mirrors, lights, mudflaps, etc.

Confirm vehicle tool kit, including wheelchange tools, is complete

Check the location and suitability of safetyequipment, including First Aid kit.

3. Completecabin checks

Check that oil, air and alternator warninglights are working

Ensure that the oil pressure is on a correctreading and that the alternator is charging

Check for correct air pressure

Check that windscreen wipers and washersare working satisfactorily

Check that the horn is working

Check that the park brake is workingsatisfactorily

Confirm opening and closing functions of allwindows

Check seat adjustments for security andpersonal preferences

Adjust mirrors to confirm correct operationand use from drivers chosen sitting position

Confirm the currency of the vehiclesregistration

Complete the Pre-departure Checkdocumentation according to company policy.

4. CompletePrime Movertowingchecks

Check that air hoses are free from damageand connected securely to Prime Mover


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Check that electrical cables are free fromdamage and connected securely to the PrimeMover

Confirm the turntable jaws are open

Ensure the turntable moves freely or is locked,depending on trailer configuration in theforthcoming task.

The following steps relating to trailercoupling checks must be completed as partof the activities you undertake in Section 3of this Learners Guide.

5. Completetrailer

checks

Before coupling:

Confirm trailer legs are in place and secure

Confirm that the skid plate is not worn, bent orcracked

Confirm that the King Pin is not worn, bent orcracked, and that it shows no excessivemovement

Check the skid plate to determine if turntableneeds locking, when ball race and quickrelease are fitted together.

After coupling:

Release the Tractor Protection Valve

Check that air hoses are free from damage,connected securely and without leaks, andremote from potential damage

Check that electrical cables are free fromdamage, connected securely and remote frompotential damage

Confirm that the turntable jaws are locked

Confirm correct operation of trailer lights

Inspect twist locks for serviceability.

6. ObserveOHSpractices

Observe and implement Occupational Healthand Safety practices, during all steps in thepre-departure check.


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Activity 2: Which procedures are followed to tilt and lower thecabin of an articulated vehicle?

Your trainer will provide you with a Prime Mover Vehicle with cabintilt functions. You are required to perform the tasks listed in thefollowing table, then check with your trainer to make sure that thetasks have been completed correctly.

Sub-tasks Steps: Completed

1. Park thevehicle

Park the vehicle on level ground

Apply the park brake

Park the vehicle in neutral, if maxi brakesare fitted, or in a gear contrary to theprevailing slope

Switch off the ignition

Install wheel chocks if available.

2. Completelocation safetycheck

Check adequate clearance around cab, sotilting will be safe

Confirm there are no loose objects in thecab

Shut the cab doors

Open the lower grille, if applicable

Lower bull bar, if applicable

Confirm vehicle is in the correct gear asdefined by the manufacturer.

3. Tilt cab in

accordancewithmanufacturersdirections

Tilt the cab hydraulically using the hand-

operated pump, where applicable

Turn the valve fully against spring pressureuntil it locks into position

Insert jack rod into the pump actuating lever

Release the cab locking mechanism

Operate pump / electrical hydraulic system /spring-assisted tilt mechanism to fully tiltcab safely


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Engage the locking device, then confirmthat the cab is safely secured in tiltedposition.

4. Lower the cab Move hydraulic valve back to its originalposition

Release the locks holding cab in tiltedposition

Safely lower the cab by operating themanual / electric / spring-assistedmechanisms, as applicable

Confirm that the catch is re-engaged to lockthe cab in position

Check the valve has remained in its originalposition

Close grille once the cab is back to itsoriginal position, if applicable

Raise and secure the bull bar.

5. Observe OHSpractices

Observe and implement OccupationalHealth and Safety practices, during allsteps in the cab tilting and loweringprocess.


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Securingaload

Youmayhavealreadycompletedthisactivityforrigidvehicles.However,itisvitalandshouldbeundertakeforarticulatedvehicles.It

mustbecompletedifyouhavenotworkedasthedriverofheavyrigidvehiclestransportingloadsotherthanpassengersduringtheprevioustwelvemonths.

Thedriverandthepersonloadinganarticulatedvehicleareresponsibletomakesuretheloadisproperlyrestrainedbythevehicleandtrailerstructures,theirattachmentsandtheloadsecuringequipment.Thedriver,thevehicleownerandthepersonloadinganarticulatedvehicleareresponsibletomakesureeachoftheseisserviceableandworkingproperly.

Thesethreepeoplemustalsomakesurethatthevehicleandtrailerstructures,theirattachmentsandtheloadsecuringequipmentarestrongenoughtoholdandsecuretheload.

Inallloadingactivities,youshouldrefertotheLoadRestraintGuide.Thatdocumentshowsallmethodsandrequirementsofloadsecuring,soyoushouldkeepacopyofitwithyouatalltimestoensurethatyouloadinaccordancewithrelevantregulations.


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Activity 3: How are loads secured on articulated vehicles?

Answer the following questions on securing loads by ticking

Correct or Incorrect and giving a reason for your answer.

Study the 4 diagrams below and indicate whether they arecorrectly or incorrectly loaded:

Correct

Incorrect

Why_____________________

Correct

Incorrect

Why_____________________

Correct

Incorrect

Why_____________________

Correct

Incorrect

Why_____________________


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List the 3 areas of driver responsibility for loading a vehicle.

1. _________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

List the 3 factors necessary to secure a load.

1. _________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

Write down the meaning of the following International CargoSymbols.

Symbol Meaning

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________


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Symbol Meaning

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________


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Symbol Meaning

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.


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LoadingDOsandDONTs

Thissub-sectionshouldbecompletedunlessyouhave:

workedasadriverofheavyrigidvehiclestransportingcargo/goods (otherthanpassengers)OR

completedarelevantunitofcompetencysuchasTDTD497ALoad andunloadgoods/cargointhelast3months.

Ineithercaseyoursupervisororworkplacetrainermaypermityoutousethissub-sectionasarevisionexercise.Thereareanumberofmethodstoproperlysecureloads,justastherearesomepracticeswhichmustneverbeused.Youwillproperlysecure

loadsifyoualwaysfollowthislistofDOsandDONTs:

DO:

makesureyouhaveenoughlashingsthatareingoodconditionandstrongenoughtosecuretheload

makesurethattie-downlashingsareasneartoverticalaspossible

makesurethatdirectlashingsattachedtoloadsonwheelsarenotnearvertical

attachlashingsattierailsupportpoints

checkandre-tightenthelashingsandotherrestrainingdevicesasrequired

uselashingprotectorsonsharpedges

usewedgesandchockstoblockyourload

makesurethatloosebulkloadscannotfallorbeblownoffthevehicle

useavehiclethatisbuiltstronglyenoughforthejob

takeextremecarewhenreleasinganyfixedleverload-binder.

DONT:

usefaultyequipment

attachchainsorwebbingbetweentierailsupportpoints

tiedownloadsontogreasyordirtysteeldecks

standoverandpushdownonload-binders.


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Activity 4: Which loading and unloading methods are usedwhen securing articulated vehicle loads?

Your trainer will provide you with an articulated vehicle to load andunload in this activity. If you are unsure of what you are required todo, you must seek assistance and/or use the Load RestraintGuide.

Read all of the steps in the following table that you are required todo before you start this activity.

After loading is completed, ask your trainer to check your work tomake sure that all items have been correctly loaded, and are safeto be unloaded.


1. Identify loadcharacteristics

Check that the tray area is suitable for theload, with adequate space and capacity

Assess the load for its transportability bychecking load markings and documentation

Check the load for Dangerous Goodscontents

Check the load components to ensure theircompatibility for transportation.

2. Identify loadlimits andsafetyrequirements

Calculate the appropriate loading sequencefor the journey, to facilitate unloading

Choose appropriate and adequate restraintsfor the task

Check that appropriate and adequate safetyequipment is securely stowed in the correct

locations on the vehicle

Confirm that the loaded vehicle will notexceed legal axle load limits, (both GVM andGCM)

Confirm that Road Transport ReformRegulations will not be exceeded

Check that the dimensions of the loadedvehicle will not exceed road safety limits forthe journey (length, width and height)

Obtain permit for the load, if required.


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3. Plan loading ofthe vehicle

Assess whether the load can be handledmanually and locate appropriate mechanicallifting aids if required

Ensure the stability of the vehicle bychecking that the vehicle can be loaded withthe centre of gravity of the load as low aspossible and along the centre line of thevehicle

Ensure that the tyres will not be overloaded

Check that the vehicle can be loaded so thatthe loads centre of mass is forward of therear axle group

Check that tie rails and anchor points are

undamaged, and the restraining equipmentwill not cause damage by chafing, crushingand over-tensioning as the load is secured

Check that pallets are of sufficient strengthfor the load

Check for damaged or leaking containers

Confirm the serviceability of load-coveringequipment, for protection in adverse weatherconditions.

4. Load thevehicle inaccordancewith the LoadRestraintGuide

Ensure that no apparent danger is present toother personnel (including all members of thepublic)

Apply the park brake, then ensure the engineis switched off if not required during theloading process

Safely position the load on the vehiclescarrying surface *

Ensure chafing and crushing of load items isavoided

Ensure sufficient friction between the loadand the vehicles carrying surface

Load pallets along the length of the vehicle

Install baulking / packing to pallets that arenot loaded close together to optimise correctload placement

Ensure all necessary signs and flags aresuitably placed for overhanging or over-

dimensional loads


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Operate mechanical loading securingequipment (where appropriate) by:

checking unit load device placements

confirming covering / restraining processis complete.

* (Use of other mechanical lifting aids isprescribed in other Learners Guides specificto that equipment.)

5. Secure theload

Ensure that lashings are tied at angles of atleast 30 to the vehicle loading surface (as

defined in the Load Restraint Guide)

Ensure that vertical movement and tipping of

the load is not possible, by placing restraintsacross the top of the load

Ensure against forward and rearwardmovement of the load, by restraining (withbaulking and lashing equipment) inaccordance with the Load Restraint Guide

Ensure against forward and rearwardmovement of the load, by passing restraintsthrough the base of the pallets (wherepossible)

Ensure that the top of each separate sectionof the load has at least one cross-lashing

Ensure that any part of the load which isabove the general height of the load has atleast two cross-lashings

Restrain the load horizontally using chocks orvertical restraints where necessary

Confirm that all ties (ropes, chains, straps,buckles, etc), are correctly tied, installed andsecured, as applicable

Ensure all gates and/or doors are correctlymounted and secured as appropriate

Fully engage all twist locks.

6. Cover the load Use appropriate materials to cover the load,ensuring load movement does not occur

Adequately secure the covering materials,ensuring protection against adverse weatherconditions or spillages in the container


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Avoid damage to covering materials causedby chafing

Ensure any loose surfaces (packaging, ties,tarpaulin and curtain flaps, etc), are securedagainst movement during transit.

7. Unload thevehicle inaccordancewith the LoadRestraint Guide

Park and secure the vehicle in a suitableposition for unloading, ensuring protection forall personnel, materials and equipment

Apply the park brake and switch off theengine

Remove load covers (where necessary) andstow safely

Safely release load restraints and stow safely

Calculate the unloading sequence and theset-down points for each item

Unload the vehicle in the pre-determinedsequence, transferring each item to its safelocation. *

* (Use of mechanical lifting aids is prescribed inother Learners Guides specific to that equipment.)

8. Observe OHS

practices

Observe and implement Occupational Health

and Safety practices, during all tasks in theloading and unloading processes, especiallyconsidering other workers, and bulk grain,livestock and liquid loads.

When you have marked all the steps as complete, discuss withyour trainer any areas of your work that require improvement tomake sure loads are secure and safe.


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Selectingandchanginggears

Driversofarticulatedvehiclesmustselectanappropriategear,accordingtotheenginespeedrequiredtocompletethedemandsplacedonthevehicle.Considerableimportancemustbeplacedonthisactivity,especiallywhensemi-trailerarticulatedvehiclesareconcerned.Thisisemphasisedwhenselectinggearstodescendslopes,wherethedifferentbrakingrequirementsofthevehicle(becauseofthetraileranditsbrakes)mustbetakenintoaccount.

Inallotherdrivingcircumstances,selectingandchanginggearswillhavethesameprinciplesasformediumandheavyrigidvehicles.Theproperuseofenginepower,theachievementoffuelefficiencyandtheabsoluteavoidanceofcoastingwillmeasureyourperformanceindrivingarticulatedvehicles.


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Activity 5: How are gears used efficiently to drive articulatedvehicles?

Answer the following questions on selecting and changing gears byticking Correct or Incorrect.

Correct Incorrect

The purpose of gears in a vehicle is to:

increase the engine energy capacity

spread the friction over more components

match road speed to best engine speed.

When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:

the lowest gear ratio the vehicle has

the highest gear the vehicle that ispossible.

the highest gear that maintains specifiedengine torque.

For descending long or steep hills, a driver should:

engage a high gear to minimise RPM andwear

engage a lower gear during the descent

engage the required gear before descentcommences.

When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:

include all intermediate ratios available

engage only the gear that will be nextneeded.

Negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:

before entering the corner

at the sharpest point of the corner

during the exit from the corner

immediately after leaving the corner.


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The term Progressive Shifting means:

using maximum RPM in each gear beforeshifting

attaining only enough RPM to reach thenext gear

changing gear at the same RPM for everyshift.

The gear changing difference between petrol and diesel engines is:

diesel engines have higher torque atlower RPM

petrol engines pull better at low RPM.

The term Skip Shifting means that the driver:

avoids de-clutching during gear shifts

engages the most suitable gearregardless of sequence.

To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:

decrease speed to well below that of thelowest gear

retain vehicle speed / gently decreaseRPM.



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Braking

Youmayhavealreadycompletedthisactivityforrigidvehicles.However,itisvitalandshouldbeundertakenforarticulatedvehicles.

Heavyvehicleswillbemoredifficulttostopunderbraking,dependingontheirsizeandtheirload.Roadandweatherconditionsaffectbrakingperformance.Thespeedofvehicleswillalsoaffectbrakingperformance,aswillthetimetakenbydriverstoreacttotheneedforbraking.Youmustconsiderallthesefactorswhendriving,especiallyasthelossofvehiclecontrol(skidding)isbothdangerousandfrequent.Forexample,theheavierthevehicle,thewettertheroad,thefasterthespeed,themoretiredthedriverandtheharderthebraking,themorelikelyitisthatskiddingwilloccur.

Asaprofessionaldriverofanarticulatedvehicle,youshouldbeawareofthedangerposedbyyourvehicleshouldyoulosecontrolofitsspeedordirection.Thefollowingbrakingrulesmustbeappliedatalltimes:

brakeearlyandgradually

brakeinastraightline

allowforthetraileranditsownbrakingsystem

allowfortheload

matchyourbrakingtotheroadsurface

easeoffasthevehicleslows

testyourbrakesafterdrivingthroughwater.

Downhillspeedshouldbecontrolledbyuseofenginespeedandcorrectgearselection.Ifbrakingisnecessaryduringadescent,adrivershould,ifpossible,trytobrakeonlywhenthevehicleistravellinginastraightline.Brakingonabendincreasestheriskofskiddingandshouldusuallyonlybeusedinanemergency.Ifbrakingmustbeappliedonabend,itshouldbedoneasgentlyaspossible.


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Activity 6: How are brakes efficiently used to controlarticulated vehicles?


Correct Incorrect

Hydraulic brake systems:

force fluid pressure to cylinder pistons oneach wheel

can suffer from water contamination,lowering the boiling point of the brakefluid.

On steep downhill slopes, brakes should be used:

very few times during the descent

only for emergencies and unexpectedconditions

by applying and releasing quickly andfrequently.

Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:

water on the friction surfaces

overheating and brake fade throughoveruse

using gears which are too low for somesections of the hill

the nature of the road surface.

To use brakes safely and efficiently, you should:

avoid braking in curves or corners ifpossible

use less braking for lighter loads

test brakes after driving through water.



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Drivinginreverse

Drivingarticulatedvehiclesinreverserequiresspecificskillsandmaybetheonlywaytomanoeuvrethevehicleintoandoutofloadingbaysanddeliverypointsinwarehouses.Drivinginreverseisoftenusedinbuilt-upareaswhereaccessbyturningisrestrictedandunavailabletoarticulatedvehicles.Inthesesituations,thedriverwillneedtosuccessfullypositionthevehicleusingacombinationofforwardandreversegearsinatightspace.

However,themajorityofcircumstanceswherearticulatedvehiclesarereversedrelatetothecoupling,uncouplingandpositioningoftrailers.Reversingskillswillprobablyonlybeattainedafterconsiderablepractice,withcounterturnsonsteeringwheelsandtrailerswithmindsoftheirownoftencausingdifficulty.Theabilitytoavoid

trailerjack-knifing,especiallyinconfinedspacesinloadingbaysandtransportyards,willbethekeytomanyofyourdrivingtasks.


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Activity 7: What actions are used to steer articulated vehiclesin reverse?

Look at the diagram below. Which one of the four steering positionsshows how the front wheel must be turned as the Prime Moverbegins to reverse?

Answer: (1, 2, 3 or 4) __________

1 2 3 4

There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learners

Guide.


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ProfessionalDriving

Mostroaduserswillbenon-professionaldriverswhohavenotreceivedasmuchtrainingasdriversofarticulatedorothercommercialvehicles.Professionaldriversarecourteousanddriveinadefensivemanner.DrivinginsuchamannerwillencourageamoretolerantattitudetowardstheRoadTransportIndustryandpeopleemployedinit.Youwillhopefullyhavehelpedtoachievesomeofthistoleranceduringyourpreviousdrivingexperiences.

Adefensivedriveravoidscausingaccidentsandalsoavoidsbecominginvolvedinaccidentscausedbyotherroadusers.Defensivedriversknowandobservethelawsandregulationsrelatingtotheroad,thevehiclestheydriveandthegoodstheytransport.Thedefensivedriverispreparedtogivewaytoavoidthepossibilityofanaccident,evenif

bylaw,theotherroaduserisatfault.

Defensivedrivingrequiressuperiorobservationandanticipationskills.Driverswillneedtoknowwhatishappeningallaroundtheirvehicle.Theskillsneededfordefensivedrivinginclude:

continuouslyobservingallsituations,includinglookingasfaraheadaspossible

maintainingsafespacecushions

frequentlycheckingmirrors

slowingdowntonegotiatealldrivingsituations

selectingthemostappropriategearsforeachdrivingtask

tryingtoanticipatepossibledangers

usingappropriatespeeds,turningandstoppingtechniques,andwarningdevicestonegotiateandleavehazardoussituations.


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Activity 8: How do drivers control trailer skids?

Answer the following questions on controlling skids by describing

the actions to be taken in each case:

What are the three steps to take when controlling a drive wheelskid?

1. ________________________

________________________

2. ________________________

________________________

3. ________________________

________________________

What are the three actions you need to perform when controlling a

trailer wheel skid?

1. ________________________

________________________

2. ________________________

________________________

3. ________________________

________________________



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Activity 9: Which procedures are used to professionally drivearticulated vehicles?

During this activity, any deliberate or accidental failure to observeRoad Rules will immediately cause the activityto be terminated.In these circumstances, your trainer will not be able to assess youas a competent driver.

Where possible, the activity may be varied to cater for drivingduring anyworking hours, weather and road conditions. ForEmergency situations that obviously cannot be created, yourtrainer will check your performance by seeking descriptions ofrequired actions and/or simulation exercises.


1. Complete aPre-DepartureCheck

Ensure that a comprehensive Pre-DepartureCheck is completed

Ensure vehicle is fuelled sufficiently for theforthcoming task

Correctly complete all documentation inaccordance with company policy

Report any defects, according to companypolicy.

2. Prepare fordriving

Adjust driving position (seat) and mirrors

Fit the seat belt securely

Start the engine

Build up adequate air pressure for take-off.

3. Drive the

vehiclecommencingon an uphillgrade

Select the lowest appropriate gear, after

vehicle is held stationary by service brakes

Apply the park brake or trailer brakes

Release service brakes and engage theclutch to the friction point

Use indicator to signal intention to move

Check mirrors for other road users

Release the park brake or trailer brake


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Overtake safely, by indicating correctly andwith sufficient warning time, assessingadequate clear road distance and checkingother possible overtaking vehicles.

6. Drive thevehicle onmultiple laneroads

Maintain the vehicle within the laneboundary, during driving and demonstratesafe and legal road positions during turns

Observe all regulatory and advisory signs

Drive safely and smoothly, whilst maintainingobservation of other road users, vehicleposition and prevailing conditions, especiallythrough the use of mirrors

Co-operate with other drivers during

overtaking by maintaining appropriate speedand providing safe adequate space

Maintain safe space cushions whenfollowing or being followed, appropriatelyvaried for changing road and weatherconditions

Overtake safely, by indicating correctly andwith sufficient warning time, assessingadequate clear road distance and checkingother possible overtaking vehicles

Select the outside lane (to assist with cut-in)when turning.

7. Drive thevehicle invariousturningsituations

Control and position the vehicle appropriatelywhen approaching turns

Position the vehicle to ensure safe actions ofother road users with respect to overtaking

Observe all other road users, in preparationfor the turn, including by the use of mirrors

Provide sufficient warning to other road usersby indicating in time and accurately

Apply brakes smoothly, to achieve speedbelow the advisory sign limit before turningcommences

Smoothly select the appropriate gear for theturn, prior to commencing the turning process

Observe all regulatory and advisory signs


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Apply and maintain power throughout theturning process, especially to counteracttrailer shunting

Steer smoothly (using both hands),maintaining vehicle control through the turn(a cross-over of hands is acceptable in slowturns within confined spaces)

Steer the vehicle, taking due care of theeffects of roundabouts and other roadcambers

Adjust body position to remove visionblockouts

Negotiate turns, in safe and legal road

positions, whilst observing other road usersand prevailing conditions, especially throughthe use of mirrors

Maintain the vehicle on the formed road /designated surface, (no kerb mounting)ensuring the safety of all users during theturning process.

8. Drive thevehicle inreverse gear

Check for hazards and obstructions in front,behind and above the vehicle

Check that mirrors are clean and adjusted to

facilitate maximum views

Use mirrors to maintain visibility behind andbeside the vehicle

Use horn or warning device to indicatevehicle is about to reverse

Choose the maximum available space tocomplete the reversing task

Avoid accidents by reviewing the reversepath before proceeding, especially when

entering warehouse, loading bay and relatedenclosures

Initiate trailer path direction correctly, thenadjust the Prime Mover to achieve its correctpath, avoiding tyre sledging if possible

Reverse into a loading bay, stopping whencontact is made with the bay for rear loadingor when safely adjacent to it for side loading

Park the vehicle in various kerbside / yardlocations using reverse gears


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Take correct actions on time and with safety.


Observe and implement Occupational Healthand Safety practices, including posture and

cabin distractions, during all steps in thedriving process.


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Parkingandsecuring

Driversofarticulatedvehiclesarerequiredtosafelyparkandsecuretheirvehicleaccordingtoroadlawsandcompanypolicy.Tasksinclude:

appropriatesiteselection

trailerstability

vehiclelock-up

loadplacementandsecurity.


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Activity 10: How are articulated vehicles parked and secured?

You are now required to park and secure the vehicle that you have

just driven. At the conclusion of this activity, your trainer will adviseyou of areas of your work that may require improvement.


1. Park andsecure thevehicle

Park the vehicle in a location approved bycompany policy or Road Law, and apply allpark brakes

Confirm that the engine has had an adequate

period to cool down, especially for the turbo-charger, then switch off the engine

Lower the trailer landing legs, if appropriate,and uncouple the trailer if required

Chock the vehicle and trailer wheels asappropriate for the selected location, andcheck vehicle and load status according tocompany policy

Check the vehicle and load status accordingto company policy.


Observe and implement Occupational Healthand Safety practices, especially duringchecks and chocking, during all steps in theparking and securing processes.


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Section 2

How are prime movers coupledand uncoupled to trailers, underlicense testing conditions?


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Activity 11: What procedures are used to couple trailers?

Your trainer will provide you with a prime mover suitable for

coupling to a given trailer. You are required to complete thecoupling, then discuss this activity with your trainer.


1. Position theprime mover

Use mirrors while reversing prime moverstraight in front of the trailer

Stop prime mover just in front of trailer andapply park brake

Confirm that the Prime Mover and trailerare aligned

Park the vehicle in neutral, if maxi brakesare fitted, or in a gear contrary to theprevailing slope.

2. Inspect andprepare thecouplings

Confirm currency of vehicle registration andaccuracy of details

Check for damage to trailer skid plate, KingPin, and turntable and jaws

Check the skid plate to determine if

turntable needs locking, when ball race andquick release are fitted together

Check turntable jaws are open

Make sure the turntable is turning ifunlocked

Lock the turntable in position for trailerswithout the block

Check top of turntable is well greased,where required (in locked position).

3. Immobilise thetrailer

Place chocks and secure at least one wheel(preferably on the leading axle), on non-maxi brake trailer

Check park brake is on, (trailer equippedwith spring brakes, maxi-brakes, etc).


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4. Check / adjusttrailer height

Check that the turntable and King Pin arealigned

Check the height of trailer skid plate, andmake any necessary adjustments

Check that air hoses / cables do notobstruct prime mover when reversed

Confirm that no personnel or otherobstructions that would interfere withcoupling are present.

5. Couple thetrailer

Slowly reverse prime mover under thetrailer to lock turntable jaws around king pin

Listen to or feel for jaws locking into place

Visually check the completed coupling toensure the jaws are locked on the king pinand release lever is in the locked position

Correctly connect all hoses and cables

Tug test the trailer, with the landing gearraised slightly, to confirm proper coupling,then re-apply prime mover park brake

Lock the turntable linkage if required.

6. Activate trailerbrakes

Activate the tractor protection valve, if fitted

Apply, then release trailer brakes

Listen for air release confirming operationof linkages

Re-fit coupling and re-test brakes ifrequired, by releasing and re-applyingvalves and brakes

Check hoses are supported in positions thatavoid damage.

7. Test vehiclepreparatory totask

Raise the landing gear completely, andsecure the handle

Check to ensure there is no space betweenthe skidplate and turntable, and advisecompany personnel if space is found

Check all lights and indicators, tyres,mirrors, axles, springs, etc, for serviceability


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Confirm that sufficient clearance exists fornormal movement between prime moverand trailer frame

Tug-test the trailer is locked on

Run engine until maximum air pressure isrecorded in air tanks, then test brakes bymoving off slowly in first gear, with brakesreleased, then apply trailer brakes tomaximum effort

Secure the vehicle by switching the engineoff and applying prime mover park brakes.

8. Secureequipment

Confirm equipment, including spare wheel,twist locks, wheel chocks, tool box, trailer

gates, tarpaulins, chains, etc, is stowed andsecured safely.


Observe and implement OHS practices,during all steps in the coupling process.

When you have marked all the steps as complete, discuss withyour trainer any areas of your work that require improvement tomake sure trailers are coupled safely.


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Uncouplingatrailer

Duringuncouplingoftrailers,thesafetyandsecurityoftheprocessremainsascriticalasincoupling.Therefore,thesuitabilityofthe

uncouplingarea,thestabilityoflandinggearandtheirabilitytoholdtheload,andcheckingduringtheuncouplingfunctionalsocannotbestressedtoomuch.

Tasksyouwillberequiredtoperformwhenuncouplinginclude:

selectingasuitableuncouplingsite

positioningthearticulatedvehicle

loweringtrailerlandinggear

disconnectinghosesandcables

releasingturntablejaws

uncouplingthetrailer

applyingtrailerparkbrake,ifapplicable,andinstallwheelchocks

securingcouplingequipmentandrelatedtools.


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Activity 12: What procedures are used to uncouple trailers?


1. Park articulatedvehicle

Park the vehicle in a straight line, on levelground, firm enough to support trailerlanding gear and its load

Apply prime mover park and trailer brakes

De-activate tractor protection valve, if fitted

Place chocks on trailer front axle group ifvehicle is parked on sloping ground.

2. Lower landinggear

Place strong timber or other flat supportsbeneath landing gear if required for softground

Lower landing gear until supports are firmlyin contact with ground / base plates

Secure the landing gear handle

Check that a gap had become visiblebetween the trailer skid plate and turntable.

3. Disconnecthoses andcables

Safely disconnect air hoses and electricalcables

Stow hoses and cables securely on theprime mover (or other designated location)

Confirm connectors were kept free of dustand water, and are kept clear of thetailshaft.

4. Release theturntable jaws

Engage the release handle of turntablejaws

Take pressure off the release handle, bygently rocking prime mover forward andbackwards if the handle cannot beengaged.


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5. Separate thetrailer

Release prime mover parking brake, thenslowly drive forward in a straight line

Stop with rear of prime mover stillunderneath front of trailer, then confirmtrailer is secure on its landing gear

Take remedial action if trailer fails toseparate properly, by reversing to coupledposition, then checking components fordamage, probable causes and continuedsafety practices

Advise relevant company personnel ifuncoupling is not achieved

Park prime mover clear of the trailer, and

apply the park brake.


Observe and implement OHS practices,during all steps in the uncoupling process.

When you have marked all the steps as complete, discuss withyour trainer any areas of your work that require improvement tomake sure trailers are uncoupled safely.


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Additionalresources


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Websites:

NationalTransportCommission http://www.ntc.gov.au/

AustralianTransportSafetyBureauhttp://www.atsb.gov.au

RoadandTrafficAuthority(NSW) http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au

VicRoads(Vic) http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au

DepartmentofInfrastructure,Transport,RegionalDevelopment&LocalGovernment http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/

NSWWorkcoverhttp://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au

QueenslandRuralFireServicehttp://www.ruralfire.qld.gov.au

WorkSafeVictoria(includingpublicationssection)http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/WorkSafe/Home/Forms+and+Publications/

AttorneyGeneralsDepartment(relevantlegislation)

http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Legislation

Organisations:

NationalTransportCommissionLevel15,628BourkeStreet,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia3000)Telephone:0392365000Facsimile:0396428922

CommonwealthBookshop109QueensStMelbourne,Victoria

Telephone(03)96704224

StandardsAustralia1925RaglanStSouthMelbourne,VictoriaTelephone(03)96933555


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Feedback onactivities

The responses provided in this section are suggested responses.Because every workplace is different, your responses may varyaccording to your specific workplace procedures, the equipmentavailable and the nature of the business.


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Activity 3: How are loads secured on articulated vehicles?

Study the 4 diagrams below and indicate whether they are

correctly or incorrectly loaded:

Correct Incorrect X

Why Good Load Spread

Correct X

Incorrect Why Load too far rearward

Correct X

Incorrect Why Load too far forward

Correct Incorrect X

Why Load correctly positioned


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List the 3 areas of driver responsibility for loading a vehicle

1. Loading

2. Distribution

3. Arranging the load

List the 3 factors necessary to secure a load

1. Lashing secured to the vehicle chassis

2. Baulking arrangements

3. Friction between the load and the vehicle platform

Write down the meaning of the following International CargoSymbols

Symbol Meaning

Sling here

Keep dry


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Symbol Meaning

Fragile - handle with care

Activity 5: How are gears used efficiently to drive articulatedvehicles?


Correct Incorrect

The purpose of gears in a vehicle is to:

a) Increase the engine energy capacity

b) Spread the friction over more components

c) Match road speed to best engine speed

When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:

a) the lowest gear ratio the vehicle has

b) the highest gear the vehicle that is possible

c) the highest gear that maintains specified

engine torque

For descending long or steep hills, a driver should:

a) engage a high gear to minimise RPM and wear

b) engage a lower gear during the descent

c) engage the required gear before descentcommences


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Correct Incorrect

When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:

a) include all intermediate ratios available

b) engage only the gear that will be nextneeded

Negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:

a) before entering the corner b) at the sharpest point of the corner

c) during the exit from the corner

d) immediately after leaving the corner

The term Progressive Shifting means:

a) using maximum RPM in each gear before shifting

b) attaining only enough RPM to reachthe next gear

c) changing gear at the same RPM for every shift

The gear changing difference between petrol and diesel enginesis:

a) diesel engines have higher torque atlower RPM

b) petrol engines pull better at low RPM

The term Skip Shifting means that the driver:

a) avoids de-clutching during gear shifts

b) engages the most suitable gear regardless ofsequence

To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:

a) decrease speed to well below that of thelowest gear

b) retain vehicle speed / gently decrease RPM


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Activity 6: How are brakes efficiently used to controlarticulated vehicles?

Answer the following questions on selecting and changing gears by

ticking Correct or Incorrect.

Correct Incorrect

Hydraulic brake systems:

a) force fluid pressure to cylinder pistons oneach wheel

b) can suffer from water contamination,lowering the boiling point of the brake fluid

On steep downhills, brakes should be used:

a) very few times during the descent b) only for emergencies and unexpected conditions c) by applying and releasing quickly and frequently

Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:

a) water on the friction surfaces b) overheating and brake fade through overuse c) using gears which are too low for some sections

of the hill

d) the nature of the road surface

To use brakes safely and efficiently you should:

a) avoid braking in curves or corners if possible

b) use less braking for lighter loads c) test brakes after driving through water


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Activity 7: What actions are used to steer articulated vehiclesin reverse?

Look at the diagram on the next page. Which one of the foursteering positions shows how the front wheel must be turned as thePrime Mover begins to reverse?

Answer: 1

1 2 3 4


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Activity 15: How do drivers control trailer skids?

Answer the following questions on controlling skids by describing

the actions to be taken in each case:

1. What are the three steps to take when controlling a drive wheelskid?

1. Ease off accelerator or brakes

2. Steer front wheel towards

direction of skid

3. When skidding has stopped,gently re-apply the acceleratoror brakes.

2. What are the two actions you need to perform when controllinga trailer wheel skid?

1. Release brakes to regaintrailer wheel traction

2. Lightly tap accelerator if safe todo so

3. Check the setting of the trailerbrake proportioning valve, iffitted.

tlic507d - drive heavy combination vehicle - learner guide

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