tm-06 dna damage, repair and recomb
DESCRIPTION
genetikTRANSCRIPT
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DNA damage, repair and recombination
TM-06
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Capaian PembelajaranMahasiswa mampu menjelaskan
6.1 mutagenesis6.2 kerusakan DNA6.3 perbaikan DNA6.4 rekombinasi DNA
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MUTAGENESISMutation Mutasi: perubahan permanen dalam urutan basa DNA yang diwariskan. Mutasi terjadi sebagai akibat dari
kesalahan spontan dalam replikasi DNA rekombinasi meiosis efek merusak dari agen fisik atau kimia pada DNA.
Mutasi yang paling sederhana adalah mutasi titik - perubahan basa tunggal. Hal ini dapat berupa transisi, di mana satu purin (atau pirimidin) digantikan
oleh yang lain, atau transversi, di mana purin yang menggantikan pirimidin atau sebaliknya.
Efek fenotipik mutasi tersebut mencakup: mutasi silent mutasi missense mutasi nonsense mutasi frameshift
Mutasi yang mempengaruhi proses pertumbuhan sel dan kematian sel dapat mengakibatkan tumorigenesis.
Akumulasi dari mutasi diam dan mutasi lainnya yang tidak mematikan dalam populasi menghasilkan polimorfisme genetik - variasi urutan DNA dan protein.
Penjelasan tipe-teipe mutasi dapat dilihat di FLASH 1. Tipe-tipe mutasi
CP 6.1: menjelaskan mutagenesis
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CP 6.1: menjelaskan mutagenesis
FLASH 1. Tipe-tipe mutasi
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MUTAGENESISReplication fidelity Akurasi yang tinggi replikasi DNA (pada E. coli: satu
kesalahan per 1010 basa yang dimasukkan) tergantung pada Ketepatan pemasangan basa template dan basa yang
dimasukkan oleh DNA polimerase, 3 '→ 5' proofreading exonuclease perbaikan mismatch.
CP 6.1: menjelaskan mutagenesis
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MUTAGENESISMutagens
Ada dua kategori mutagen utama: 1)Mutagen radiasi
a)Radiasi ionisasib)Radiasi nonionisasi
2)Mutagen kimiawi a)Analog nukleosidab)Agen kimia pengubah-nukleotidac) Agen kimia pengubah-frameshift
Tipe radiasi berbeda mempunyai efek berdeda terhadap DNA.
Penjelasan lebih lanjut dapat di lihat di FLASH 2. Mutagens
CP 6.1: menjelaskan mutagenesis
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CP 6.1: menjelaskan mutagenesis
FLASH 2. Mutagens
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DNA DAMAGEDNA lesions A lesion is an alteration to the normal chemical or physical structure of
the DNA. The chemical reactivity of DNA with exogenous chemicals or radiation can
give rise to changes in its chemical or physical structure. These may block replication or transcription and so be lethal, or they may
generate mutations through direct or indirect mutagenesis. The chemical instability of DNA can generate spontaneous lesions such
as deamination and depurination.
CP 6.2: menjelaskan kerusakan DNA
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DNA DAMAGEOxidative damage Reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydroxyl
radicals produce a variety of lesions including 8-oxoguanine and 5-formyluracil.
Such damage occurs spontaneously but is increased by some exogenous agents including -rays.
CP 6.2: menjelaskan kerusakan DNA
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DNA DAMAGEAlkylation Electrophilic alkylating agents such as methylmethane sulfonate and
ethylnitrosourea can modify nucleotides in a variety of positions. Most lesions are indirectly mutagenic, but O6-alkylguanine is directly
mutagenic.
CP 6.2: menjelaskan kerusakan DNA
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DNA DAMAGEBulky adducts
CP 6.2: menjelaskan kerusakan DNA
Bulky lesions such as pyrimidine dimers and arylating agent adducts distort the double helix and cause localized denaturation.
This disrupts the normal functioning of the DNA.
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DNA REPAIR
Proses perbaikan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi kategori sebagai berikut didasarkan atas tipe kerusakan DNA: 1) Photoreactivation Repair: repairs thymine dimers caused by UV light2) Excision Repair: repaires thymine dimers and other single strand errors3) Proffreading and Mismatch Repair: corrects incorrect base insertion during
replication4) Postreplication Repair: repaires incorrect base insertion after replication is
completed5) Double Strand Break Repair: repairs breaks across both strands of a double
helix Penjelasan lebih rinci dapat dilihat di FLASH 3. DNA Repair.
CP 6.3: menjelaskan perbaikan DNA
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DNA REPAIR
CP 6.3: menjelaskan perbaikan DNA
FLASH 3. DNA Repair
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RECOMBINATIONHomologous recombination
CP 6.4: menjelaskan rekombinasi DNA
FLASH 4. Homologous recombination
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RECOMBINATIONSite-specific recombination
CP 6.4: menjelaskan rekombinasi DNA
FLASH 5. Site-specific recombination
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RECOMBINATIONTransposition
CP 6.4: menjelaskan rekombinasi DNA
FLASH 6. Transposisi
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