TOPMODEL User NotesTOPMODEL User NotesWindows Version 97.01Keith BevenCentre for Research on Environmental Systems and StatisticsInstitute of Environmental and Biological SciencesLancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UKTel: (+44) 1524 593892 Fax: (+44) 1524 593985Email: K.Beven@LANCASTER.AC.UKBackground to TOPMODELThis program is intended as a demonstration version of TOPMODEL for PC-Windows and has been developed from versions used for teaching purposes over a number of years in the Environmental Science degree course at Lancaster University, including TOPT9502 which is also available at the TOPMODEL Web site (see below) as a DOS program and FORTRAN source code. The development of TOPMODEL was initiated by Professor Mike Kirkby at the School of Geography, University of Leeds under funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council in 1974. The first versions were programmed by Keith Beven in Fortran IV on an ICL 1904S mainframe computer. The punched cards that were the program hard storage medium at the time have sadly (thankfully?) long since disappeared. Since 1974 there have been many variants of TOPMODEL developed at Leeds, Lancaster and elsewhere but never a "definitive" version.This has been quite intentional. TOPMODEL is not intended to be a traditional model package but is more a collection of concepts that can be used where appropriate. It is up to the user to verify that the assumptions made are appropriate (see the discussion of limitations in Beven et al., 1995). This version of this program will be best suited to catchments with shallow soils and moderate topography which do not suffer from excessively long dry periods. Ideally, predicted contributing areas should be checked against what actually happens in the catchment (at least qualitatively), so get your wellies on!! The model supplied here has deliberately not been provided with an automatic optimisation routine (although since the model source code is available at the Web site, it will be easy to strip out the graphics code and link the model to any of the available optimisation routines, see for example, Press et al. , 1989). This is for two reasons:Firstly, the user is encouraged to view the output from the model and think about how the model is working. This is made possible, in part, by the fact that the results can be mapped back into space and viewed by the user in their correct spatial context. In this way, it may be concluded that this is not a good model to represent a particular catchment (but by thinking about why it may be possible to improve the representation in some relatively simple way). This is why the distributed nature of the model predictions, combined with a simplicity of structure, is very important. Use it firstly as an aid to understanding before it is used as a predictive tool.Secondly, we do not believe that there is an optimum set of parameter values, even with a model that is as parametrically parsimonious as TOPMODEL (see discussion in Beven,1993) and do not want to encourage the practice of automatic optimisation. At Lancaster we are now using Bayesian and Fuzzy Monte Carlo simulation to carry out calibration/sensitivity analysis/uncertainty estimation based on many thousands of runs (see Beven and Binley,1992; Freer et al., 1996). This version of TOPMODEL provides an option for output of Monte carlo simulation results for later use with the compatible GLUE package.These programs have been prepared for distribution by Keith Beven, but the TOPMODEL concepts have developed over a long period of time with contributions from many people who have worked in and with the Lancaster TOPMODEL group : especially Paul Quinn, Renata Romanowicz, Jim Freer, James Fisher, Rob Lamb, Kev Buckley, Bruno Ambroise and Georges-Marie Saulnier. A PC version of TOPMODEL was originally written in Fortran in 1985 and was revised for distribution in 1993 (see the TOPMODEL Web Site information below). They were further revised in 1995 with the addition of a number of ancillary programs for the TOPMODEL worskhop held at Lancaster University. The current version was written during a sabbatical spent in the HYDRAM group at EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.The program is distributed freely with only two conditions. 1. In any use for commercial or paid consultancy purposes a suitable royalty agreement must be negotiated with Lancaster University (contact Keith Beven) 2. In any publication arising from use for research purposes the source of the program should be properly acknowledged and a pre-print of the publication sent to Keith Beven at the address below. The TOPMODEL Web SiteThe TOPMODEL Web site can be found on one of the Lancaster University Server Sites at http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/es/Freeware/Freeware.html. The site contains further information about TOPMODEL including a (fairly) complete bibliography, news bulletins and Frequently Asked Questions pages. Several different programs can be downloaded, including some Fortran source code for both the model and the GRIDATB digital terrain analysis program for deriving the topographic index from raster elevation data. A number of auxillary analysis programs are also available. TOPSIMPL, another Windows version of TOPMODEL written by Georges-Marie Saulnier can also available be downloaded directly from the site.About This Version of TOPMODELThis TOPMODEL package is intended as a teaching tool to give some insight into the advantages and difficulties of distributed hydrological model in a visual way, in terms of both presenting hydrographs and maps of the predictions of saturated area in the catchment under study based on the distribution of the topographic index. It has been simplified to reduce the number of parameters that need to be supplied or calibrated to 5. These arem; the parameter of the exponential transmissivity function or recession curve (units of depth, m)ln(To); the natural logarithm of the effective transmissivity of the soil when just saturated. A homogeneous soil through out the catchment is assumed. (units of m^2/h)SRmax; the soil profile storage available for transpiration, i.e. an available water capacity (units of depth, m)SRinit; the initial storage deficit in the root zone (an initialisation parameter, units of depth, m)ChVel; an effective surface routing velocity for scaling the distance/area or network width function. Linear routing is assumed (units of m/h).Note that the interception/root zone component used here is very simple to reduce the number of parameters to be specied and that no snowmelt component is included. Previous versions of the model have included infiltration excess calculations and parameters but these have been ommitted here for simplicity.The calculations are made for areal subdivisions based on the NAC ln(a/tanB) subdivisions. The saturation deficit for each subdivision is calculated from the mean storage deficit, SBAR, at the start of each time step. Note also that the time step calculations are explicit ie. SBAR at the start of a time step is used to determine contributing area for that time step. Thus with long (daily) time steps contributing area depends on the initial value together with any volume filling effect of daily inputs. Baseflow at the start of a time step is used to update SBAR at the end of the time step.Current program limits are:Number of time steps = 2500Number of ln(a/tanB) increments = 30Number of time delay histogram ordinates = 25 Size of subcatchment pixel maps = 100 x 100 (Note that larger sizes can be reduced before running the model by use of the GRIDREDU ancillary program)There are three main options in the program: hydrograph prediction, sensitivity analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation generator. The hydrograph prediction option also allows the user to examine maps of the topographic index and predicted contributing areas if a map of the topographic index is available for input to the program (it is not necessary to run the program but both CATCHMENT and INPUTs data files are necessary - see below). A Help file is included in the distribution set for online advice while running the program by clicking on Help in the menu bar.The options are chosen from the Control Form by clicking (or double clicking) on one of the option buttons and then pressing continue. The Cancel button will return to the opening screen to load a new project file if required.Project FilesEach catchment application requires a project file. This file has only four lines as follows:1. Text description of application2. Catchment Data filename3. Hydrological Input Data filename4. Topographic Index Map filename (may be left blank, but line must exist).An example Project file is supplied as Catchment Data FileThe TOPMODEL program requires ln(a/tanB) distributions for the catchment or for each subcatchment. These may be calculated using the GRIDATB program supplied which requires raster elevation data as input (see section 3). GRIDATB uses the techniques of digital terrain analysis reported in Quinn et al. (1991) and Quinn et al. (1995).DESC; File descriptionNAC, AREA; No of ln(a/tanB) increments ; Total catchment area in kmthen for each NAC increment:AC(I), ST(I) ; Fractional catchment areas for each ln(a/tanB) class; Associated ln(a/tanB) value (large to small). ST(1) is the; maximum value so that AC(1) should be set to zero.Then for the routing calculationsNCH ; No of distance incrementsand for each distance increment JACH(J), D(J) ; Cumulative area of catchment (0 -> 1) ; Distance from catchment outlet ; D(1) should be the mainstream distance from the catchment; outlet to the gauging point (normally 0.), with ACH(1) = 0.Finally for initalising the parameter valuesPARAM(k),Min(k),Max(k) ; initial value of each parameter, minimum and maximum of a range, in the order; M, LnTo, SRmax, SRinit, ChVelA example Catchment Data file is provided as Inputs Data FileThe Inputs Data file provides the rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and observed discharge data required for a particular application of TOPMODEL. The current limit for the number of times steps in the program is 2500. The file is made up as follows:NSTEP, DT; Number of time steps, length of time step in hoursR(IT),E(IT),QOBS(IT); Rainfall, evapotranspiration and discharge rates in m/h (IT=1,NSTEP)An example Inputs data file is provided as < $INPUTS.PEQ >Topographic Index Map Data FileThis files should be the map of the topographic index values from which the distribution input as part of the Catchment Data File was derived. It is input as a matrix of values, with values outside the catchment being given a value of 9999 or greater.NX,NY,DX; Number of pixels in X direction, number of pixels in Y direction, grid sizeATB(I,J) values; Topographic index valuesAn example topographic index file is provided as < $MAPFILE.ATB >Note that the program will run without the topographic index map file but in this case a blank line should be left for the filename in the Project file.The Hydrograph Prediction OptionThis option allows the model to be run and hydrographs displayed. Parameter values can be changed on screen and the model run again (see figure 1). After each run four indices of goodness of fit are given for evaluation. These areEFF The Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency Criterion (1 - residual variance/observed variance)SSESum of squared residuals (observed - simulated flow) over all time stepsSLE Sum of squared log residuals (log(observed) - log(simulated) flow) over all time stepsSAE Sum of absolute errors |observed - simulated flow| over all time steps.Not that improved fits should move the EFF criterion towards a maximum value of 1 while all the other criterion should move closer to zero.If not all the time period of the simulation can be diplayed at one time, the hydrograph can be scanned backwards and forwards using the arrow buttons (figure 1)If a Topographic Index Map file is available then a map button is displayed. Clicking on this button brings up a map of the topographic index and a map of the number of time steps that a pixel is predicted as being saturated.The saturated area can also be animated. Clicking on the animation button will bring up a set of three control buttons. The stop button will return to the hydrograph screen; the forward button steps through the simulation showing the saturated areas time step by time step for periods of 50 time steps at a time; the fast forward button steps through every 10 time steps. The period to be displayed can be set by the user in the appropriate boxes. Clicking on the forward or fast forward buttons without resetting the time counter will step through the period immediately following.The Sensitivity Analysis OptionThis screen allows the sensitivity of the objective functions to changes of one or more of the parameters to be explored. An initial run of the model is made with the current values of the parameters. Then each chosen parameter is varied across its range, keeping the values of the other parameters constant. The results are displayed as small graphs (see figure 3).Click on the check boxes by each parameter name to include a parameter in the analysis. Any of the current parameter values or minimum and maximum of the range to be included can be changed on screen. Clicking on the Run Model button will start the analysis.The objective function to be investigated can be changed by using the Objective Function item on the Menu Bar. The default is the EFF efficiency measure.The Monte Carlo Analysis OptionIn this option a large number of runs of the model can be made (limited only by storage capacity of the results file!!) using uniform random samples of the parameters chosen for inclusion in the analysis. Values of the other parameters are kept constant at their current values (see figure 4). Click on the check boxes for the objective functions to include one or more of these in the output results. Click on the check boxes for the simulated variables to include on or more of these in the output results. If the box for output of flows at different time steps is chosen then up to 5 different time steps (integer values) may be chosen. The predicted flows for these time steps will be added to the output results for each parameter set.The results file produced will be compatible with the GLUE analysis software package.Other Versions of TOPMODELConsistent with the philosophy of using an appropriate model structure for a particular catchment during the development of the TOPMODEL concepts many other versions of TOPMODEL have been tested in different catchments. Versions available or developed at Lancaster or elsewhere include:1. A version as a component of the Institute of Hydrology's Water Information System (WIS) (see Romanowicz et al., 1993a,b; Beven et al., 1995).2. A version that incorporates the "reference level" concept and subcatchment band structure outlined in Quinn et al. (1991).3. Versions that use a more sophisticated root zone component including variable available water capacity and interception calculations and using water table depth rather than storage deficit as the internal state variable.4. A version that is coupled to transport calculations for conservative solutes (see also Robson et al., 1992)5. A version written in MATLAB/SIMULINK by Renata Romanowicz, complete with animated contributing areas (Romanowicz, 1997 to appear).6. A version using different transmissivity functions and incorporating a version of the ETH snowmelt component (see Ambroise et al., 1996a,b; Freer et al., 1996)7. A version using a generalised recession curve storage/discharge relationship written by Rob Lamb. An interactive program for identification of a master recession curve from observed hydrographs (MRCtool) has been written in MATLAB. In addition, various forms of the model have been developed elsewhere, notably at Princeton University where macroscale, dimensionless and fully distributed versions have been used (see Sivapalan et al., 1988; Wood et al., 1990; Famiglietti et al., 1991); at Grenoble where it has been combined with transfer function runoff routing (Obled et al., 1994); and at the University of Virginia where a modular version has been linked to geochemical calculations and various optimisation strategies (e.g. Hornberger et al., 1985; Wolock and Hornberger, 1990). Other TOPMODEL implementations within a GIS framework have been made using the SPANS Modelling Language SML (Stuart and Stocks, 1993); using GRASS routines (Chairat and Delleur, 1993); the PVWave modelling and visualisation system (Clapp et al., 1992); the RHESSys system of Band et al. (1993) which also includes distributed ecological modelling components; the TAPES-G system of Moore et al. (1993) and the Modular Hydrological Modelling System (MMS) of Leavesley et al. (1992).TOPMODEL BibliographyThese are selected References (for a full bibliography see the TOPMODEL Web site). A special issue of Hydrological Processes was devoted to TOPMODEL (v.11, no. 9, 1997) and the papers, together with some additional papers issued as a book: Beven, K J (Ed.), 1997, Distributed Modelling in Hydrology: Applications of the TOPMODEL concepts, Wiley, Chichester, 1997 (ISBN 0471-97724-1)Beven, K J and Kirkby, M J. 1979 A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 24(1),43-69. Beven, K J, Kirkby, M J, Schoffield, N, and Tagg, A. 1984 Testing a Physically-based Flood Forecasting Model (TOPMODEL) for Three UK Catchments, J. Hydrol. 69; 119-143Hornberger, G M, Beven, K J, Cosby, B J and Sappington, D E. 1985 Shenandoah Watershed Study: Calibration of a Topography-Based, Variable Contributing Area Hydrological Model to a Small Forested Catchment, Water Resour. Res. 21; 1841-1850.Beven, K J. 1986a Hillslope Runoff Processes and Flood Frequency Characteristics. In A. D. Abrahams (ed.) Hillslope Processes, 187-202, Allen and Unwin, Boston.Beven, K J. 1987, Towards the use of catchment geomorphology in flood frequency predictions, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 12, 69-82.Wolock, D M, Hornberger, G M, Beven, K J and Campbell, W G. 1989 The relationship of catchment topography and soil hydraulic characteristics to lake alkalinity in the Northeastern United States, Water Resour. Res., 25, 829-837.Wolock, D M, Hornberger, G M and T Musgrove, T. 1990, Topographic controls on episodic streamwater acidification in Wales, J. Hydrol., 115, 243-259.Wood, E F, Sivapalan, M and Beven, K J. 1990 Similarity and scale in catchment storm response, Rev. Geophys. 28, 1-18Sivapalan, M, Wood, E F and Beven, K J. 1990 On Hydrological Similarity: 3. A dimensionless flood frequency distribution, Water Resour. Res., 26, 43-58.Famiglietti, J S and Wood, E F. 1991 Evapotranspiration and runoff from large land areas: land surface hydrology for atmospheric general circulation models. Surv. Geophys., 12, 179-204.Quinn, P F, Beven, K, Chevallier, P and Planchon, O. 1991 The Prediction of Hillslope Flow Paths for Distributed Hydrological Modelling Using Digital Terrain Models, Hydrological Processes,Water Resour. Res. 5;59-79.Wolock, D M and Hornberger, G M. 1991 Hydrological effects of changes in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, J. Forecasting, 10, 105-116.Famiglietti, J S, Wood, E F, Sivapalan, M and Thongs, D J. 1992 A catchment scale water balance model for FIFE, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D17), 18997-19007.Robson, A, Beven, K J and Neal, C. 1992 Towards identifying sources of subsurface flow: a comparison of components identified by a physically based runoff model and those determined by chemical mixing techniques, Hydro. Process., 6, 199-214.Quinn, P F and K J Beven, 1993, Spatial and temporal predictions of soil moisture dynamics, runoff, variable source areas and evapotranspiration for Plynlimon, mid- Wales, Hydrol. Process., 7, 425-448.Robson, A J, Whitehead, P G and Johnson, R C. 1993 An application of a physically based semi-distributed model to the Balquhidder catchments, J. Hydrol., 145, 357-370.Romanowicz, R, Beven, K J and Moore, R V. 1993b, GIS and distributed hydrological models, in P M Mather (Ed.), Geographical Information Handling - Research and Applications, Wiley, Chichester, 197-205.Wolock, D M, 1993, Simulating the variable-source-area concept of streamflow generation with the watershed model TOPMODEL, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4124, Lawrence, Kansas, 33 pp.Iorgulescu, I and Jordan, J-P, 1994, Validation of TOPMODEL on a small Swiss catchment, J. Hydrol., 159, 255-273.Obled, Ch, Wendling, J and Beven, K J, 1994, The sensitivity of hydrological models to spatial rainfall patterns: an evaluation using observed data, J. Hydrology, 159, 305-333.Romanowicz, R, K J Beven and J Tawn, 1994, Evaluation of predictive uncertainty in nonlinear hydrological models using a Bayesian approach, in V Barnett and K F Turkman (Eds.), Statistics for the Environment. II. Water Reslated Issues, Wiley, Chichester, 297-317.Band, L E and Moore, I D, 1995, Scale: landscape attributes and geographical information systems, Hydrol. Process., 9, 401-422.Beven, K.J. (1995) Linking parameters across scales:sub-grid parameterisations and scale dependent hydrological models. Hydrological Processes, 9, 507-525.Beven, K J, Lamb, R, Quinn, P F, Romanowicz, R and Freer, J, 1995, TOPMODEL, in V P Singh (Ed). Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, Water Resources Publications, 1995, 627-668.Blazkova, S. & Beven, K.J. (1995) Modelovani car prekroceni maximalnich prutoku frekvencni verzi TOPMODELU. J Hydrol Hydromech, 43, 148-172 (in Czech).Blazkova, S, and Beven, K J, 1995, Frequency version of TOPMODEL as a tool for assessing the impact of climate variability on flow sources and flood peaks, J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 43, 392-411.Bruneau, P, Gascuel-Odoux, C, Robin, P, Merot, Ph, and Beven, K J, 1995 The sensitivity to space and time resolution of a hydrological model using digital elevation data, Hydrological Processes, 9, 69-81.Dietrich, W E, Reiss, R, Hsu, M-L, and Montgomery, D R, 1995, A process-based model for colluvial soil depth and shallow landsliding using digitial elevation data, Hydrol. Process., 9, 383-400.Fisher, J, 1995, The use of remote sensing and other system state estimates in the calibration of a distributed hydrological model, Ph D Thesis, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.Fisher, J and Beven, K J, 1996, Modelling of streamflow at Slapton Wood using TOPMODEL within an uncertainty estimation framework, Field Studies. 577-584.Gyasi-Agyei, Y, Willgoose, G and de Troch, F P, 1995, Effects of vertical resolution and map scale of digital elevation models on geomorphological parameters used in hydrology, Hydrol. Process., 9, 363-382.Kubota, J and Sivapalan, M, 1995, Towards a catchment-scale model of subsurface runoff generation based on synthesis of small-scale process-based modelling and field studies, Hydrol. Process., 9, 541-554.Merot, Ph, B Ezzahar, C Walter and P Aurousseau, 1995, Mapping waterlogging of soils using digital terrain models, Hydrological Processes, 9, 27-34.Ostendorf, B., Quinn, P., Beven, K.J. & Tenhunen, J.D. (1995) Hydrological controls on ecosystem gas exchange in an arctic landscape. In: Landscape Function and Disturbance in Arctic Tundra, Eds. Reynolds, J.R. and Tenhunen, J.D., pp. , Ecological Studies 120, Springer-Verlag. Quinn, P F, Beven, K J and Culf, A. 1995, The introduction of macroscale hydrological complexity into land surface-atmosphere transfer function models and the effect on planetary boundary layer development, J. Hydrology, 166, 421-444 Quinn, P F, Beven, K J and Lamb, R, 1995, The ln(a/tan) index: how to calculate it and how to use it in the TOPMODEL framework. Hydrol. Process, 9, 161-182.Robson, A J, Neal, C and Beven, K J, 1995, Linking mixing techniques to a hydrological framework - an upland application, to appear in S Trudgill (Ed.) Solute Modelling in Catchment Systems, Wiley, 347-370Robinson, J S and Sivapalan, M, 1995, Catchment-scale runoff generation model by agregation and similarity analyses, Hydrol. Process. 9, 555-574.Wolock, D M, and McCabe, G J, 1995, Comparison of single and multiple flow direction algorithms for computing topographic parameters in TOPMODEL, Water Resources Research, 31, 5:1315-1324.Wolock, D M, 1995, Effects of subbasin size on topographic characteristics and simulated flow paths in Sleepers River watershed, Vermont, Water Resources Research, 31, 8:1989-1998.Wood, E F, 1995, Scaling behaviour of hydrological fluxes and variables: empirical studies using a hydrological model and remote sensing data Hydrol. Process., 9, 331-346.Woods, R, Sivapalan, M and Duncan, M, 1995, Investigating the representative elementary area concept: an approach based on field data, Hydrol. Process. 9, 291-312.Ambroise, B, Beven, K J, and Freer, J, 1996, Towards a generalisation of the TOPMODEL concepts: topographic indices of hydrological similarity, Water Resources Research, 32(7), 2135-2145.Ambroise, B, Freer, J and Beven, K, 1996. Application of a generalised TOPMODEL to the small Ringelbach catchment, Vosges, France, Water Resources Research, 32(7), 2147-2159..Beven, K. J. 1996, Process, heterogeneity and scale in modelling soil moisture fluxes, in S. Sorooshian and V K Gupta (Eds.) Global Environmental Change and Land Surface Process in Hydrology: The trials and Tribulations of Modelling and Measuring. Proc. NATO ARW, Tucson, Arizona, to be published by Springer-Verlag.Florinsky, I and Kuryakova, G A, 1996, Influence of topography on some vegetation cover properties Catena, 27, 123-141, 1996Franchini, M, Wendling, J, Obled, C and Todini, E, 1996, Physical interpretation and sesitivity analysis of the TOPMODEL, J. Hydrology,175, 293-338.Freer, J, Beven, K J and Ambroise, B, 1996, Bayesian estimation of uncertainty in runoff prediction and the value of data: an aplication of the GLUE approach, , Water Resources Research, 32(7), 2161-2173.Lamb, R, 1996, Distributed hydrological prediction using generalised TOPMODEL concepts, PhD Thesis, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.Lepisto, A, 1996, Hydrological processes contributing to nitrogen leaching from forested catchments in Nordic conditions, Monographs of the Boreal Environment Research No. 1, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland.Mller-Wohlfeil, D I, W. Lahmer, V. Krysanova, A. Becker., 1996, Topography based Hydrological Modeling in the Elbe Drainage Basin. In: Proceedings, Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, Santa Fe, NM, January 21-26 Nyberg, L, 1996, Spatial variability of soil water content in the covered catchment at Gardsjon Sweden, Hydrol. Process., 10(1), 89-104.Ostendorf, B. 1996, Modelling the influence of hydrological processes on spatial and temporal patterns of CO2 soil efflux from an arctic tundra cathment. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 28(3), 318-327.Saulnier, G-M, 1996, Information pedologique spatialisee et traitements topographiques ameliores dans la modelisation hydrologique par TOPMODEL, PhD Thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.Watson, F G R, Vertessy, R A and Band, L E, 1996, Distributed parameterization of a large scale water balance model for an Australian forested region, in HydroGIS 96, Application of Geographic Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources Management, IAHS Publ. No. 235, 157-166.Beven, K J, (Ed.), 1997, Distributed Modelling in Hydrology: Applications of TOPMODEL, Wiley, Chichester.Beven, K J, 1997, TOPMODEL: a critique, Hydrol. Process., 11(9), 1069-1086Blazkova, S and Beven, K, 1997, Flood frequency prediction for data limited catchments in the Czech Republic using a stochastic rainfall model and TOPMODEL, J. Hydrol. 195, 256-278.Coles, N A et al. 1997, Modelling runoff generation on small agricultural catchments: can real world runoff responses be captured? Hydrol. Process. 11(2), 111-136.Crave, A and Gascuel-Odoux, C, 1997, The influence of topography on time and space distribution of soil surface water content, Hydrol. Process. 11(2), 203-210, 1997Creed I F et al., 1997, Regulation of nitrate-N release from temperate forests: A test of the N flushing hypothesis, Water Resources Research, 32(11), 3337-3354.Duan, J and Miller, N L, 1997, A generalised power function for the subsurface transmissivity profile in TOPMODEL, Water Resources Research, 33(11), 2559-2562.Franks, S.W., Beven, K.J., Chappell, N.A., and Gineste, P., 1997. The utility of multi-objective conditioning of a distributed hydrological model using uncertain estimates of saturated areas. In A.D. McDonald, and M.McAleer (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM '97), Hobart, 8-11 December 1997, Volume 1, 335-340. Freer, J, McDonnell, J, Beven, K J, Brammer, D, Burns, D, Hooper, R P and Kendal, C, 1997, Topographic controls on subsurface stormflow at the hillslope scale for two hydrologically distinct small catchments, Hydrol. Process., 11(9), 1347-1352Holko, L, Lepisto, A, 1997, Modelling the hydrological behaviour of a mountain catchment using TOPMODEL, J.Hydrol., 196, 363, 1997.Holko, L., Kostka, Z., Buchtele, J., Lepistoe, A., 1997, Runoff modelling in mountain catchment Proceedings of the ERB'96 Conference in Strasbourg (France), Viville, D. & Littlewood, I. (eds.), UNESCO. Iorgulescu, Ion, 1997, Analyse du comportement hydrologique par une approche integree l'echelle du bassin versant. Application au bassin versant de la Haute-Menthue, These no 1613, Dept. Genie Rural, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.Lahmer, W., Mueller-Wohlfeil, D.I., Krysanova,V., Becker, A., 1997, Topography-based modelling at different scales Proceedings of the ERB'96 Conference in Strasbourg (France), Viville, D. & Littlewood, I. (eds.), UNESCO. Lamb, R, Beven, K J and Myrab, S, Discharge and water table predictions using a generalised TOPMODEL formulation, Hydrol. Process., 11(9), 1145-1168Lamb, R and Beven, K J, 1997, Using interactive recession curve analysis to specify a general catchment storage model, Hydrology and Earth System Science, 1.Molicova, H, 1997, Bilan et modlisation des flux hydrologiques et hydrochimiques sur un bassin versant lmentaire forestier tropical, Thse de Doctorat, Ecole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris, France.Myrab, S, 1997, Temporal and spatial scale of response area and groundwater variation in till, Hydrological Processes, 11(14), 1861-1880Piol, J, Beven, K J and Freer, J, 1997, Modelling the hydrological response of mediterranean catchments, Prades, Catalonia - the use of distributed models as aids to hypothesis formulation, Hydrol. Process., 11(9), 1287-1306Saulnier, G-M, Beven, K J and Obled, Ch., 1997, Digital elevation analysis for distributed hydrological modelling: reducing scale dependence in effective hydraulic conductivity values, Water Resources Research, 33, 2097-2101.Saulnier, G-M, Beven, K J and Obled, Ch., 1997, Analytical compensation between DTM grid resolution and effective values of saturated hydraulic conductivity within the TOPMODEL framework, Hydrol. Process., 11(9), 1331-1346Tarboton, D G, 1997, A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models, Water Resources Research, 33, 309-320.Brasington, J and Richards, K, 1998, Interactions between model predictions, parameters and DTM scales for TOPMODEL, Computer and Geosciences, 24(4), 299-314.Datin, R, 1998, Outils oprationnels pour la prvision des crues rapides: traitement des incertitudes et intgration des prvisions mtrologiques. Dveloppements de TOPMODEL pour la prise en compte de la variabilitspatiale de la pluie. Application au bassin versant de lArdche. Thse de Doctorat, Laboratoire dtude des Tansferts en Hydrologie et Environnement, Grenoble, France.Franks, S W, Gineste, Ph, Beven, K J and Merot, Ph, 1998, On constraining the predictions of a distributed model: the incorporation of fuzzy estimates of saturated areas into the calibration process, Water Resources Research, 34, 787-797.Lamb, R., K.J. Beven and S. Myrab, 1998, A generalised topographic-soils hydrological index, in S N Lane, K S Richards and J H Chandler (Eds.), Landform Monitoring, Modelling and Analysis, Wiley, Chichester, 263-278.Moeschke, H, 1998, Abflussgeschehen im Bergwald. Untersuchungen in drei bewaldeten Kleineinzugsgebieten in Flysch der Tegernseer Berge, Forstliche Forschunsberichte Mnchen, Nr. 169.Quinn, P F, Ostendorf, B, Beven, K J and Tenhunen, J, 1998, Spatial and temporal predictions of soil moisture patterns and evaporative losses using TOPMODEL and the GAS-Flux model for an Alaskan catchment, Hydrol. Earth System Sci., 2, 51-64.Saulnier, G-M, Beven, K J and Obled, Ch., 1998, Including spatially variable soil depths in TOPMODEL, J. Hydrology, 202, 158-172TOPMODELWindows version 97.01BUG REPORTName:Address:Program Version Number:Details of Bug:Please return this form to Keith Beven at the address below, ideally with an example dataset which causes the bug.Centre for Research on Environmental Systems and StatisticsInstitute of Environmental and Biological SciencesLancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UKTel: (+44) 524 593892 Fax: (+44) 524 843854Email: K.Beven@LANCASTER.AC.UK