to create a global, comprehensive, and inclusive network, … · 2018-08-31 · to create a global,...
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To create a global, comprehensive, and inclusive network, providing quality-
assured information on antimalarial drug resistance.
World Antimalarial Resistance Network
WARN
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ACTs CURRENTLY EFFECTIVE, BUT……..
HOW CAN WE SUSTAIN MAXIMUM
USEFUL THERAPEUTIC LIFE OF ACTs?
HOW CAN WE STAY AHEAD OF THE
EVOLUTIONARY CURVE?
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HISTORY OF WARN• INFORMAL MEETINGS
• ASTMH, 2004, 2005• MIM 2005
• PLANNING MEETING• BMGF, October 2006
• SUMMARY PAPERS PUBLISHED• Malaria Journal, SEPT 2007
• 1 YEAR PLANNING GRANT• BMGF funded, Sept 2007
• IMPLEMENTATION GRANT SUBMISSION• July, 2008
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WARN PLANNERS2006/2008
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WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM “OLD” DRUGS?
• RESISTANCE ARISES RARELY, BUT SPREADS RELATIVELY QUICKLY
• CLINICAL TREATMENT FAILURE IS THE LAST STEP IN A LONG SERIES OF CHANGES
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PREV
ALE
NC
EO
F R
ESIS
TAN
T P[
AR
ASI
TES
(%)
10%
50%
100%
90%
90-93 93-95 95-97 97-99 00-02UNTIL LATE 80s
PM/SD INTRODUCED KILIFI, KENYA
10%
20%
30%
50%
HOW CAN WE FIT THIS TOGETHER?
TR
IPL
E M
UTA
NT
S D
HF
R
50%
30%
20%
10%
60%
70%
X
X
X
DATA FROMALEXIS NZILA
EDWARD MBERU KAMAUCAROL SIBLEY
EARLY WARNINGS OF CLINICAL FAILURE
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• SLOWER TIME TO CLEAR PARASITES
• IN VITRO INCREASES IN IC50 VALUE
• INCREASING PREVALENCE OF “RESISTANT” ALLELES
EARLY WARNING OF RESISTANCE
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WHO/GMP GUIDELINES 2007
2007
2006
2004
Pascal Ringwald
TOOLS AND PARTNERSHIP
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WEB BASED, OPEN ACCESS (WITH REGISTRATION)
FREELY AVAILABLE TOOLS FOR DATAORGANIZATION INPUT ANALYSIS
GATEKEEPERS TO FACILITATE DATA UPLOAD (and assure quality
FREELY AVAILABLE TOOLS FOR DATA OUTPUTMAP BASEDGRAPHICALTABULAR
OVERVIEW OF PLAN
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• PROSPECTIVELY FOCUSED
• INDIVIDUAL PATIENT/ISOLATES RECORDS
• COMMON PROTOCOLS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
• STRONG LINKS WITH OTHER GROUPS INVOLVED IN SURVEILLANCE
• FOUR LINKED MODULES CLINICAL EFFICACY PHARMACOLOGYIN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ISOLATESMOLECULAR MARKERS
OVERVIEW OF PLAN
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CLINICAL DRUG
EFFICACY
PHARMACO-LOGICAL
ASSESSMENT PHENOTYPICASSESSMENT
OF DRUGSENSITIVITY
MOLECULARMARKERS
OF RESISTANCE
WORLD ANTIMALARIAL RESISTANCE NETWORK
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WARNStructure
Board of Directors
EXECUTIVE TEAMExecutive Director Scientific Director
Project Manager
DATA PLATFORM
Clinical EfficacyTeam LeaderCommittee
Molecular MarkersTeam LeaderCommittee
PhenotypingTeam LeaderCommittee
PharmacologyTeam LeaderCommittee
Integrating Database Committee and Team Leader
Regional Coordinating Sites
East AfricaLeader &Team
West AfricaLeader &Team
AsiaLeader &Team
Latin AmericaLeader &Team
Central AfricaLeader &Team
Collaborating Institution
Administration
Finance
Legal
Scientific Advisory Board
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CLINICAL DRUG
EFFICACY
THE CENTRAL OUTCOME MEASUREMENT
ADEQUATE CLINICAL
AND PARASITOLOGICAL
RESPONSE ACPR
CLEARANCETIME
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CLINICAL EFFICACY STUDIES
• WHO GUIDELINES, 28 DAY+ FOLLOW UP
• PARTICIPATION OF SENTINAL SITES
• BASIC DATA ON STUDY SITE
• STANDARDIZED REPORTING OF KEY VARIABLES ON INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS
• Patient and study• Date• Treatment received• Initial species of infection• Last day of follow up• Outcome on last day
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25 COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN- CLINICAL STUDY DATA
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STUDY SITE # PATIENTSSMRU: 11,399 Uganda and Burkino Faso 5,539Epicentre/MSF 1,590Other 10,259TOTAL 25,214
DEMONSTRATION OF UTILITY
25 Countries Varied Study Designs
Duration of follow upPf and Pv efficacy studies
Recoding of LPF and LCF
Ric PriceGrant DorseyLiz AshleyAmbrose Talisuna
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CLINICAL DRUG
EFFICACY
PHARMACO-LOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF DRUGS
WAS THE DRUG LEVEL ADEQUATE?
WHY DID THE PATIENT FAIL TREATMENT?
Karen BarnesNick WhiteBill WatkinsSSNAP
South-southnetwork for
antimicrobial pharmacology
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PK ASSESSMENT IN AT RISK GROUPS
• INFANTS, UNDER 5s
• PREGNANT WOMEN
• MALNOURISHED
• HIV+/AIDS
• COINFECTION WITH OTHER PATHOGENS
DID FAILURE RESULT FROMINADEQUATE DRUG LEVELS?
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PHARMACOLOGY NETWORK
• 5 REGIONAL ANALYSIS LABS• 1 ASIA• 3 AFRICA• 1 LATIN AMERICA
• LINKED BY COMMON QC CRITERIA
• SHARED TEST REAGENTS
• COORDINATED WITH CLINICAL ASSESSMENTS
• DRUG LEVELS ON DAY 7
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CLINICAL FAILURE WITH ADEQUATE DRUG
PRESUMPTIVE RESISTANT PARASITES
ANALYSIS OF PARASITE DRUG SENSITIVITY
PHENOTYPES
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CLINICAL DRUG
EFFICACY
PHENOTYPIC ASSESSMENT
OF DRUG SENSITIVITY
WORLD ANTIMALARIAL RESISTANCE NETWORK
Jacques Le BrasMark FukudaDavid BaconJohn Barnwell
ARC3
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PARASITE PHENOTYPING NETWORK• REGIONAL REFERENCE LABS/ QC SOURCE
• ANALYZE CURRENT PATIENT ISOLATES
• AGREED PROTOCOL ONTIME, MEDIA, PARASITEMIA, HEMATOCRIT
• AGREED QC • POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONTROLS• STANDARD REFERENCE CLONES • STANDARD DRUGS
• VARIOUS ANALYSIS METHODS, BUT STRICT ADHERENCE TO CHOSEN PROTOCOL
DATA COMPARABLE OVER TIMEFROM ONE LAB TO NEXT!
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PARASITE ISOLATES WITH DECREASEDDRUG SENSITIVITY PHENOTYPE
PRESERVED AND SHAREDCANDIDATES FOR
INTENSIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTANCE TO
EACH PARTNER IN ACT
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CLINICAL DRUG
EFFICACY
MOLECULARMARKERS
OF RESISTANCE
WORLD ANTIMALARIAL RESISTANCE NETWORK
Chris PloweCally RoperAbdoulaye DjimdeColin SutherlandPhil Rosenthal
ARC3
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IDENTIFYING MOLECULAR MARKERS
• VERIFIED PHENOTYPE-DECREASED DRUG SENSITIVITY
• GENOME/TRANSCRIPT COMPARISONS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPs)COPY NUMBER VARIATIONTRANSCRIPTION PROFILE?
• COMPARISON AMONG STRAINS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS WITH SAME PHENOTYPE
• VERIFIED MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR COMPONENTS OF ACTs
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CLINICAL DRUG
EFFICACY
PHARMACO-LOGICAL
ASSESSMENT PHENOTYPIC ASSESSMENT
OF DRUG SENSITIVITY
MOLECULARMARKERS
OF RESISTANCE
WORLD ANTIMALARIAL RESISTANCE NETWORK
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WHAT CAN WE EXPECT FROM NETWORK?
• CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS
• MOLECULAR CORRELATES OF RESISTANCE?
• PARASITE DRUG PHENOTYPES, IN VIVO CORRELATES?
FOR NEW COMBINATION DRUGS
GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNSTEMPORAL PATTERNS
• CORRECT DOSES FOR AT RISK GROUPS
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IMPACT OF DATABASE
• TIMELY EVIDENCE ON DRUG EFFICACY
• TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS AND OUTPUTINCENTIVES FOR PARTICIPATION
• REGIONAL OUTPUT/ANALYSIS OF DATA
• IMPROVED COMMUNICATION OF DRUG EFFICACY TO POLICY MAKERS
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IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES• Integration with WHO
• Coordination with • Other groups engaged in malaria
surveillance• MMV• Networks/regional data centers
• Adaptation to local/regional needs
• Establishing relations with MoHs
• Sustainable funding
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Day 0 Day 28 Day 42Day 14
RECRUDESCENCE
LOST TO FOLLOW UP, WITHDRAWAL. ETC…
REINFECTIONS
STUDY VIOLATIONS
SUCCESSES
SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT OUTCOME
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SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL PATIENT DATA
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…BUT NEW COMBINATIONS ARE IN USE OR IN TRIALS
• ARTESUNATE-MEFLOQUINE
• ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE
• ARTESUNATE-AMODIAQUINE
• DIHYDROARTEMISININ-PIPERAQUINE
• ARTESUNATE- SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE
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[DRUG] ADEQUATE?
PHARMACOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
YESNO
NOT RESISTANCE
HIGHER THANSTANDARD?
IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBIITYOF ISOLATE?
GENETIC ANALYSISOF PARASITE
YESNO
NOT RESISTANCE
MARKERS OF DRUG
RESISTANCE?
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1978
198119821983198419851986198719881989
FIRST REPORTS OF CHLOROQUINE RESISTANCE IN AFRICA
ADAPTED FROM CHARMOT ET AL, 1991
HUMAN MIGRATION
IS KEY TO
RESISTANCE SPREAD