to ensure safety of co2 storage - a case study at nagaoka ... · chdt @ 1108.6 m chdt @ 1114.0 m...
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(1/25)PostPost--Injection Monitoring Injection Monitoring
to Ensure Safety of COto Ensure Safety of CO22 Storage Storage -- A case study at Nagaoka pilot site A case study at Nagaoka pilot site --
SaekoSaeko MitoMito1,1,* &* & Ziqiu XueZiqiu Xue1,21,2
11Research institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)Research institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)22Kyoto UniversityKyoto University
5th IEA GHG Monitoring Network Meeting, 2 June 2009
(2/25)
The COThe CO22 Storage Project WorkflowStorage Project Workflow
(After David White, IEA GHG International Summer School 2007 on CCS)
Design
Characterization
Site Selection
Performance & Risk Management
Decommissioning
Surveillance
CO2 Injection
PreparationConstruction
Monitoring
Pre-Operation Phase3-5 years
Operation Phase10~50 years
Post-CO2 injection Phase100+ years
PostPost--injection injection MonitoringMonitoring
(3/25)What happens after stopping COWhat happens after stopping CO22 injection?injection?
(CO(CO22 behaviors at the post behaviors at the post ––injection)injection)
Mobile COMobile CO22(Physical process)
Dissolved CODissolved CO22(Geochemical process)
Immobile COImmobile CO22(Physical process)
Mineralized COMineralized CO22(Geochemical process)
Image of trapping processes over time (IPCC 2005)
(4/25)
OutlineOutline
1. Overview of the Nagaoka pilot CO2 injection project
2. Results from Geochemical monitoringGeochemical monitoring for CO2-fluid-rock interaction (CHDT sampling)
3. Results from Geophysical monitoringGeophysical monitoring for mobile & immobile CO2 (Well loggings, seismic tomography)
4. Suggestions for CO2 monitoring at post-injection
(5/25)
Location of the Nagaoka Pilot COLocation of the Nagaoka Pilot CO22 Injection SiteInjection Site
TokyoRITE (Kyoto)5000m Gas production5000m Gas production
Active gas fieldActive gas fieldat Minami Nagaokaat Minami Nagaoka
(INPEX Co.)(INPEX Co.)
NagaokaNagaoka1100m1100m ReservoirReservoir
(6/25)
Overview of the Nagaoka Pilot ProjectOverview of the Nagaoka Pilot Project
Injection WellFormation dip: 15°
120m
40m
60m
IW-1 OB-2
OB-3
OB-4
Observation well
• Duration; FY2000-2007 funded by METI, Japan• Total amount of the injected CO2; 10,400 ton (2003.7~2005.1)• Reservoir; Pleistocene sandstone (Haizume Formation), 60m thick• Target injection layer; Zone 2, 12m thick• Conditions; 48oC, 11MPa• Permeability; ave. 7mD (pumping test)• Porosity; 23% Well Configrations
(7/25)
20000
10000
02002/01/01 2003/01/01 2004/01/01 2005/01/01 2006/01/01 2007/01/01 2008/01/01
40
20
0
150010005000-500
Field measurements during and post COField measurements during and post CO22 injectioninjection((Geophysical monitoringGeophysical monitoring))
OB-2OB-3OB-4
Well Loggings- Neutron- Sonic- Induction
Seismic tomography
Total; 10,400 ton
Rate; 20~40 ton/day
Inje
ctio
n ra
te(t-
CO
2/day
)
Cum
ulative amount
(t-CO
2 )
Date
37th
7th
Elapsed time from 7 July 2003 (day)
(8/25)
Neutron Logging (Neutron porosity; Neutron Logging (Neutron porosity; φn) @ OB) @ OB--22
1120
1116
1112
1108
Dep
th (m
MD
)
0.40.20.0φn
14th 16th 18th 20th 22nd 24th 26th 28th 30th 32nd 34th 36th15th 17th 19th 21st 23rd 25th 27th 29th 31st 33rd 35th 37th
Post-injection
Changes of the φn-0.15 0.05
BL
End of CO2 injection
Latest
(9/25)
Sonic Logging (PSonic Logging (P--wave velocity; wave velocity; VpVp) @ OB) @ OB--22
1120
1116
1112
1108
Dep
th (m
MD
)
3.52.51.5
Vp (km/sec)
14th 16th 18th 20th 22nd 24th 26th 28th 30th 32nd 34th 36th15th 17th 19th 21st 23rd 25th 27th 29th 31st 33rd 35th 37th
Post-injection
Changes of the Vp-1.0 0.5
BL
End of CO2 injection
Latest
(10/25)
Induction Logging (Resistivity; Induction Logging (Resistivity; ρ) @ OB) @ OB--22
14th 16th 18th 20th 22nd 24th 26th 28th 30th 32nd 34th 36th15th 17th 19th 21st 23rd 25th 27th 29th 31st 33rd 35th 37th
1120
1116
1112
1108
Dep
th (m
MD
)
753ρ (ohm-m) Changes of the ρ-0.5 1.5
Post-injection
BL
End of CO2 injection
Latest
(11/25)
20000
10000
02002/01/01 2003/01/01 2004/01/01 2005/01/01 2006/01/01 2007/01/01 2008/01/01
40
20
0
150010005000-500
Field measurements during and post COField measurements during and post CO22 injectioninjection((Geochemical monitoringGeochemical monitoring))
OB-2OB-3OB-4
Well Loggings- Neutron- Sonic- Induction
Seismic tomography
Total; 10,400 ton
Rate; 20~40 ton/day
Inje
ctio
n ra
te(t-
CO
2/day
)
Cum
ulative amount
(t-CO
2 )
Date
37th
7th
Elapsed time from 7 July 2003 (day)
Fluid sampling by CHDT @ OB-2Fluid sampling @ IW-1
(12/25)
Resistivity Changes with Time @ OBResistivity Changes with Time @ OB--22D
epth
(mM
D)
Elapsed time from 7 July 2003 (day)
CO2 injection Post-injection
Delta from the base line data
0.8
-0.4
0 ohm-m
0.4
1108
112016000
CHDT @ 1108.6 mCHDT @ 1108.6 m
CHDT @ 1114.0 mCHDT @ 1114.0 m
CHDT @ 1118.0 mCHDT @ 1118.0 m
Fluid sampling by Cased Hole Dynamics Tester
(13/25)
CHDT @ 1108.6 mCHDT @ 1108.6 m
CHDT @ 1114.0 mCHDT @ 1114.0 m
CHDT @ 1118.0 mCHDT @ 1118.0 m
Dep
th (m
MD
)
Elapsed time from 7 July 2003 (day)
CO2 injection Post-injection
1108
112016000
Water
Comp. mol%
H2 0.0
O2 0.2
N2 0.7
CH4 0.3
C2H6 0.0
CO2 98.8
Sample Chamber(volume 3.8 L)
Gas compositionGas composition
for details seeMito et al., Int. J. Greenhouse
Gas Control, Vol.2, 309-318, 2008
Sampling resultSampling result--11OBOB--2 @ 1114m2 @ 1114m:: Mostly free COMostly free CO22
Gas:3.5 L
(14/25)
CHDT @ 1108.6 mCHDT @ 1108.6 m
CHDT @ 1114.0 mCHDT @ 1114.0 m
CHDT @ 1118.0 mCHDT @ 1118.0 m
Dep
th (m
MD
)
Elapsed time from 7 July 2003 (day)
CO2 injection Post-injection
1108
112016000
Water:3.4~3.5 L
Gas:None
Sample Chamber(volume 3.8 L)
The change in salinity by increasing of HCO3
-
(7.2%) is roughly consistent with the change in resistivity (6.5%) @ 1118m.
300015000
HCO3- (ppm)
Before injection
1108.6m
1118.0m
Sampling resultSampling result--22OBOB--2 @ 1108.6m & 1118m2 @ 1108.6m & 1118m::Mostly Formation WaterMostly Formation Water
Water Composition
(15/25)
8004000
Ca (ppm)
30150
Mg (ppm)
1.500.750.00
Fe (ppm)
Before injection
1108.6m
1118m
At the depth of 1118m (HCO3- conc. increased),
concentrations of Ca, Mg and Fe also increased.
Sampling resultSampling result--33OBOB--2 @ 1108.6m&1118m2 @ 1108.6m&1118m::
CationsCations in the formation waterin the formation water
(16/25)
Geochemical Reactions at NagaokaGeochemical Reactions at Nagaoka
Verified from the field data using CHDT
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3* --- Solubility trappingSolubility trapping
• H2CO3* H+ + HCO3
- --- Ionic trappingIonic trapping
Inferred from the field data and batch experiments
• Calcite + H+ Ca2+ + HCO3-
• Plagioclase + H+ Ca2+ + Na+ + aluminosilicate• Smectite + H+ Mg2+ + Fe2+ + Fe3+ + K+ + Na+ + Ca2+
+ aluminosilicate
Simulated by ChemTOUGH• Ca2+ + HCO3
- Calcite + H+ --- Mineral trappingMineral trapping
(17/25)
Summary of Summary of GeochemicalGeochemical MonitoringMonitoring
• The CHDT (Cased Hole Dynamics Tester, Schlumberger) sampling confirmed stored CO2 as gas and dissolved phase.
• Because of low salinity (0.8wt%), dissolved COdissolved CO22 was was detecteddetected by the induction logging.
• We are working on modification of our long-term geochemical model to integrate the well logging results now.
(18/25)
Return to the Initial Formation PressureReturn to the Initial Formation Pressure
20000
10000
0
22003/01/01 2004/01/01 2005/01/01 2006/01/01 2007/01/01 2008/01/01
40
20
0
15001000500013
12
11
Inje
ctio
n ra
te(t-
CO
2/day
)C
umulative am
ount(t-C
O2 )
Date
IW-1
OB-4Pre
ssur
e (M
Pa)
Bottom Hole PressureBottom Hole Pressure
Elapsed time from 7 July 2003 (day)
(19/25)
(Juanes et al., 2006)
Driving Force of CODriving Force of CO22 ;;Pressure and/or BuoyancyPressure and/or Buoyancy
(20/25)
1120
1116
1112
1108
Dep
th (m
MD
)
753ρ (ohm-m)
Resistivity Change during Imbibition Phase @ OBResistivity Change during Imbibition Phase @ OB--2 2
BL
Latest
Elapsed time from 7 July 2003 (day)Post-injection
Delta from the base line data
0.8
-0.4
0 ohm-m
0.4
1600
End of CO2 injection
(21/25)Drainage and Imbibition PhaseDrainage and Imbibition Phase
(1116.0m @ OB(1116.0m @ OB--2) 2)
0.3
0.20.1
0.0
φ n
7
65
4ρ (o
hm-m
)
3
2
1Vp
(km
/sec
)
2003/01/01 2004/01/01 2005/01/01 2006/01/01 2007/01/01 2008/01/01Date
Imbibitionbreakthrough
CO2 injection period
Sgr?
(22/25)
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
ρ (ohm-m
)
0.80.60.40.20.0
CO2 Saturation
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Vp (k
m/s
ec)
PP--wave velocity and resistivity wave velocity and resistivity vsvs COCO22 saturationsaturation(1116.0m @ OB(1116.0m @ OB--2) 2)
Vp
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
ρ (ohm-m
)
0.80.60.40.20.0
CO2 Saturation
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Vp (k
m/s
ec)
ρ
(23/25)
Summary of Summary of GeophysicalGeophysical MonitoringMonitoring
• CO2 saturation has been decreasing at the lower part of the injection layer. The residual gas saturation will be determined in the actual reservoir at the Nagaoka site.
• Delay of P-wave velocity slowed down when CO2 saturation exceeded 20%. But changes in resistivity with CO2 saturation have kept increasing.
• Monitoring post-injection period is needed to clarify thetherelationship between the Prelationship between the P--wave velocity & the wave velocity & the resistivity and COresistivity and CO22 saturationsaturation. We are trying to adapt a methodology for accounting of COaccounting of CO22 in the reservoir.
(24/25)
Suggestions for COSuggestions for CO22 monitoring at postmonitoring at post--injectioninjection
•• Dissolved CODissolved CO22 vsvs ResistivityResistivity;Dissolution and mineral trapping are expected to reduce degree of rapid migration of mobile CO2. Understanding of geochemical reactionsgeochemical reactions helps to explain the longlong--term term behavior of CObehavior of CO22 and the changes in geophysical logs such as resistivity.
•• COCO22 saturation saturation vsvs PP--wave wave verosityverosity and Resistivityand Resistivity;Joint inversionJoint inversion of monitoring results of sonic wave and resistivity is key to account COaccount CO22 saturationsaturation.
•• Geochemical & GeophysicalGeochemical & Geophysical;Feedback of geochemical and geophysical monitoring results is necessary to improve long-term prediction of CO2behavior.
(25/25)
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• This project is funded by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan.
• We thank staffs of ENAA, INPEX Co., Geophysical Surveying Co. Ltd., OYO Co., GERD and RITE involved in Nagaoka pilot CO2 injection project.
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!