to-morrow: a peaceful path to real reform garden …...overview of chandigarh project name: city...

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Project 1C Theoretical Neighborhood Sean Hufnagel “There are, in reality, not only… two alterna- tives - town life and country life - but a third alternative, in which all the advantages of the most energetic and active town life, with all the beauty and delight of the country, may be secured in perfect combination.” Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of To-morrow The Town-Country Magnet During the late 1800s, the downsides of the industrial revolution and capitalism were becoming all too apparent to some. The accumula- tion of wealth in the hands of fewer and fewer individuals meant that those whose labor allowed that wealth were doomed to live in small, crowded, improperly ventilated homes breathing dirty air. In 1898 Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) wrote a book entitled To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. Four years later, the second edition came out under the title of Garden Cities of To-morrow. The writing aimed to sustain “a healthy, natural, and economic combination of town and country life” through a balance of work and leisure; a harmonious relationship between the machine and garden. In Howard’s plan, 6,000 acres of cheap rural land are to be pur- chased, 1000 of which are reserved for the city. A 32,000 per- son population cap is set. Public parks and private lawns are everywhere. The roads are incredibly wide, ranging from 120 to 420 feet for the Grand Avenue, and they are radial rather than linear. Commercial, industrial, residential, and public uses are clearly differentiated from each other spatially. Upon reaching the population cap, a second township is creat- ed under the same standards, connected by a shared railway. While not Howard’s intention, the application of the garden cities concept to planning in the United States has just fueled suburbanization. One could argue that the stepchild of the garden city, suburbia, represents almost the antithesis of Howard’s dream

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Page 1: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Project 1C

Theoretical Neighborhood

Sean Hufnagel

“There are, in reality, not only… two alterna-

tives - town life and country life - but a third

alternative, in which all the advantages of the

most energetic and active town life, with all

the beauty and delight of the country, may be

secured in perfect combination.”

Ebenezer Howard

Garden Cities of To-morrow

The Town-Country Magnet

During the late 1800s, the downsides of the industrial revolution and capitalism were becoming all too apparent to some. The accumula-

tion of wealth in the hands of fewer and fewer individuals meant that those

whose labor allowed that wealth were doomed to live in small, crowded,

improperly ventilated homes breathing dirty air.

In 1898 Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) wrote a book entitled To-morrow: A

Peaceful Path to Real Reform. Four years later, the second edition came out

under the title of Garden Cities of To-morrow. The writing aimed to sustain

“a healthy, natural, and economic combination of town and country life”

through a balance of work and leisure; a harmonious relationship

between the machine and garden.

In Howard’s plan, 6,000 acres of cheap rural land are to be pur-

chased, 1000 of which are reserved for the city. A 32,000 per-

son population cap is set. Public parks and private lawns are

everywhere. The roads are incredibly wide, ranging from 120

to 420 feet for the Grand Avenue, and they are radial rather

than linear. Commercial, industrial, residential, and public

uses are clearly differentiated from each other spatially.

Upon reaching the population cap, a second township is creat-

ed under the same standards, connected by a shared railway.

While not Howard’s intention, the application of the garden

cities concept to planning in the United States has just fueled

suburbanization. One could argue that the stepchild of the garden

city, suburbia, represents almost the antithesis of Howard’s dream

Page 2: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

A TOWN For The Motor Age

Radburn’ s planners, Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, and its landscape

architect Marjorie Sewell Cautley aimed to incorporate modern planning

principles, which were then being introduced into England’s Garden Cities,

following ideas advocated by urban planners Ebenezer Howard, Sir Patrick

Geddes and Clarence Perry.

The intent was to build a community which made provisions for the complexi-

ties of modern life, while still providing the amenities of open space, com-

munity service and economic viability.

Radburn was explicitly designed to separate traffic by mode, with a pedes-

trian path system that does not cross any major roads at grade. Radburn

introduced the largely residential “superblock” and is credited with incorpo-

rating some of the earliest culs-de-sac in the United States.

The impact of Radburn’s urban form on energy

consumption for short local trips was considered in

a 1970 study by John Lansing of the University of

Michigan. The study found Radburn’s design to have

important implications for energy conservation, re-

cording that 47% of its residents shopped for grocer-

ies on foot, while comparable figures were 23% for

Reston, Virginia (another Radburn-type development,

but more car oriented) and only 8% for a nearby un-

planned community.

Location: 12 miles from New York City

Date: Founded 1929

Size: 149 acres (0.60 km2)

Park System: 23 acres (93,000 m2)

Population: 3,100

RESIDENTIAL 93-unit apartment complex

469 single family homes

48 townhouses

30 two-family houses

(One side of the houses was accessible from the street,

and the other side of the houses opened onto communal

gardens that had pathways leading to a central park.)

COMMUNITY RECREATION4 tennis courts

3 hardball fields

2 softball fields

2 swimming pools

1 archery plaza

2 toddler playgroup areas

2 playgrounds

1 toddler bathing pool

Radburn New Jersey

Page 3: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

DUBAI: URBAN PLANNINGtheory:

The purpose of all the development in Dubai has been to create an image of progress and dynamism. The fastest, biggest, most amazing structures are being built in order to attract the affluent, powerful and the talented. Dubai is product of super fast urbanizationShopping malls, luxury hotels, residential towers and artificial island dominate the landscape. Large edifices were constructed with little concern for master planning. The city is the vision and product of absolute ruler of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed.

Urban Planning:Focus on optimizing land use and dis-tribution to balance economic, infra-structure and social development needs while preserving natural resources

Roads:Provide an integrated roads and trans-portation system to facilitate people and goods movement while improving safe-ty levels for all system use.

Environment:Maintain Dubai as a safe, clean, attrac-tive and sustainable environment

new planning model:

Page 4: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

DUBAI FOOD CITYSelf-Sufficient Ecotopia

Dubai Food City is a new free zone development project in Dubai. The project is in the planning stage and will provide space for nearly 500 companies. The concept is to provide space for food wholesalers. The project has a large sustainable aspect as well. Concepts such as concentrated solar collectors, towers covered in thin-film photovoltaic cells, piezoelectric pads in pedestrian areas, and methane harvesting through sewage percolation tanks.

The project is located in Dubai’s waterfront metro area. The project size is approximately 5,000,000 square feet. The project cost is estimated to be $200 million.

Page 5: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Rem Koolhaas The Generic City 19

95

The Generic City is the city liberated from the captivity of center, from the straitjacket of identity. The Generic City breaks with this destructive cycle of dependency: it is nothing but a reflection of present need and present ability. It is the city without historY. It is big enough for everybody. It is easy. It does not need maintenance. If it gets too small it just expands. If it gets old it just self-destructs and renews. It is equally exciting - or unexciting - everywhere. It is “superficial” -like a Hollywood studio lot, it can produce a new identity every Monday morning. - Koolhaas

Golf courses are all that is left of otherness. - Koolhaas

Koolhaas writes The Generic City with a voice of satire and brutal sarcasm. He paints a bleak picture of the city, civilization, and urban planning as he refers to a global liberation movement of ‘Down with Character

Our identity derives from physical substance, from history, from context, from the real, and we cannot imagine that anything contemporary - made by us - can contribute to it.

On the flipside, identity can be a perpetuating trap. It can be an imprisonment, and the stronger the identity, the more it resists expansion, renewal, interpretation and contradiction. For example, Paris can only become more Parisian, a hyper-Paris that is but a mere polished caricature.

Identity centralizes and its essence becomes a point. As a city expands, as does that point, in turn diluting the core. The periphery becomes the mass. The center is no longer the center and the identity of the city implodes. Koolhaas lobbies for a core, but not in the center.

Cyberspace sedated the city into an emotionless and desensitized state. The car is king, and highways are grander boulevards and plazas. The Generic City becomes fractal and endless. Airports become the most identitfying characteristic. They are hyper-global and hyper-local

“Relief … it is over. That is the story of the city. The city is no longer. We can leave the theatre now...”

Page 6: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

SingaporeThe Generic City

Population: 5.183 Million

DEnsity: 18,943 / mi2

AREA: 243 mi2

Official Languages: Chinese, English, Malay, Tamil

GDP: $50,714

Rem Koolhaas believes Singapore epitomizes the 21st Century Generic City. It’s a city state with four national languages, a prime minister AND a president, and 40% of its workforce commutes from a different country.

It is pure intention: If there is chaos, it is authored chaos; if it is ugly, it is designed ugliness; if it is absurd, it is willed absurdity. - Koolhaas Reclaim land (an article on singapore)

Page 7: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

LAND 6040 - Community and Place StudioProfessor MelcherProject 1c - Theoretical NeighborhoodJing Liu

A Contemporary Cityby Le Corbusier

A Contemporary City of Three Million Inhabitants

Three Sections1 The City, as a business and residential centre.2 The Industrial City in relation to the Garden Cities (i.e. the question of transport).3 The Garden Cities and the daily transport of the workers.

The City with its well organized centre - a compact,rapid, lively and concentrated organThe Garden City on the periphery - another supple, extensive and elastic organA protective zone - lying between these two organs

Basic principles of the City1 We must de-congest the centres of our cities.2 We must augment their density.3 We must increase the means for getting about.4 We must increase parks and open spaces.

The City(a) Twenty-four sky-scrapers capable each of housing 10,000 to 50,000 employees; this is the business and hotel section, etc., and accounts for 400,000 to 600,000 inhabitants and 1,200 inhabitants to the acre.(b) The residential blocks of the two main types "set-backs" and "cellular" account for a further 600,000 inhabitants and 120 inhabitants to the acre. (c) The garden cities give us a further 2,000,000 inhabitants, or more.

Traffi cClassifi ed as heavy goods traffi c, light goods traffi c and fast traffi c.Including several fl oors below ground and aerodrome above the ground.There is only one station. The only place for the station is in the centre of the city.

Open spacesOf the area (a), 95 per cent of the ground is open (squares, restaurants, theatres).Of the area (b), 85 per cent of the ground is open (gardens, sports grounds).Of the area (c), 48 per cent of the ground is open (gardens, sports grounds).

AestheticBuildings are with no internal wells or courtyards, but some are with "hanging gardens" looking on to immense parks."We must build in the open."The lay-out must be of a purely geometrical kind, with all its many and delicated implications.

Page 8: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Overview of ChandigarhProject name: City Planning of Chandigarh

Location: Chandigarh, India

Date of construction: 1951-1965

Planners: the Chandigarh team led by Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane B. Drew, E. Maxwell Fry

Size: approximately 70 sq km

Density: Phase-I consisting of 30 low density sector spread over an area of 9000 acres (Sector 1 to 30) for 1,50,000 people whereas Phase-II consisting of 17 considerably high density Sectors ( Sectors 31 to 47) spread over an area of 6000 acres for a population of 3,50,000.

Signifi cant design elements: 1. Sector - the primary module of the city’s design. A sector is a neighborhood unit of size 800 meters x 1200 meters, having shops, school, health centers and places of recreations and worship.2. Post war "Garden City".3. Industrial Buildings.4. Modernism.

The Plan of a Contemporary City

Le Corbusier's Plan of Chandigarh

The Open Hand

Photo of Le Corbusier

Page 9: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

The Movement for the Reconstruction of the European CityLeon Krier and the Foundations of New UrbanismBackground Leon Krier is an prominent theoretician, architect and author from Luxemburg

that “championed the rationality of the traditional pre-industrial city as a model for current development and as a means for saving urban life from the destructive onslaught of modernist planning and design.” He and others created an anti-industrial resistance that laid the foundations for the New Urbanism movement. Krier is grounded in traditional architectural design based on classical forms and a focus on craftsmanship. Krier’s critiques on town and country, zoning, industrialization as well as the emphasis on a human scaled urban block as the most important component of the urban pattern that provide the economic and social fabric that cities need to thrive define the movement and are very influential in the development of New Urbanism.

Movement Principles• Historic centers preserved• Urban space should organize city forms• Typological/Morphological study should

guide design process• Streets, squares, residential quartiers

should be reconstructed• Reintegration of fragmented areas• Design for aesthetics of best pre-industrial

city according to local tradition• Cities should be articulated into domestic

and public spaces with an awareness of Fabric, Monumentality, and Traditional building techniques.

Zoning Three essential life functions : Production Consumption Reproduction Fragmentation and isolation is created from “functional zoning” whereas one citizen can accomplish one task, in one place, in a determined manner and also creates large-scale mobilization (cars). Destroys the city and countryside.

The two are antithetical and should be clearly defined. There can only be urban quarters which integrate all the functions of urban life. Cities depend on countrysides (agriculture) and need to maintain a clear boundary

Town and Country

Accumulation of wealth and political power central-ized in a small percentage of population. Short-term profit has destroyed cities and countrysides. Failed to find solutions for the typological, social and morpho-logical complexity of city centers.

Industrialization

Source: Larice and Macdonald, “Critiques” and “Urban Components” from Houses, Palaces, Cities (1984). The Urban Design Reader. Routledge. New York. 2007. (232-250)

Urban Block

New Urbanism Principles• Walkability• Connectivity (street/block forms)• Mixed-Use and Diversity• Mixed Housing• Quality Architecture and Urban Design• *Traditional Neighborhood Structure• Increased Density• Smart Transportation• Sustainability• Quality of Life

The block is the basic piece that forms the urban composition and pattern (see above). Streets, green spaces, and buildings create the urban environment. The traditional insula, mixed use roman style building, allows the street become the area for social and economic exchange. Small dense blocks have increased activity in cities due to increased public frontage and accessibility, while large periphery blocks lack basic social and economic interactions. The large urban block was the cause for the inhuman conditions of the nineteenth century as well as the large institutional buildings spanning large spaces that limit the necessary variety in activity.

Urban Components - Pre-Industial Integration

Page 10: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Poundbury, Dorset, EnglandBackground The Duchy of Cornwall owned land here since 1342 and like many towns in the southwest, Dorchester has gradually expanded, particularly in the 19th century. It remains, however, one of the smallest county towns in England. The local planning author-ity selected the Duchy’s land on Dorchester’s western edge as its favoured place for future expansion in 1987 in order to accommodate local housing need. Central to the Poundbury concept is that a new development of this size should include not just houses and flats, but also work places, shops, schools, leisure and community buildings - sensitively arranged, unlike most recent housing estates. This holistic approach to the planning of Poundbury meant that the designers had to create townscape, landscape and road layout in ways which might encourage the growth of an integrated community.

Construction Phase 1: 1993 Phase 2: 2012 Phase 3: 2025?

Size Phase 1: 18.5 acresTotal: 400 acres (250 mixed-use, 150 landscape)

Density 5,000 people in 400 acres

Design Elements Place, Hierarchy, Scale, Harmony, Enclosure, Materials, Decoration, Art, Community, Traditional Style, Block Approach, Integrated Design, Mixed-Use Buildings

Source: http://www.byen.org/poundbury.html

The Reconstruction of the European City

Page 11: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Mengtian Zhang

Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities

Stephen Wheeler

1. Definition

o "Sustainable": a world in which both human and natural systems can continue to exist long into the future.

o "Sustainable Development": Development that improves the long-term health of human and ecological systems.

2. Core Themes

o To think about the effects of urban development over 50 years, 100 years, or longer. o To concern about the earth's natural environment. o Different specialties should be integrated to the extent possible even while specific tasks

are carried out, such as transportation, land use, community development, housing, economic development and environmental protection.

o To make urban places livable in the long run: how do we make them green, safe, convenient, and human oriented?

3. Implications For Urban Development

o Compact, efficient land use o Less automobile use, better access o Efficient resource use, less pollution and waste o Restoration of natural systems o A healthy social ecology o A sustainable economics o Good housing and living environment o Community participation and involvement o Preservation of local culture and wisdom

4. Conclusion

Planning for urban sustainability is still in the very early stages. But through a growing ecological and social consciousness, the development of more innovative models and examples, and better understanding of the policies, programs and designs appropriate to urban sustainability, new, more sustainable forms of urban development can come out.

Page 12: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965
Page 13: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : From the Golf Course Architect’s Perspective (1960s-2000s Theory)

Desmond Muirhead : A figure-head of golf course architecture’s modern movement; ‘A non-con-formist, too, a self-styled provocateur who enjoyed tweaking the golf establishment..’

Underlying Theory: ‘Land planning for the real estate and for the golf course should occur simultaneously. A common error in planning a golf oriented real estate development is to treat the golf course as an afterthought – a way of using ‘undevelopable’ land – or to set aside what appears to be enough land for a golf course without considering its relationship with the real estate.’ (Desmond Muirhead)

Practice becomes Theory: ‘Regardless of the social and environmental benefits of a golf course to the community, the value of real estate becomes the primary force in subdivision design. Economic theory = Design theory !’Design theory is dictated soley by economics, so that the practicalities of design are ingrained as theory - The golf course community offers very little difference or benefit to conventional sub-divison planning design.

Cost-Efficient Design: The golf course corridor is configured primarily to accommodate more efficient operations and are subject to manipulation to fit with site boundary/topography. Easy access, or views over, golf course or open space increases desirability, and thus value - The design process is driven by optimizing the value of real estate design. ‘Influenced by the new town of Radburn, New Jersey in the 1920s a three-tier, branching hierarchy of steets is preffered for its cost-efficiency, to reduce conflict with golfing activities, and encourage a greater sense of community with traffic limited on minor streets.Design for safety is dictated by a somewhat complex (for none golfers, anway) relationship between hole design, driection, angle and lot arrangement.

Architectural freedom and creativty is stifled by the emphasis on profit - the landscape is sold on the benefits and social stigma of a, somewhat false, ‘idyllic’ lifestyle. Repetiton in design, the emphasis on cul-de-sac and individual living devalues the idea of community and social engagement; there is no sense of place.

A Golf Course Perspective: The quality of golf course design is undermined by the premium on real-estate, in which the lowest quality land is often reserved for the golf course. The golf course designer is more concerned with maximising frontage, and ensuring safety than intigrating the best topography and natural features into the design. The benefits of a good golf course, in which the value of real estate inevitably increases to the overall economic success of the development is ignored. Good golf course design does not have to compromise the real-estate! Perhaps Muirhead and his contemporaries became lost in their primary purpose, in excange for a quick-profit?

[Course configuration}

{Topography}[Frontage]

Page 14: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Case Study: Desert Island; Ranch Mirage, CA (Desmond Muirhead)

Security a primary concern - Island/Moat controls access to housing development

Density is concentrated into ‘spacious condominiums’ to meet market preference

Total Development = 155 acres;Real-estate = 25 acres; Density = 4 units per acre.

Buildings arranged to promote open space and maximise views over the golf course

Golf Course Communities : Through time:

North Berwick, Scotland: Golf and its’ social and health benefits are ingrained in the culture of the town.

‘GOLF AS A SOLUTION,Economic – Cultural – Environmental - Aesthetic

Golf Course Communities : The future {According to the ASLA, at least!]...

Of most interest is the ASLA stance towards promoting a contraction of golf facilities - Failing golf communties can generate new revenue with the replacement of golfing amenities with new real-estate development.

[Golf course communities have not always been this way....]

Pinehurst Resort, North Carolina:Fredrick Law Olmsted & Donald Ross

Page 15: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Ethan Gray Part 1c: Theoretical Neighborhoods Morphosis Combinatory Urbanism Intro Social and political changes such as globalism and the persistence of capitalism as the dominant ideology of human exchange, under both private and state control, have rendered traditional conceptions of design obsolete. The idea of urban planning as a means of controlling the growth of cities based on the prediction of future developments is increasingly ineffective simply because future developments cannot, in the present volatile societal dynamics, be accurately predicted. – Mayne, p. 09 Theory

The contemporary city is a dynamic composition that has out grown the more static compositions of gridded infrastructure. The city has now “liquefied into a dispersed urbanity – a constellation of polynucleated attractors, or downtowns, in which architecture is but on more network with infrastructure as its vector of mobility (Mayne, p.27).” The city now grows as an organism, where the urban environment is an accumulation of separate, non-sequential elements that interact creating more diverse and complex elements in the urban landscape. The city is no longer “space of places” but rather a “space of flows” as described by Manuel Castells. Singular models of urban development create a sameness within the city is no longer relevant to our current society. With new modeling techniques, our urban design paradigm can shit into a model that evolves multi-valiant urban forms to reflect the nature of our societal structures. We can then quickly evaluate these models to optimize the urban experience. The new paradigm asks if we can collapse the time required for intricate cities to emerge into one year. Parametric processes integrate form and behavior to shift away from formulaic cities to something more “casually designed.”                                    

Page 16: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Combinatory Urbanism Project Examples College Avenue Master Plan Location: New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America Client: Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey Site Area: 74.0 acres / 29.9 hectares Size: 3,640,091 gross sq ft / 338,164 gross sq m Program: Academic, Administrative, Housing and Open Spaces Design: 2006 Type: Urban Planning and Design     The new master plan for Rutgers University attempts to unite a complex and dispersed set of buildings. Combinatory Urbanism is used to create a sense of place for the academic community. The plan itself offers multiple options and iterations to develop this sense of place.

Page 17: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : From the Golf Course Architect’s Perspective (1960s-2000s Theory)

‘Land planning for the real estate and for the golf course should occur simultaneously. A common error in planning a golf oriented real estate development is to treat the golf course as an afterthought – a way of using ‘undevelopable’ land – or to set aside what appears to be enough land for a golf course without considering its relationship with the real estate.’ (Desmond Muirhead)

Unconventional Symbolism : Desmond Muirhead’s famous ‘ Clashing Rocks’ at Stone Harbor, NJ

Page 18: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Theory = Practice; Practice = Theory...

Comparison : Standard subdivison plan vs. Open space plan

‘Regardless of the social and environmental benefits of a golf course to the community, the value of real estate becomes the primary force in subdivision design. Economic theory = Design theory !’

Page 19: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Key Theory/Practice: Security

Desert Island, CA Schematic : Planned for maximum security with two consecutive control points.

Resident safety, through the control of entry/exit points is applied as a basic, but vital element of the land planning process.

Page 20: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Key Theory/Practice: Topography

Topography should be efficiently used to control mirco-climate conditions, cost-efficiency etc. as expected with conventional development, but the cost-benefit of maximising golf course views is of primary concern.

Building Type : The relationship between residential and recreational use is dictated by building form.

Topography : Houses ideally sit above the golf course in an amphitheatre/valley arrangement.

Page 21: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Key Theory/Practice: Circulation

Ideal hierarchical road system : Minimize conflicts between golf and nongolf circulation.

‘Influenced by the new town of Radburn, New Jersey in the 1920s a three-tier, branching hierarchy of steets is preffered for its cost-efficiency, to reduce conflict with golfing activities, and encourage a greater sense of community with traffic limited on minor streets.

Page 22: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Key Theory/Practice: The Golf Corridor

Single fairway, returning nines: Minimize conflicts between golf and non-golf circulation. Excellent frontage.

The golf course corridor is configured primarily to accommodate more efficient operations and are subject to manipulation to fit with site boundary/topography.

Double fairway, returning nines: Suited to medium/high density developments.

Core course: Minimizes requirement for land, but reduces frontage.

Page 23: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Key Theory/Practice: Frontage

Analysis: Evaluating real-estate premiums.

Easy access, or views over, golf course or open space increases desirability, and thus value - The design process is driven by optimizing the value of real estate design.

Views: Clustering of lots permits views from all lots.

Page 24: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Key Theory/Practice: Safety

Liability is a serious reality to developers, especially in a golf course communtiy scenario - The increasing distance a golf ball travels has increased the size of golf corridor required. The design is dictated by a somewhat complex (for none golfers, anway) relationship between hole design, driection, angle and lot arrangement.

Hole Design: Arrangement of hazards and angle of play must complement the lot lay-out.

Page 25: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Case Study: Desert Island; Ranch Mirage, CA (Desmond Muirhead)

Security a primary concern - Island/Moat controls access to housing development

Density is concentrated into ‘spacious condominiums’ to meet market preference

Total Development = 155 acres; Real-estate development = 25 acres; Density = 4 units per acre.

Buildings arranged to promote open space and maximise views over the golf course

[The golf course and residential development operate independently.].

Page 26: To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform Garden …...Overview of Chandigarh Project name: City Planning of Chandigarh Location: Chandigarh, India Date of construction: 1951-1965

Golf Course Communities : Case Study: Horeshoe Bay Resort; TX (Robert Trent Jones sr./Guy L..Rando)

Layouts maximise real estate frontage.

Real estate development includes singlefamily, duplex, condomium units and commercial development.

Master-planning aimed to ensure harmony between real estate and golf course users.

20% of the development area was set a side for permanent open space and recreational use include a 24-acre nature preerve.

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Golf Course Cities? : Case Study: Scottsdale; AZ (Robert Trent Jones sr./Guy L..Rando)

Scottsdale’s rapid growth during the 1970s/80s can be attributed to the rapid expansion of the golf related real-estate market. Over 200 golf courses exist in the Scottsdale area.

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Golf Course Communities : Critique

Architectural freedom and creativty is stifled by the emphasis on profit - the landscape is sold on the benefits and social stigma of a, somewhat false, ‘idyllic’ lifestyle. Repetiton in design, the emphasis on cul-de-sac and individual living devalues the idea of community and social engagement; there is no sense of place.

The quality of golf course design is undermined by the premium on real-estate, in which the lowest quality land is often reserved for the golf course. The golf course designer is more concerned with maximising frontage, and ensuring safety than intigrating the best topography and natural features into the design. The benefits of a good golf course, in which the value of real estate inevitably increases to the overall economic success of the development is ignored. Good golf course design does not have to compromise the real-estate! Perhaps Muirhead and his contemporaries became lost in their primary purpose, in excange for a quick-profit?

Any percieved benefit to ecologically sensible rainwater management is generally mitigated by the unsustainable, water and fertiliser intensive choice of grasses and architectural style. The opportunity for environmental preservation and rehabilition is ignored.

Design theory is dictated soley by economics, so that the practicalities of design are ingrained as theory - The golf course community offers very little difference or benefit to conventional sub-divison planning design.

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Golf Course Communities : History - A golf course communtiy of sorts?

The first golf course communities? The natural golf course is the center piece, but still integrated, free to use recreationally for all, a town common of sorts. Development is piece-meal, promoting architectural variety and richness - there is a sense of place, and individuality.

North Berwick, Scotland: Golf and its’ social and health benefits are ingrained in the culture of the town.

St.Andrews, Scotland: The links serve as a recreation space for towns-people.

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Golf course communities have not always been this way....

Golf Course Communities : History - Early golf course communties:

Olmsted applied his revolutionary environment design theory at the Pinehurst Resort, integrating scenic areas and areas for recreation, allowing topography to dictate street pattern and included planted transitional areas between the homes and public streets for public use. Donald Ross followed by integrating a (number of) golf course(s) to the village.

Pinehurst Resort, North Carolina:Fredrick Law Olmsted & Donald Ross

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Golf Course Communities : History - Early golf course communties:

Pasatiempo, California:Olmsted Brothers & Alister Mackenzie

The development of Pasatiempo Estate followed one of Mackenzie’s finest courses, Olmsted respectfully integarting houses and park space around the course’s perimeter.

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Golf Course Communities : The future {According to the ASLA, at least!]...

‘GOLF AS A SOLUTION,Economic – Cultural – Environmental - Aesthetic

A well-planned, designed and implemented golf course development can not only protect sensitive environments but also can enhance water quality, improve wildlife

habitat, promote community values and provide economic stimulus.’[ASLA Annual meeting and Expo 2009]

Although the current ASLA agenda points towards a fully integrated solution, where benefits are four-fold, nothing innovative or even new is offered - Most theory and practice has been exemplified by early landscape and golf coure architects.

Given the general state of the golf course construction industry, which can no longer support/rely-on real-estate development, it would be reasonable to doubt the future of golf course communities.

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Of most interest is the ASLA stance towards promoting a contraction of golf facilities - Failing golf communties can generate new revenue with the replacement of golfing amenities with new real-estate development. [Their optimism must be taken cautiously though, as the ASLAs primary objective, is understandably, to boost the potential practice area for landscape architects.]

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Climate Change and Natural Disasters

Climate is the statistics behind temperature, humidity, wind, and other meteorological elements in a given region over an extended period of time.

The greenhouse effect is when gases in the Earths atmosphere absorb the suns energy that has been reflected off the Earth’s surface and essentially trap heat from

releasing into space.

The exacerbation of the greenhouse effect by human activities has caused the Earth’s average surface temperature to increase by about 1.4 F° in the last 100yr.

The full effects of climate change will reveal themselves in time but species may migrate or become extinct, droughts, wildfires and unpredictable weather along

with dangerously high summer temperatures are a few of the possibilities.

Only through collective effort and awareness can the effects of human caused climate change begin to be mitigated.

by Thomas Peters

SwinomishIndianTribal Community

Office of Planning and Community DevelopmentLa Conner, WA 98257

October 2010

Swinomish Climate Change InitiativeClimate Adaptation Action Plan The Psychology

of Climate Change Communication

A Guide for Scientists, Journalists, Educators, Political Aides, and the Interested Public

pine beetles moving to new regions due to milder winters.

projected avg rise in global sur-face temp in the next 90years

Eroding coast at Shishmaref due to warmer winters and meltimg permafrost

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Natural disasters are an unpredictable and unfortunate reality to life. When a community is struck by a natural disaster, the effects can be devestating to the civic

infrastructure as well and the citizen’s wellbeing.

For Communities in high risk zones (fault lines, along the coast, floodplains, volcanoes, etc.) it is essential to plan the landscape and built environment

accordingly

Our responsibility as landscape architects is to take the risks of natural disaster associated with any given project into context as part of our analysis, consider

them in in our programming elements for regions of concern and integrate mitigation techniques throughout the design process.

When the full effects of natural disasters are not taken seriously by designers, the consequences can be most unfortunate. For example, the failures of levees

around New Orleans that were originally designed to keep the ocean at bay in the event of a hurricane caused one of the biggest national crises of the century.The

surge protection failures in New Orleans are considered the worst civil engineering disaster in U.S history. Responsibility for the failures and flooding was laid squarely

on the Army Corps in January 2008 by a US District Court.

a firefighter watches over a preventative controlled burn

communities built around active volcanoes need to have a well developed emergency evacuation plan

Japan is a landscape that has dealt with the reality of tsunamis for thousands of years.

New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina