to pee or not to pee a study of urination urinary system major organ is the kidney also includes the...
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TO PEE OR NOT TO PEE
A STUDY OF URINATION
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Urinary system
Major organ is the kidney
Also includes the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra
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Functions of the Urinary SystemFunctions of the Urinary System
Slide 15.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Elimination of waste products Nitrogenous wastes
Toxins
Drugs
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Functions of the Urinary SystemFunctions of the Urinary System
Slide 15.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulate aspects of homeostasis Water balance
Electrolytes
Acid-base balance in the blood
Blood pressure
Red blood cell production
Activation of vitamin D
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Kidney
Filters wastes out of blood (180 L per day)
Unit of function is the nephron
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Regions of the KidneyRegions of the Kidney
Slide 15.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Renal cortex – outer region
Renal medulla – inside the cortex
Renal pelvis – inner collecting tube
Figure 15.2b
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Types of NephronsTypes of Nephrons
Slide 15.11a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cortical nephrons Located entirely in the cortex
Includes most nephrons
Figure 15.3a
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Types of NephronsTypes of Nephrons
Slide 15.11b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Juxtamedullary nephrons Found at the boundary of the cortex and
medulla
Figure 15.3a
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• Filters blood by taking everything (except blood cells) out and putting back what is needed (reabsorption)
Nephron
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GlomerulusGlomerulus
Slide 15.9a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A specialized capillary bed
Attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure) Large afferent
arteriole
Narrow efferent arteriole Figure 15.3c
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Renal TubuleRenal Tubule
Slide 15.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Figure 15.3b
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Urine Formation ProcessesUrine Formation Processes
Slide 15.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Figure 15.4
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Materials Not ReabsorbedMaterials Not Reabsorbed
Slide 15.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nitrogenous waste products Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
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Secretion – Reabsorption in Secretion – Reabsorption in ReverseReverse
Slide 15.17
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Some materials move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine
Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter
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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine
Slide 15.18
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.5
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
Slide 15.21a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
Temporarily stores urine
Figure 15.6
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URINARY BLADDER
Holds about 600 mL
Pain at 400 mL
Elastic and when it is stretched, sends message to brain to go
Urine flows out the urethra
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Urethra Gender DifferencesUrethra Gender Differences
Slide 15.24a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Length
Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
Location
Females – along wall of the vagina
Males – through the prostate and penis
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Micturition (Voiding)Micturition (Voiding)
Slide 15.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Both sphincter muscles must open to allow voiding
The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed after stretching of the bladder
Activation is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the pelvic splanchic nerves
The external urethral sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed
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Maintaining Water BalanceMaintaining Water Balance
Slide 15.26
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Normal amount of water in the human body
Young adult females – 50%
Young adult males – 60%
Babies – 75%
Old age – 45%
Water is necessary for many body functions and levels must be maintained
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Distribution of Body FluidDistribution of Body Fluid
Slide 15.27
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intracellular fluid (inside cells)
Extracellular fluid (outside cells)
Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma
Figure 15.7
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Maintaining Water BalanceMaintaining Water Balance
Slide 15.29
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Water intake must equal water output Sources for water intake
Ingested foods and fluids
Water produced from metabolic processes
Sources for water output Vaporization out of the lungs Lost in perspiration Leaves the body in the feces Urine production
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Maintaining Water BalanceMaintaining Water Balance
Slide 15.30
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dilute urine is produced if water intake is excessive
Less urine (concentrated) is produced if large amounts of water are lost
Proper concentrations of various electrolytes must be present
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WATER BALANCE
Pituitary senses low blood H2O and secretes ADH which makes loop of Henle more permeable to water(water goes out)
If blood H2O is high, no ADH secreted, Loop of Henle keeps water in
If there is more water, urine is clearer
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Urine
95-99% water
The rest is mostly urea (byproduct of protein breakdown by the liver
Other waste products are also included in urine.
There should be little or no glucose or protein in urine