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Contents

Buddhism 2

Christianity 10

Hinduism 23

Islam 31

Judaism 39

Sikhism 52

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter DaySaints (Mormon) 61

Paganism 65

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BuddhismPrivate worship

3.1 This is a very personal and individual affair. It may include the recitation of devotional and meditative texts followed by meditation. Ideally it will take place before a shrine upon which there will be an image of the Buddha. Respect being highly valued by Buddhists, there will be some bowing or prostrating. This may take place once or twice a day or as and when the individual wishes.

3.2 Private practice is possible for individuals in cells/rooms within the normal establishment routine. Buddha images, rosaries and meditation stools are permitted for such personal use and retention. Incense has been an integral part of Buddhist devotions from the earliest times and is permitted to Buddhist prisoners.

Festival days

4.1 There are numerous festivals recognised and observed within the various Buddhist schools and cultures. However, by agreement with the Prison Service and Angulimala, three principal festivals (listed below) of common significance to all schools are permitted to Buddhist prisoners when they should be excused from work and allowed to meet together. Staff should be sensitive to the fact that prisoners may wish to observe other festivals privately.

Vesakha Puja - Buddha Day, also known as Wesak or Buddha Day normally takes place in May. This day commemorates the Birth, Enlightenment and Passing of the Buddha.

Asalha Puja - also known as Dhamma Day. This day commemorates the Buddha's First Sermon. It normally takes place in July. The three-month Rains Retreat for the Sangha commences the following day.

Pavarana Day - also known as Sangha Day. The last day of the Rains Retreat and the occasion when bhikkhus invite the Sangha to inform them of their faults. It usually takes place in October. The Kathina offering to the Sangha and attendant celebrations (of immense importance) follow during the next month.

Diet

5.1 Many Buddhist prisoners will require a full vegetarian diet i.e. no fish. Some may request a vegan diet and this must be allowed. Fasting is sometimes practised, and especially on the Observance Days devotees will observe the

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Eight Precepts, one of which prohibits any food between noon and the following dawn.

Dress

6.1 Normally there are no special requirements. If Zen followers are in possession of a kesa (a symbolic rectangular robe, the colour of which is determined by the status of the wearer), this should only be worn during periods of religious practice.

Work

7.1 Buddhist prisoners must not be involved in any work concerned with the slaughter of animals.

Artefacts and books

8.1 The greatest of care should be taken when handling Buddhist artefacts; Buddha Images should be handled with respect and care; Buddhists would find it extremely offensive for a Buddha Image to be picked up and grasped by the head.

8.2 Buddhist prisoners may wish to have in possession some or all of the following items (see PSO 4550 chapter 1 para 1.45).

Buddha Image incense Prayer Beads books and literature meditation stool

Sacred writings

8.3 The scriptures of Buddhism are vast. The main set of 'Three Baskets', the Tripitaka, for example, has been estimated to be many times longer than the Bible. Then there are numerous commentaries and, particularly in the case of the Mahayana, more recently composed texts which are accepted as 'the Word of the Buddha'. Although originally preserved as an oral tradition (there are still a very few monks who can recite the entire Tripitaka from memory) these scriptures have in the course of time been committed to writing and translated into numerous languages. Practically everything is now available in English. Certain texts are well known and widely read or recited. A collection of verses attributed to the Buddha, The Dhammapada, is very popular. Otherwise most people will rely on anthologies of important and favourite texts.

8.4 Copies of 'Buddhist Readings' for the use of Buddhist prisoners are available via the Standard Book List.

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8.5 Angulimala provides free Buddha Images approved by Security Group and free literature, including books in the Chinese, Thai and Vietnamese languages.

Buddhism

ORIGINS & TEACHINGS

1. This first section cannot be headed 'Theology' as elsewhere in this manual because unlike other religions Buddhism does not recognise a Creator-God and neither does the concept of God play any part in the practice of Buddhism. The Buddha is not a God or any manifestation of God, nor a prophet of God. The Buddha is the One Who Knows or The Enlightened One.

2. Conventionally, Buddhism dates from the Enlightenment, in the Sixth Century BC of Siddhattha Gotama, by birth a Prince of the Sakyas, in northern India. However, the truths which Buddhism points to and the principles it upholds are said to be true and valid for all times and ages. Gotama the Buddha, the 'historical' Buddha, is said to be the latest in a long line of extraordinary beings who after careful preparation have found and realised the Truth for themselves, by themselves, unaided and without the benefit of earlier Buddhas or their influence.

THE BUDDHA

3. Gotama was probably born in or about 563 BC, although the calendars of several Buddhist countries which number the years from the Passing of the Buddha prefer the earlier traditional date of 623 BC. His father was the ruler of a small kingdom that sprawled across what are now the borderlands of India and Nepal. He was brought up in some splendour and trained as a warrior, although even in childhood there were indications of the religious life that was to follow. He married when he was sixteen. Then, when he was twenty-nine, the realities of old-age, sickness and death became so vividly impressed upon his mind that he was unable any longer to interest himself in the pursuit of worldly things, things that like himself must inevitably age, spoil and break up. Following the inspiration of a wandering monk he'd seen, he decided to go forth into the forest wildernesses in search of that which is 'not-born, not-become, not-made and not-compounded.' For six years, far from his wealth and home, he wandered without success. Grave asceticism brought him fame and respect, and five close disciples. Wasted and almost at the point of death he decided to abandon that extreme and try another way. Disappointed, the disciples left. Sitting all alone, his body refreshed and strengthened, he began to work at concentrating his mind focussing on the breath. Then carefully watching himself, he was able to wake up to the true nature of himself and all things and so purge his mind of all Greed, Hatred and Delusion. Then he was The Buddha. Thereafter, until he passed away at the age of eighty, out of great compassion for all beings, he continued to teach the truths and principles, the teachings and practices that form the core of this Way of Liberation now known to the world as Buddhism.

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THE TEACHINGS - THE DHAMMA or DHARMA

4. The Teachings of the Buddha, also called the Dhamma or Dharma, focus on the Middle Way, the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. Essentially, the Middle Way means the avoidance of genuine extremes. The Four Noble Truths are: Suffering - that our ordinary life and all conditioned things are unsatisfactory, problematical and experienced in terms of suffering and discontent; the Origin of Suffering - the desire or craving, rooted in ignorance and intrinsic to all unenlightened beings, which arises within and colours adaptation to each and every experience; the Stopping of Suffering; and the Way to Stop Suffering - the Noble Eightfold Path. This Noble Eightfold Path is often symbolised by a wheel, rather like a ship's wheel of eight spokes. This shows the eight steps as mutually supportive and beginning and ending with Understanding.

5. The eight steps are:

Right Understanding - including understanding of the Four Noble Truths, Cause and Effect, and the Three Characteristics of Impermanence, Unsatisfactoriness and Not-Self or Insubstantiality;

Right Thought - thoughts free from lust, thoughts of good-will and thoughts of compassion;

Right Speech - which abstains from Lying, Tale-bearing, Harsh Language and Idle Chatter;

Right Action - abstinence from Killing, Stealing and Sexual Misconduct; Right Livelihood - avoidance of jobs involving killing, deceit, treachery,

exploitation and dealing in meat, liquor, drugs, human beings (e.g. slavery and prostitution), and poison.

Right Effort - to avoid or overcome unwholesome mental states, and develop and maintain wholesome mental states.

Right Mindfulness - being mindful of one's body, feelings, mental texture and the experience of certain Teachings.

Right Concentration - the mind perfectly poised, stable and focussed constantly on the Four Foundations of Mindfulness (as above).

6. The Path is also expressed in terms of Morality (Right Speech, Right Action and Right Livelihood), Meditation (Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right Concentration), and Wisdom (Right Understanding and Right Thinking). This could be termed the Path in practice.

THE SANGHA

7. Soon after his Enlightenment and at the very beginning of his ministry, the Buddha established the Sangha, which literally means 'the community', although in this case 'spiritual community' might be better. At first, the Sangha was composed of men who had been ordained as bhikkhus (monks who depend on alms) by the Buddha himself and who were themselves Enlightened or partially so, having attained to one of the irrevocable stages on the way to Final Liberation. Thus, the Noble Sangha and the Bhikkhu Sangha

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overlapped each other, although this was not to be the case for long. A few years’ later women were ordained as bhikkhunis and the Bhikkhuni Sangha was established. Later still and in more recent times other orders and forms of ordination have been developed and particularly in the modern West the use of the term 'Sangha' has gradually been extended to the laity as well.

THE BUDDHIST

8. A Buddhist is one who goes for Refuge to the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha (also known as the Three Jewels or the Triple Gem) and who lives by a minimum of Five training Precepts - to abstain from Killing, to abstain from Taking that which is Not Given, to abstain from Sexual Misconduct, to abstain from Wrong Speech, and to abstain from Alcohol and Drugs which impair Mindfulness. The precepts for various ordained persons are extensions of these five, being stricter and more complex, the basic rule of a bhikkhu, for example, is some two hundred and twenty-seven precepts long.

9. No one knows how many Buddhists there are in the UK or in the world. This is partly because there is no requirement for Buddhists to gather or to advertise their presence. This means that many practise quietly on their own and even under a regime unsympathetic to it Buddhism still can manage to go underground and survive.

10. Broadly, Theravada Buddhism flourishes throughout South East Asia and Sri Lanka; the Mahayana is strong amongst Chinese communities and in Japan, Korea and Taiwan; the Vajrayana is found mostly in Tibet and amongst Tibetan communities; and all three are on the increase in Western countries. In India, the country of its birth, Buddhism practically died out although communities survived in Bengal and what is now Bangladesh.

11. In Britain, there are established substantial communities of Sri Lankans, Burmese and Thais, most of whom will be at least nominally Buddhist as well as Vietnamese, Koreans, Tibetans and a number of Indian Buddhists. There are also large numbers of Chinese many of whom will have Buddhist affiliations. In addition, of course a growing number of those who were born here and whose roots are here are embracing Buddhism.

SCHOOLS OF BUDDHISM

12. Buddhists may be aspiring to attain Enlightenment as soon as possible and become an Arahant, or, embarking on a much longer and more difficult career of many lifetimes, their goal may be to become a Buddha, either a Private Buddha of limited teaching ability or a Supreme Buddha capable of leading others to liberation and of immeasurable effect on humankind. The first of these two principal ideals is called that of the Savaka or 'hearer' and the second that of the Bodhisatta or Bodhisattva which means a 'wisdom-being'. In the course of time the Bodhisattva Ideal was developed to mean a person who out of compassion postpones their own Enlightenment to remain in the world and serve others. Broadly speaking, the Savaka Ideal characterises the

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Theravada School and the Bodhisattva Ideal the Mahayana School. A third principal school is the Vajrayana which adds esoteric Tantric practices to the Mahayana. Both the Mahayana and Vajrayana appear to be more ritualistic and artistically inspired than the Theravada. Within these main schools there are further sub-divisions and between all of them, the sub-divisions and the main schools, there is a certain amount of overlap and cross-fertilisation, as well as other 'local' influences. The more obvious home countries are: Burma, Sri Lanka and Thailand for the Theravada; China, Japan, Korea and Tibet for the Mahayana; and Tibet for the Vajrayana.

BUDDHISM IN BRITAIN

13. Buddhism first began to make its appearance in Britain around the turn of the century, although it had come to the notice of many British people through trade and the expansion of Empire. Translations of the scriptures into English began in the late nineteenth century. In the early days it was mostly the Theravada but by modern times we find all the main schools and many of their sub-divisions represented here in Britain. Government statistics have repeatedly reported Buddhism to be the fastest growing religion in the United Kingdom and unlike other recent 'imports' this spread is amongst the indigenous population. The immigrant Buddhist community remains comparatively small. Of particular note in the Buddhist world of Britain today is the Theravada generally and especially the Forest Tradition of Thailand, various Zen and Tibetan groups from the Mahayana and Vajrayana, and the more recently formed Friends of the Western Buddhist Order. There is also the Nichiren Shoshu which is very powerful in Japan and popular here, although as it appear to offer the fulfilment of craving rather than extinguish it and remains somewhat exclusive it tends to be looked upon with some reservation by mainstream Buddhism.

PRACTICES IN THE COMMUNITY

HOLY DAYS

THERAVADA

14. Observance Days are on New and Full Moon Days with a lesser observance on the eighth day Half-Moons. All festivals are on Full Moon Days and are named after the ancient lunar months in which they fall. By the Western solar calendar these dates will vary from year to year.

Magha Puja - Commemorates the Buddha's recitation of the Ovada Patimokkha - a basic code for the Sangha - which includes the summary of his teaching as 'to avoid all evil, cultivate the good and purify the mind'. Usually late February. Sometimes called Sangha Day.

Vesakha Puja - Also known as Wesak or Buddha Day. Commemorates the Birth, Enlightenment and Passing of the Buddha. Usually May.

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Asalha Puja - Also known as Dhamma Day. Commemorates the Buddha's First Sermon. Usually July. The three-month Rains Retreat for the Sangha commences the following day.

Pavarana Day - Also known as Sangha Day. The last day of the Rains Retreat and the occasion when bhikkhus invite the Sangha to inform them of their faults. Usually October. The Kathina offering to the Sangha and attendant celebrations (of immense importance) follow during the next month.

MAHAYANA

15. Tibetan dates are also governed by the lunar calendar. Every New Moon is Shakyamuni Buddha Day. Every Full Moon the Amitabha Buddha and the Buddha's Enlightenment and Parinirvana (Passing) are celebrated. The Guru Rinpoche's day is usually ten days after the New Moon. Dakini Day is usually the twenty-fifth day after the New Moon.

16. Chinese and Japanese Buddhists celebrate the Bodhisattva of Compassion, Kuan Yin or Kannon, on the 19th of the 2nd, 6th and 9th moons.

17. The Zen calendar which is fixed and does not depend on the lunar calendar includes the following special dates: 15th February - The Buddha's Parinirvana (Passing). 8th April - The Buddha's Birthday 3rd October - Bodhidharma's Day (the First Patriarch in China) 8th December - The Buddha's Enlightenment.

NB: These are the more important and better known, but it is not a complete list, there are others.

PRACTICE

Private Practice 18. This is a very personal and individual affair. It may include the recitation of

devotional and meditative texts followed by meditation and ideally will take place before a shrine upon which there will be an image of the Buddha, lighted candles, incense and flowers. Respect being highly valued by Buddhists, there will be some bowing or prostrating. This may take place once or twice a day or as and when the individual wishes.

Corporate or Group Practice 19. Traditionally this occurs roughly weekly on the lunar observance days and on

festival days, otherwise at weekends or when group meetings can be arranged. It will be much the same as in Private Practice, but if a monk or some other teacher is leading the proceedings there will be some guidance and a sermon or talk.

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NB: In a Shrine Room or Temple, and in front of any shrine, shoes and headgear should be removed. Feet should not be pointed at the Shrine, or at any person, especially one of note, like the monk or teacher.

DIET

20. There is no prescribed diet as such, but some schools and some groups within other schools insist on a vegetarian diet. The inclination towards vegetarianism is the result of the precept to refrain from killing and the Buddha's insistence on the practice of harmlessness and his frequent call to treat all beings with loving-kindness. Some will reason that if it's dead already, eating it doesn't matter, but others will point to the demand and the consequent harm and loss of life that that meat eating creates. Generally the Buddhist attitude is not to insist, but to encourage and then to support a gradual extension and refining of Buddhist precepts in accordance with what is sensible and practical. Fasting is sometimes practised and especially on the Observance Days devotees will observe the Eight Precepts, one of which prohibits any food after noon and before the following dawn.

DRESS

21. In the Theravada, bhikkhus wear the distinctive robe of brownish yellow, nuns wear brown and postulants of both sexes wear white. Tibetan monks wear a maroon robe. Zen monks wear a black or brownish robe with a kesa, a symbolic rectangular robe, the colour of which is determined by the status of the wearer, suspended about the neck by a band of cloth. Certain Zen lay-devotees and lay-ministers also wear over their normal attire a simple kesa which lacks the symbolic robe. Dharmacharis and Dharmacharinis of the Western Buddhist Order, often referred to within the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order as 'Order Members', wear an embroidered white kesa. On Observance Days and Festival Days many of the lay-folk will endeavour to wear white, otherwise there is no special dress for the laity.

MINISTRY

22. Most ordained Buddhists have a leadership role thrust upon them and are highly respected within their communities, but 'ministry' is really neither the purpose nor function of Buddhist orders. Thus, for example, not all bhikkhus are teachers and not all teachers are bhikkhus and so sanctioned by senior members of the Sangha there are a number of lay teachers. 'Ministry' tends to fall to those who emerge as capable of leading, advising and teaching whether ordained or lay. A Lama is a teacher in the Tibetan tradition and need not necessarily be ordained. The Western Buddhist Order, formed in the mid sixties, draws its inspiration from all three principal Buddhist schools. Some of its members live in single-sex communities, while others live independently, sometimes with their families. It is based in Britain and particularly strong here, but has branches all over the world. Male Order Members are known as Dharmacharis and female, Dhamacharinis, followed by their ordination name by which they should be called.

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ASPECTS OF SOCIAL FUNCTIONING

23. A proper Buddhist society is founded on Harmlessness and Concord. The Five Precepts obviously play an important part here. Furthermore, the Buddha stressed the importance of doing one's duty to others, in other words: parents have a duty to children and children a duty to parents; employers have a duty to employees and employees a duty to employers; and so forth. The emphasis is on one's own duty to others rather than an expectation of what one is due by right. Giving is an essential element in a Buddhist society and no celebration is complete without it.

FUNERALS AND MARRIAGE

Funerals24. These vary with the school of Buddhism and country of origin, but generally

focus on a reflection on the transitoriness of life and, in case the departed has any awareness of what is going on, a reassurance that what has been left behind will be cared for, together with good wishes for the future. Disposal of the body may be by either burial or cremation, or by exposing it for the vultures and other creatures to consume. The corpse or its skeleton is sometimes donated to a monastery for meditative purposes.

Marriage

25. Marriage in Buddhism is a civil contract, a social convention and has nothing essentially to do with Buddhism, although the Buddha did stress that once entered into that contract should be faithfully honoured. Again customs will vary with the school and country of origin, but in the Theravada, for example, after the civil ceremony there will be a Blessing when the newly-weds will present offerings to the Sangha and after the chanting of traditional stanzas of blessing, the Senior Monk will deliver a short homily exhorting the happy couple to honour and cherish one another etc.

Christianity

Corporate Worship

2.1 The main worship day for most Christians is Sunday.

2.2 Worship usually consists of prayers, hymns, readings from scripture, preaching and teaching. It is the means by which discipleship is renewed and faith sustained.

2.3 Worship will often include the celebration of a service which Jesus himself instituted and is known as the Eucharist, Mass or Holy Communion.

Private Worship

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3.1 Individuals are normally able to perform their private worship in their cells/rooms within the normal establishment routine. No special arrangements apply.

Religious Festivals and Holy Days

4.1 In addition to Sunday worship, Holy Days are observed throughout the Christian Calendar and are usually observed with corporate acts of worship.

Christmas Day: December the 25th celebrating the birth of Jesus

Ash Wednesdayrecalling the beginning of Jesus' temptation in the wilderness for forty

days and the season of Lent when Christians are encouraged to observe a time of self-denial and spiritual

reflection.

Maundy Thursdaycommemorating the Last Supper when Jesus instituted the Eucharist.

Good Friday commemorating the death of Jesus on the cross.

Easter Sunday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus

Ascension Day celebrating Jesus’ ascension to Heaven.

Pentecostcelebrating the day when the disciples first received The Holy Spirit.

4.2 For all Roman Catholics and most other Churches, worship on the above days is obligatory and prisoners should be given the opportunity to attend corporate worship without loss of pay or privileges.

Classes and Programmes

5.1 Fellowship also plays an essential part in the spiritual life.

5.2 Opportunities for instruction, Bible study and the sharing of faith experience should be available to all Christians.

Religious Books and Artefacts

6.1 The Holy Bible that contains the Word of God for Christian believers.

6.2 Prayer books, devotional reading and holy pictures (particularly for those with poor literacy skills).

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6.3 Rosary beads which are used as an aid to prayer.

6.4 Ornamental cross or crucifix to help focus on prayer.

Rites and Initiation

7.1 Baptism - which marks the reception of Christians into the ‘Body of Christ’.

7.2 Confirmation - a service at which new believers publicly affirm their faith. The service includes the ‘laying on of hands’ and in some traditions, the anointing with holy oil, by a Bishop or Church Leader symbolising the gift of God’s Spirit bestowed on his people.

Marriage

8.1 Christian marriage is regarded as a binding covenant between husband and wife made in the presence of God. It is compared with the love that Christ has for his Church.

ABOUT CHRISTIANITY

INTRODUCTION

1. The Christian religion was cradled in the faith of Israel and shares with both Islam and Judaism the belief that there is one God. However, Christians believe that they experience and respond to the one God in three distinct ways:

When Christians think about the universe, and the place of human beings in it, and all that they have been given, they worship God as Creator and Father.

When Christians looks at Jesus, they see in him the expression in human form of all the qualities of God, especially love, and they worship Jesus as God and Saviour.

Although Jesus has ascended to the Father, Christians have continued to experience the presence, power and love of Jesus in the Church and in their own lives through the Holy Spirit, whom they therefore also worship as God.

2. There is no division in God. Father, Son and Holy Spirit exist as a perfect communion and known by Christians as the ‘Trinity’.

3. Christian beliefs spring from the Bible and are summarised in the Historic creeds of the Church. The Bible comprises the Jewish scriptures (often referred to by Christians as the Old Testament), and the Christian documents which make up the New Testament. The Bible is the record of God’s self

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revelation, supremely in Jesus Christ, and is a means through which God still reveals himself, by the Holy Spirit.

GOD THE FATHER

4. God the Father is known as the giver of all life; the Creator of everything that exists and the Father of all humankind. He is ‘the One in whom we all live and move and have our being’. Through his ‘Word’ he called the world into being and made human beings in his own image. Finally, he is above all, a personal not an abstract being who seeks in holy love to save His creation from evil, aimlessness and sin.

GOD THE SON

5. Christians believe that God came into to the world uniquely in Jesus Christ, the man of Nazareth. During his three short years of ministry those who heard and knew him gradually began to recognise in him, the Divine presence. His every word, gesture, story, healing and miracle reflected the nature of God; a life perfect in love and grace, beauty and truth. He referred to himself as the way, the truth and the life. It is, however, in his death and resurrection that Christians are most conscious of his true identity.

The Man of Nazareth

6. Nobody has ever written a biography of Jesus. Apart from the birth Stories and an occasion when Jesus was taken by his parents to Jerusalem to celebrate Passover, we know nothing about the first thirty years of his life. It was John the Baptist who announced his coming, calling people to repent and to prepare for the dawn of a new age. The Jews had believed that God would one day intervene in history by sending his Messiah (anointed One) to rescue the world from its sin and suffering. John spoke of his imminent arrival, instructing people to change their ways and be baptised. Among those who came for baptism was Jesus. As he emerged from the water a voice was heard saying, ‘This is my beloved Son, upon whom my favour rests’. It was at that moment that Jesus knew himself to be the promised One whose earthly life was destined for service, suffering and sacrifice. Immediately after his baptism Jesus withdrew to the wilderness to prepare for his ministry.

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His Ministry

7. During the next three years he set about teaching and healing, performing miracles and telling stories about the kingdom of heaven. His miracles were signs of a new age in which anything was possible. Faith, hope and love could heal the sick, restore sight to the blind, change water into wine and feed five thousand people with just five loaves and two fishes. On one occasion Jesus reportedly raised to life a man who had been dead for three days. Scholars view the miracles of Jesus in different ways but all agree that they should be regarded less as wonders by which to astound people and more as works of power given to confirm and deepen faith.

His Teaching

8. He also told many stories taken from ordinary life but each was packed with spiritual truths. They were called ‘parables’ and were distinctive in that they disclosed spiritual realities from the mostordinary human situations. Most of the stories Jesus told were invitational in tone welcoming everyone into a world of faith and forgiveness, trust and grace. He never imposed his truth on anyone.

9. He spoke the most gracious words inviting all to come to him and find forgiveness for their sins, power to overcome evil and, best of all, eternal life. But he also spoke harsh words especially to the religious leaders of his day. He criticised them for their hypocrisy and pride. He judged them for being obsessed with trivial matters of religious law while neglecting the weightier matters of justice and mercy. He told them that they were spiritually blind and were taking their converts with them to hell.

10. The new life to which Jesus invited people was grounded in love, not law. It is true that he told his followers to keep the religious law and that no part of it would ever pass away, but went on to insist that the two greatest commandments were love of God and love for one another. He insisted that there were times when for the sake of love religious laws had to be set aside or radically re-interpreted. Jesus insisted that what mattered to God, was what was in their hearts and souls. He considered lustful, vengeful and malicious thoughts as evil as the physical acts of adultery and murder, and proclaimed that salvation was only possible though spiritual rebirth.

His Faith

11. In ‘The Sermon on the Mount’ he declared that his followers should love their enemies, pray for their persecutors and bless those who cursed them insisting that they must become perfect as their Father in Heaven is perfect. He warned against hypocrisy and encouraged them to be generous. He taught them to pray in a new way, calling God ‘Abba’ a word difficult to translate but the closest parallel is ‘Daddy’ used by a young child to his father and packed with extraordinary intimacy. It is a word which no one had ever ventured to use in addressing God before. But in calling God ‘Abba’ Jesus summed up

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everything he knew his Father to be as one who is intimately close and to be utterly trusted for as long as life and need should last.

12. It is important to note that Christians put their faith in the person of Jesus, not just in his words or actions. Faith is relational. He spoke of himself as being the Way, the Truth. He said ‘I’ am the Light of the world and ‘I am Resurrection and Life’. The Christian faith is not so much about new doctrines to be believed or commandments to be obeyed but rather a radical commitment to Jesus Christ as Saviour and Lord.

His Death and Resurrection

Following three years of intensive ministry, Jesus’ enemies conspired as to how they might get rid of him. Eventually he was arrested and taken before the religious leaders who charged him with blasphemy; but was later changed to subversion. At the will of the people he was delivered up for crucifixion and eventually died. Finally, his body was taken down from the cross and laid in a tomb. He was raised from the dead and seen by no less than five hundred witnesses until he ascended to his Father promising that His Holy Spirit would be with them and all believers until the end of time.

14. The best loved text in the New Testament puts it this way, ‘God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life'. Many commentators have attempted to interpret this text, but perhaps it is a hymn writer who catches its meaning most succinctly when he writes:

‘We may not know, we cannot tell What pain he had to bear But we believe it was for us He hung and suffered there’.

15. It is the experience of each Christian that the death and resurrection of Jesus is in some profound sense connected with their own.

16. Christians believe that ultimately through the work of Jesus Christ God will establish a kingdom of love which will embrace the whole human race and bring all things into harmony.

17. The first disciples believed that because Jesus was raised from the dead, they too would be raised into eternal life. In this conviction they were empowered to believe that death was not the end but agateway into a richer, fuller life. Today, Christians believe the same as the first followers of Jesus and that although evil and death still have immense power in this world, they will never have the finalword, for both had been overcome by the death and resurrection of Jesus. He once said to his disciples ‘ I go to prepare a place for you, so that where I am you may be also’. Christians claim this promise and trust that in, both life and death they are held in God’s eternal love.

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GOD THE SPIRIT

18. Christians believe that God is experienced today through the Holy Spirit. The Spirit has been present and active in the world and in human hearts from the beginning of time. (It is the Spirit who first created the Church by coming to the grieving disciples and, from them, created a unique community of men and women called to love and pray for the world.)

19. The Holy Spirit reveals the Father to all who seek Him and gives them gifts of spiritual power; convicts them of sin and assures them of forgiveness. That same Spirit enables them to find courage in the struggle for justice and peace and sustains them in the worst times of trial. Followers of Jesus have always spoken of themselves as being 'in Christ', it is a phrase which reflects the intimacy of their relationship with him. They believe themselves to live ‘in Him’ as he is ‘in them’ just as a wave is in the ocean and the ocean is in the wave. It is a gift of grace, a key word in Christian understanding, which refers to the undeserved and unconditional love of God for all the human race. The Christian experience of God is essentially relational and is as profound and loving as the relationship that exists between loving parents and their children.

RITES AND SACRAMENTS OF THE CHURCH

CHURCH INITIATION

Baptism

20. Almost all Churches practice Baptism in one form or another.

21. At infant baptism, parents promise to care for their children, to resist the powers of evil, and by their prayers, good example and love, to lead their children to Christ. When these promises have been made the priest may make the sign of the cross on the child's forehead or dip the child's head into the water or pour water over his/her forehead pronouncing the words of baptism. The child will then be wrapped in a white robe to symbolise that he/she is now clothed in Christ.

22. This service is a powerful reminder of the love of God for each human being. All life is a gift of God's grace and needs to be cherished, claimed, named and known. The sacrament of baptism affirms human life and declares that each person born into the world is filled with Divine presence and potential. The Church affirms the child and promises to provide a place in which all who share its life may see their baptismal promises realised.

23. Although for the most part, Christians still continue to baptise their children, a growing number of Christians practise believer’s baptism for adults, who have made a personal decision of faith. The emphasis in this service is on conversion and discipleship. Each candidate is asked publicly to renounce their old way of life and to testify to a personal faith in Christ.

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24. Following these affirmations the candidate may be immersed in water as a symbol of their dying to their old way of life and rising to a new life in Christ.

25. Churches that practise Adult Baptism usually offer a service of dedication for new born babies.

Confirmation

26. As baptised children grow up within the Christian Church they may hear the call of Jesus say to them, as he said to the disciples, ‘Follow me’. In response to his gracious invitation they will present themselves to publicly confess their faith in Christ and commit their lives to him. After which a Bishop or Minister addresses each one by their baptised name and lays hands upon them saying: 'Confirm, O Lord, your servant with your Holy Spirit.

27. The Holy Spirit is central to confirmation. It is the presence of the Spirit which empowers Christians to make and keep their vows, and whose presence is promised to the end of time.

THE EUCHARIST

(also known as Holy Mass, Holy Communion or The Lord’s Supper)

28. From the very earliest days the Christian community has come together to celebrate the Eucharist. It was inaugurated by Jesus himself when he met with his friends just prior to his death. The Acts of the Apostles, which relates the story of the early years following the death and resurrection of Jesus, tells how the first Christians met together for the 'breaking of bread'. The language, the form and the interpretation of this sacrament may vary from one Church to another but for almost all Christians it is an irresistible magnet which draws them together to celebrate their unity in Christ.

29. ‘Eucharist’ comes from the Greek word meaning 'thanksgiving'. This sacrament is primarily a celebration of all that God has done and continues to do, for the salvation of the world through Christ. In the Eucharist Christians know him to be especially present as they recall his death and resurrection. But the service is much more than a recollection of something that happened in history, it makes real for all generations of believers the power of Christ's redeeming work.

As they share the bread and wine, Christ's sacrifice becomes mysteriously powerful and uniquely present. Christians may interpret this presence and power in different ways but all would agree that when they participate in the Eucharist the sacrifice of Christ becomes most real. In this simple act of worship they feel themselves drawn to him, so that his offering becomes theirs and his sacrifice their own. In this service Christians are drawn to Christ that 'through him and with him and in him’ they will forever live and have their Being.

Marriage

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30. Christian marriage is seen as the life long union in body, mind and spirit of a man and a woman. It is God's way for the continuance of humankind and the bringing up of children in security and trust. In addition to hymns, prayers and readings the marriage service includes the exchange of vows and blessings.

The Sacrament of Reconciliation (Confession)

31. This sacrament is offered to Christians who seek absolution from their sins through the mediation of a priest. All that is discussed remains absolutely confidential and can never be disclosed.

The Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick

32. This sacrament is usually administered at times of serious illness or close to death. The rite may include confession, laying on of hands, anointing with oil, prayers of commendation and readings from Scripture.

Funeral rites and services

33. These services usually include hymns and psalms, prayers and readings. The emphasis is on the Christian hope of resurrection into eternal life. In addition there will be a commendation of the soul into the care of God and the committal of the body to the earth from which it came. The emphasis of all Christian worship in the presence of death is the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is a deeply held conviction among Christians that because Christ was raised from the dead, so too will all who put their trust in him. For most Christians cremation is acceptable and offers no obstacle to belief in resurrection life.

SACRED WRITINGS

34. The Holy Bible consists of two parts; The Old Testament which contains The Jewish Scriptures and the New Testament which tells the story of Jesus and his church. From earliest times, Christians have immersed themselves in the Bible believing that through its many words, God speaks the Eternal Word that gives life to all.

CHRISTIAN MINISTRY

35. The best known image of Christian ministry through the centuries is that of priest. In the New Testament, however this term is used to refer not to a specialised religious worker but only to Jesus Christ or to the whole Church. The first clear written reference to calling a cleric a priest is in C.E. 190 and soon it came to denote a religious professional. When eventually the communion table became an altar the priest's role took on more authority, gaining power and prestige.

36. The Protestant Reformation challenged traditional notions of what it meant to be a priest and moved towards new images of priesthood primarily as preacher and pastor. The term pastor is strongly associated with the image of

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shepherding which in turn is closely linked with functions of caring, disciplining and nurturing.

37. Pastoral care has always been an important part of Christian nurture. Jesus made it clear that Christians are bound to love and care for one another. Paul spoke of the Church as being like a body in which the pain of any one part is felt by all its members. This model continues to be popular not least of all because both the Old and New Testaments use this imagery of illustrating how God cares for his own. Jesus himself told stories of how a good shepherd would care for his sheep even at great personal sacrifice which was how he expected his disciples to care for those he entrusted to them. It certainly has a resonance for many Prison Chaplains as they attempt to minister to inmates who have lost their way and become separated from the flock.

38. The word ordain comes from a Latin word ‘ordo’ implying orderly succession which is traced by some Christians to Jesus when he commissioned his twelve disciples. Roman Catholics believe that something sacred and eternal is conferred at the moment of ordination which can never be taken away. Protestants, however, tend to emphasise the 'calling' of the Holy Spirit to a particular life of faith, work and witness.

39. In both traditions, however, the Christian priest is infinitely more than a paid functionary employed to perform various tasks for the congregation. It is a human profession but it is also a divine calling to communicate through word, sacrament and a human life the redemptive love of Christ for all humanity. It is above all, a gift of God.

THE MAIN STREAMS OF CHRISTIANITY

40.

THE EARLY CHURCH

EASTERN ORTHODOX WESTERN CATHOLIC Syrian, Coptic, Greek, Russian, Armenian & others

THE REFORMATION

Roman Catholic Protestant

` LutheranAnglicanReformed Baptist

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MethodistPentecostalSalvation ArmyCharismaticRenewal Churches

THE EARLY CHURCH

41. In the earliest Gospel, the author tells us that Jesus appointed a group of twelve men to be his friends. This group of men marked the beginning of the Church. After the resurrection and ascension of Jesus the disciples met together until the Holy Spirit came upon them and they were empowered to leave their safe houses to preach boldly wherever they could. They continued to worship in the Jewish Temple but also met in each others houses for worship services, especially the Eucharist. They shared many of their possessions and gave to each according to their need. During this time the disciples performed many miracles and signs so that the Church grew rapidly.

42. Originally they did not consider themselves to be the founders of a new religion and were known as ‘People of the Way’. They had no creeds, doctrines or elaborate organisation, they simply testified to the new life that they had found in Jesus Christ. At this time Christians were considered to be a sect of Judaism in that they continued to worship in the Temple. As non-Jews came into fellowship it became clear that the Church could no longer be contained, however tentatively, within Judaism. The problem was exacerbated by the fall of Jerusalem when Christians were dispersed through the Roman Empire. However, throughout this period a man named Paul (a former Pharisee) together with other members of the Church in Jerusalem travelled throughout the Empire preaching the good news of Jesus Christ and establishing new Churches. He wrote letters often in an attempt to heal the divisions in these new Churches, some of which are included in the New Testament.

43. During the first century the Christians suffered from periods of intense persecution from Roman emperors. When the worst of these were over the Church was threatened by internal disputes usually concerned with matters of doctrine. Yet despite all this the Church survived and spread and quite an elaborate organisation linking Churches in various parts of the empire. The situation changed however when Constantine became Emperor of Rome in 312 (CE). Tradition tells us that on the eve of a significant battle he saw a vision of a flaming cross with the words, ‘In this sign conquer.’ He then won a most improbable victory and Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

44. Two great divisions continue to exist within the Church today. The first occurred between the east and the west around 1054 (CE) and was largely due to a question of authority and doctrinal matters concerning the Trinity. However, the debate between the Greek and Latin Churches began centuries before this.

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45. The second division occurred in the sixteenth century when reformers such as Calvin and Luther protested against various practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. Its legacy was the birth of Protestantism.

46. It is generally held that the division in the Church is a scandal and during the latter part of the 20th century various attempts have been made to bring the Church closer together. In 1948 the World Council of Churches was convened in order to address matters of common concern and to act as one in the cause of social justice.

THE CHURCH AND ITS CHURCHES

The Eastern Orthodox Churches

47. The best known members of the Orthodox Communion are the Greek and Russian Churches, but there are several others belonging mainly to Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean, reflecting the Byzantine Empire in which the cultural roots of Orthodoxy belong. The Orthodox Church puts great emphasis on tradition which has been passed down through the earliest Church leaders. This can be seen most clearly in the Church’s attitude to the Holy Liturgy which has survived untouched since the 4th century and is celebrated daily in every Orthodox Church.

The Roman Catholic Church

48. Roman Catholicism is the single largest grouping of Christians comprising sixty percent of all Christians. The word ‘Catholic’ means universal and the addition of ‘Roman’ was introduced at the end of the sixteenth century. Roman Catholics believe in the primacy and authority of the Pope whose line of succession goes back to the Apostle Peter to whom Jesus is said to have entrusted the Church. The Roman Catholic Church emphasises the sanctity of all human life.

The Anglican Church

49. The Anglican 'communion' is a world-wide family of Churches in fellowship with the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose status amongst the heads of other Anglican Churches is 'first among equals', with reason and conscience making it a broad Church, both catholic and reformed.

The Lutheran Church

50. Martin Luther pioneered a religious reformation primarily in northern Europe which challenged the authority of the Church stating that the Bible, and not the Pope, was the supreme authority. The Lutheran Church founded by

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converts resembles Anglicanism with whom it has recently entered into covenant.

Other Reformed and Free Churches

51. The Reformed Churches came into being as a result of the Puritan movement emphasizing the fact that membership is made up of believers, not society at large. Reformed Churches include Presbyterians, Baptists, Congregationalists, The United Reformed Church and others. The Free Churches include Methodism, Pentecostalism, Salvation Army, Seventh day Adventists. These Churches were born from evangelical renewals and, as with reformed Churches, the emphases have been on free worship and strong preaching from Scripture.

The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

52. Originally organised as a distinctive Christian group in 1652 who in their early years suffered intense persecution. Quaker meetings are based on silence, a silence that anticipates a deep spirit moving amongst them through which Friends are brought nearer to each other and to God. Their experience of faith in action has led them to work for peace, justice and penal reform, among other issues.

INCLUSIVE CHAPLAINCY

HOW CHRISTIANS VIEW EACH OTHER

53. It is an indisputable fact that the Church is divided and that all attempts to unite them seem to have had little impact. Great ecumenical conferences occur virtually unnoticed. Even at the World Council of Churches the Eucharist cannot be celebrated together. And all the while new Christian denominations are coming into existence. Most Christians are shamed by this disunity.

54. It was Pope John the XXIII who said, 'Whenever I see a wall between Christians, I try to pull out a brick'. Christians are for the most part scandalized that Christ's Church should be divided, but continue to strive for the elusive unity that acknowledges 'one body and one Spirit one Lord, one faith and one baptism'.

55. But there is a deeper division emerging between Christians which goes beyond denominational boundaries. Historically, the Church has been seen as an institution. In recent years, however, another model of the Church has emerged both from within mainstream Christianity and from the newer Churches. This image has more to do with community and communion than with structures. It has challenged the status quo by enthusiastically

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embracing ecumenism, ensuring inclusiveness and engaging other faiths. It has demanded more inclusive communities in terms of gender, ethnicity, wealth, race, nationality, and sexual orientation. The emphasis disowns the triumphalism of the past with its images of Christ the King and concentrates its ministry amongst the poor and the powerless, as a Servant Church. It is difficult to imagine these models of Churchmanship can ever be reconciled, but this is not a new problem either for Christians or most other religions where there are often tensions between the priestly and prophetic elements. Most Christians, however, hope that this can be a creative tension which will ultimately refine the Church and make it more effective to serve the present age.

HOW CHRISTIANS VIEW OTHER RELIGIONS

56. There are three basic positions held by Christians today. The first is argued from the exclusivist perspective which affirms that Christianity is utterly unique and absolute; other religions may point to God, but salvation comes through Christ alone. Secondly, there are those who hold an inclusivist position contending that Christ's love exists ‘incognito’ in all the world religions. One theologian speaks of anonymous Christians among other religions. However, some Christians are offended by the assumption that Christianity is the norm against which all others are judged. A third perspective is that of the pluralist which sees Christianity as one religion among many that expresses God's reaching out to humanity.

HinduismFestival days

Maha Shivaratri a day of fasting; Lord Shiva is worshipped throughout the night (usually in March).

Shri Rama Navani The festival to worship Lord Rama (usually held in March or April)

Shri Krishna Janmashtami Celebration of Lord Krishna's birthday (at midnight) (usually in August).

Shri Ganesha Pooja Worship of Lord Ganesh (Aug -Sept) Navaratri nine nights to worship Power in order to destroy the evil

(usually in October). Durgashtami Vijayadashami/Dasha Hara – Navaratri ends Diwali the festival of lights and welcoming the new year (usually in

November)

Other festival dates

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Makara Sankramana/Sankranti/Uttarayana Punkayala Holi: the festival of colours: to welcome the spring season, people rejoice

by throwing colours at one another (usually in March). Baisakhi: celebrated in the Punjabi Community (usually in April) Guru Poornima Rakhee or Raksha Bandhan commemorates the sacred

relationship between brothers and sisters. (usually held in August).Diet

4.1 Many Hindus are strict vegetarians and will not eat meat, fish, eggs or food containing egg. Others may eat meat and fish but not beef and rarely pork. Hindus generally avoid tobacco and alcohol.

Dress and hygiene

5.1 There is no special requirement for men. Most women wear a saree or a Salwar kameez. Some married women wear a coloured spot, known as a Bindi, on the forehead. Jewellery worn by men and women usually has religious or cultural significance and therefore should be respected.

5.2 Hindus take particular care over personal washing and it is important for them to be able to have a shower. Most Hindus would wish to bath or shower every day. They would also wash their hands before and after eating, as many Hindus use their hands in eating.

5.3 Hindus would also wash themselves with running water after using the lavatory. If running water is not available in the toilet cubicle, then the prisoner may need to carry water in a jug etc.

Artefacts and books

6.1 Hindu prisoners may wish to have in possession some or all or the following items: Mara - prayer beads (comprising 132 small beads); Murti - a statue, from 2 inches in height, made of either metal, wood,

glass, stone or marble, or alternatively an image or photograph, of the God Krishna, or other Gods;

Incense sticks and holder – incense is normally burned during prayer; Small bell – used when beginning and ending prayer rituals; Gita - Holy book.

6.2 Copies of the Bhagavadgita are available from the Hindu Chaplain.

Hindu Names

7.1 There are several variations in the name system of Hindu families, depending on area of origin. But there are always three parts to the name.

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Names prevailing in the northern part of India:

(i) (ii) (iii)

e.g. Jagadeesha Kumar Sharma

i. The first part is the first name used by friends and close relatives. This is the given name. This part indicates the sex of the individual as well. Most of these names have a meaning in a dictionary. E.g. Jagadeesha = Lord of the universe.

ii. The second part is the middle name, which is complementary to the first part; it cannot be used separately and is not the equivalent of a European surname. It also indicates a person’s gender.

iii. The third part consists of one's family name or father's name and is equivalent to the European surname.

The names prevailing in the southern parts of India

(i) (ii) (iii)

e.g. M.N. Balakrishna Rao or M.N. B Rao

The first part consists of the initials, which, when expanded contain the

birthplace and father's name. E.g. M. N. = Mysore Nagendra. The second part consists of the first name or given name. The third part consists of the family name or surname.

Titles

7.2 There is no direct equivalent of Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms in Indian tradition. The following is a guide:

Shri for Mr.e.g. Shri Naresh Kumar Patel; Shrimati for Mrs e.g. Shrimati Nina Devi Sharma. Sushi or Kumari for Miss e.g. Sushi Sunita Rani Singh, Kumari Mona

Savant.

7.3 The term "Shri" is also used before a revered person or thing. e.g. Shri Bhagavadgita. The term "Ji" used at the end of any name also denotes respect. e.g. Balramji could mean Rev. Balram.

7.4 In Britain, it has become acceptable to use a title and family name (Surname). e.g. Mr Patel. Mrs Sharma. It is also acceptable to use a title plus the full name, e.g. Mr Naresh Kumar Patel, Mrs Brinda Devi Sharma.

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Death and Funerals

8.1 When breaking the news of a death to a person of the Hindu faith, it needs to be borne in mind that the death of any person, even a distant relative, can have great significance and cause much distress to the bereaved. This should be borne in mind when informing the sad news to, say, a cousin or other relative.

8.2 Following a death, the whole family mourns for 10 days. Sometimes the family members and close relatives may not eat until after the cremation has taken place. Several ceremonies take place at and before the cremation.

8.3 A devout Hindu who is very ill or dying may wish to lie on the floor (close to the Mother Earth) and may welcome someone reading from any of the holy scripture of Hindus, especially from the Bhagavadgita.

8.4 The family of a dying prisoner should be consulted while determining the funeral rites. They may wish to call a Hindu priest to officiate the holy rites. The family should be consulted before anything is removed from the body before cremation. The Hindu Chaplain or an advisor from local Hindu temple will be able to advise.

8.5 The family should also be consulted before the body is touched (for removal etc.), as a non-Hindu touching the body may cause distress or offence. In the absence of guidance, the following considerations should be borne in mind:

no religious objects including jewellery should be removed from the dead body.

wrapping sheets should not contain any religious mark. washing the body is a part of the funeral rite and will be done by

relatives or as advised by the Hindu Chaplain. 8.6The majority of adult Hindus are cremated. The eldest son of the dead person will

wish to press the ignition button at the cremation. Where a Hindu prisoner attends a funeral, they will wish to shower; this is important for Hindus after they have taken part in funeral rites.

Marriage (see also CI 35/88)

9.1A Registry office wedding will be followed by a ceremony in local hall. At any reception, accompanying prison officers are likely to be invited to eat with the wedding party.

ABOUT HINDUISM

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THEOLOGY, ORIGINS AND THE NAME

1. Hinduism is the name given to a set of religious traditions, which originated in

India. They are ever growing, over a few millennia. The current name is the one given to their whole pattern of life and culture by outsiders who spotted them on the banks of the river Indus. Hindus do not call their religion by any name. To say what they practice as their mythological as well as spiritual tradition, they use the term "Sanatana Dharma" which means "perennial righteous conduct". At the outset, its emphasis has been threefold -purity of life, devotion to the Almighty and a yearning for the spiritual salvation.

2. If we take into account all the names and forms worshipped by all the Hindus, they are countless. Details of countless Gods and Goddesses fill in the spectacular pantheon of Hindu mythology. Traceable to no one source, Hinduism has numerous prophets and holy books. This means Hindus are a collection of enormous spiritual and religious things accumulated over a long period. Among their scriptures, Vedas are said to be basic because no other book is known to the mankind earlier than the vedas. Subsequently numerous scriptures described to various authors have been the tributaries of one major river, namely Hinduism. Variety is the name to caption its doctrines, beliefs as well as practices. Hinduism shares many things in common with predominant religions of lndia like Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. It is possible to find various sects within Hindu community being parallel to the specific faiths of the world.

3. The central belief of Hinduism is that the truth is one but its nature is manifold. This explains why there are many religions in the world. Consequent to this belief, Hindu followers have no difficulty, nor find any problem in believing in one God and several Gods at the same time.

4. However diversified the practices of Hindus may look, one can perceive a unity in their one character -the tendency to change, to adopt and to assimilate.

5. We also discover many gods/goddesses who are but the embodiment of certain virtues e.g. learning or wisdom or arts is Goddess Saraswati, wealth is Lakshmi, power is Parvati. God is both He and She. The same divinity, which, when in charge of creation is called Lord Brahma (Creator God); while protecting, He is called Vishnu; and termed as Shiva when He is about to destroy the evil world. Apart from its inexhaustible mythological panorama, Hinduism has also a long and living tradition, - of mystic and spiritual enquiry, practiced to attain Godliness. Hinduism respects all notions of God and even no-God. It does not discriminate between religions.

PRACTICES IN THE COMMUNITY

Holy Days 6. If we count all the festivals of the numerous sections of Hinduism, the festivals

are more than 300 in a year. We shall consider eight major festivals among them. Since the Hindu calendar (almanac) is different from the Gregorian calendar, the month of any festival mentioned below is only approximate.

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i) HOLI is the festival of colours. To welcome the spring season, people rejoice by throwing colours at one another. (MARCH).

ii) MAHA SHIVARATRI is celebrated to worship Lord Shiva throughout the night (MARCH).

iii) SRI RAMA NAVANI -The festival to worship Lord Rama (MARCH -APRIL) iv) RAKHEE or RAKSHA BANDHAN celebrated to commemorate the sacred

relationship between brothers and sisters. (AUGUST). v) JANMASHTAMI -Celebration of Lord Krishna's birthday (in midnight)

AUGUST.vi) GANESH POOJA -Worship of Lord Ganesh (Aug -Sept). vii) NAVARATRI -Festival of nine nights to worship Power in order to destroy

the evil (OCTOBER).viii) DIWALl - the festival of lights and welcoming the new year

(NOVEMBER).

Worship

7. Hinduism does not insist upon having faith in God, or of any particular form or name of God. However, a Hindu may be found worshiping a presiding deity (of one's choice) calling it as God or Goddess. The object of meditation may even be the Absolute Reality (Brahman) which has no attribute. The reward of a pooja (worship) could be various, - anything from a material or some abstract thing or even one's liberation from life. Pursuing to realize God 'here and now' is held to be the ultimate ambition of a devotee. To motivate this, Hindu spirituality holds that every soul (spirit) is basically immortal and potentially divine. Threefold paths are mainly laid down to access Divinity. A devotee can choose any of them according to one's convenience. They are:

i) the path of action (Karma Yoga in which the seeker endeavours to relinquish the rewards of one's actions by renouncing all desires).

ii) the path of devotion (Bhakti Marga) in which one prays to god and does the religious practices. and

iii) the path of knowledge (Jnana Marga) or the intellectual approach to spirituality.

8. The place of worship could either be a temple or one’s own home. Both communal (congregation) worship and individual worship are popular among Hindus. There are no rigid canons to be adopted for the course of a Pooja. People adopt various patterns of Pooja, use different prayers from various books. They may pray to any God or Goddess, as their favourite deity for the moment, no matter which temple they are in.

9. The duration of a Pooja could be anything from a few minutes to a large part of a day. The ingredients used in a Pooja (worship) include incense, camphor,

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offering of flowers, fruits or any type of food (normally vegetarian), water, milk etc. The rituals may involve ringing a bell, singing or chanting, holding a lamp (Arti), kneeling down or folding hands etc. Hindus have a wide range of choice of what they can worship -an idol, or a picture of a deity, holy book, a drawing of OM, etc. They may use red powder or white ash or a garland of beads in the course of a prayer or pooja. After the pooja, the congregation usually receives the left overs of food etc as a blessing of the Almighty.

Scriptures or the Sacred Writings

10. Hinduism has a substantial collection of sacred writings which embody all those respected by them, -their beliefs, legends and religious practices. The earliest of them, the Rig Veda, is the first of the four basic books, which record the revelations and continued in a long oral tradition. The Rig Veda is also a record of the earliest language and religion known to mankind. Vedas have mystical hymns, psalms of praise of gods, and the belief in God as manifest in the powers of the elements or spirits of the universe such as wind, fire, water etc. The other Vedas are Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda. These are concerned also with the practical details of the sacrificial rituals, prayers and mantras and details of meditation which are often symbolic. The best known among the later scriptures is the Bhagavadgita (or Gita), meaning the "Song of the Lord". The Gita is a part of the whole text Mahabharata, the Epic of India.

Diet

11. Hindus may eat meat and fish but will not eat beef, and rarely pork. However, vegetarian food may be preferred especially on festivals and sacred days, when killing is not desirable. The decision is of individual choice.

Dress

12. Hindus have no religious code for dress. The traditional dress of an Indian woman is a saree. Normally women cover their entire body when they take part in a religious activity. They may even cover their head with the fringe of their saree etc. In some northern parts of India, it is customary for men also to cover their head with some cloth. Hindus take off their shoes while entering a temple. They keep footwear outside when they participate in a pooja.

Ministry

13. The caste system applies to the social pattern of Hindus especially the social structure in India. A priest or a Pundit belongs to the Brahmins' caste, but not necessarily. Priests are also appointed according to one's education, knowledge or authority in the religious matters. There is no institution or organized hierarchy of priests in Hindu faith as compared to other religions. A priest, either a man or a woman, may have some other job as well. He or she

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leads in the temple and the communal worship, assist in explaining the scriptures etc. and officiates the rites.

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING

Caste System

14. Caste system, as already indicated, refers to the social divisions. It also bears an impact of the belief in the Hindu community, in general, in the cycle of rebirths occurring in consequence to one's deeds. The structure of an exclusive and hierarchical caste system developed into a rigid social structure in medieval India. Hence a person's social and occupational status as well as the potentialities of religious and spiritual career could often be traced to the caste one belonged to. Such a custom is rigid in the rural parts of India, but there are signs of rapid change and reformation thanks to the education and the changes natural for the passing of time. In Britain, the differences are becoming increasingly blurred. A rigid caste-awareness has a say in the restrictions on marriage between castes, on eating and other things of mixing in the matters of social intercourse.

Personal Hygiene

15. Personal hygiene has many ritual practices observed by both men and women. Cleanliness, purity and health-care in food etc. have always been looked on as a priority in the services like a pooja in the Hindu religion. The health-consciousness of Indians also owes to the Ayurveda, the ancient Indian science of medicine which has become the indigenous tradition.

Marriage and Funerals

Marriage

16. Wedding is an auspicious, holy as well as a happy occasion for Hindus. It is a sacrament to mark the sacred contract coming into social recognition between two persons. It is a ceremony celebrated variously according to one's tradition. Arranged marriages are popular within the Hindu community. Consequently, a marriage paves the way for two families to blend. A token dowry may be given in the place of a gift for the son in law.

17. In Britain, a Hindu marriage takes place before a Registrar but will also include a wedding officiated by a priest. The ceremony, which takes place in a temple or a hall, is attended by a large number of invitees. The rituals, which last for an hour, are highly symbolic containing many prayers done through offerings to a holy fire in order to get blessings for a happy, long and fruitful married life.

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Funerals

18. The majority of adult Hindus are cremated. Young children and infants are buried.

19. Following a death, the whole family mourns for 10 days. Sometimes the family members and close relatives may not eat until after the cremation. Several ceremonies take place at and before the cremation. The eldest son of the deceased has major a part to play in them.

20. Before the cremation there are a few rituals to be conducted under the directions of a Hindu priest. Soon after the death, prayers follow throughout the mourning duration of 10 days and again at the crematorium. There is no funeral meal as such.

21. After returning from the crematorium, the family is involved in ritual washing and purifying the residence. Some time after the cremation, the ashes are collected and scattered in some certain places including rivers or a sea and other holy waters.

IslamCorporate worship

Friday prayers (Jum’a)

General

2.1 Friday is the main day of gathering for Muslims and in accordance with Islam, Friday noon prayers are obligatory for every Muslim. It is therefore particularly important that prisons enable Muslim prisoners to attend Friday prayers in accordance with the requirements set out in this annex.

2.2 Women are not obliged, under Islamic teaching, to attend Friday prayer, although they may do so, if they wish.

Timing

2.3 It is essential that the Friday noon prayer takes place within the specified time frame. This time frame differs with the seasons. At the winter solstice (the shortest day of the year) prayer time starts at 12.00 and prayers must be concluded by 13.50 (times in GMT). In summer, the time frame is wider: from 13.10 until 16.55 (times in BST). Between these seasonal times the time allowed for prayers progressively narrows or widens.

2.4 The core of Muslim devotion at Friday prayers lasts about 45 minutes. This comprises:

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10 minutes – for ablutions ( to be ready/seated for the sermon)15 minutes - for the sermon20 minutes - for communal prayers and worship

(In accordance with the Standard on Religion and paragraph 1.19 of Chapter One, all prisoners must have the opportunity to attend weekly corporate worship for a minimum of one hour).

2.5 Copies of prayer timetables are available from the Muslim Adviser’s Office. For local variations, please consult with the Muslim Chaplain or local Mosque.

Ablutions (Ritual washing)

2.7 In accordance with Islamic teaching, ritual washing is required before Muslim prayers. Muslim prisoners should be allowed to have a shower before Friday prayers; this need not be immediately before prayers but can be anytime after sunrise on Friday. Where Muslim prisoners work on Friday mornings in an area that might be classed as unclean (eg as a cleaner or on farms), a shower should be allowed before prayers.

Private worship

3.1 In accordance with Islamic teaching, it is obligatory for Muslims to perform prayer, five times a day (sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset and at night). Timing of the prayers change as the days lengthen and shorten with the seasons. In Summer, the time allowed for prayers is longer.

3.2 The prayers are preceded by ritual washing (ablutions), as preparation. For these daily prayers, Muslims face the direction of Makkah (from Britain this will be South-East).

3.3 Muslims will wish to perform the daily prayers whether they are in their cell, or in work/education. On occasions (particularly in Winter) certain prayers will fall within work/education time and time off should be allowed. Where this happens, a clean, quiet area in or nearby work or education rooms should be provided for the prayer which would normally take about 15 minutes. Muslim prisoners at work or education will also need access to toilets with jugs and washing facilities so that ritual washing may be performed before prayers.

3.4 Muslims require only a prayer mat to pray, and may also wear a prayer cap. Female prisoners will require a scarf to cover their heads for prayer, even if they do not wear one all the time.

Diet4.2 Muslims are only allowed to eat Halal Food. The term “halal” is defined as

that which is permissible under Islamic Law. In the context of meat this means those animals which are permitted to be eaten and which have been slaughtered according to Islamic Law. In particular, halal food must be free from any product or by-product derived from pigs, eg pork, bacon, ham; and

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from all alcohol. The term “haram” defines all that is not permitted under Islamic law.

Religious Observance

Ramadhan

5.1 Ramadhan is the month when Muslims fast, abstaining from food and drink from dawn till sunset. This month is very important in Muslim belief, as it enables Muslims to concentrate on spiritual matters. Fasting at Ramadhan is obligatory for every Muslim who is fit to do so. (Under Islamic law, there are some exemptions from fasting, eg for those who are sick.)

Fasting after Ramadhan

5.12 Under Islamic teaching, there are other times when fasting is strongly recommended for Muslims. Among these times are Mondays and Thursdays of every week, a few each month in the two months heralding the coming of Ramadhan, six days after Ramadhan following Eid al Fitr or any day of any month except the two Eids and Fridays.

5.13 Where Muslims miss one or more days of fasting in Ramadhan, Islamic teaching requires them to make it up after Ramadhan, except on the days mentioned above.

Dates Of Muslim Religious Observance

5.14 Muslims throughout the world observe the following dates, which are considered official holidays and Muslim prisoners must be excused from work.

Eid-ul-Fitr celebration of the ending of Ramadan (fasting period).

Eid-ul-Adha when Muslims remember Prophet Ibrahim’s (pbuh – peace be upon him) acceptance of the Divine command to sacrifice his son Ismail (pbuh).

Miladun-Al-Nabi : The Prophet Mohammed's (pbuh) birthday

Ashura : the day prophet Musa (Moses) and his disciples were liberated from the tyranny of Pharaoh and also the day on which Prophet Mohammad’s grandson Husseien was martyred.

Other festivals The Day of Hijrah: the start of the Islamic Calendar. (The day of migration of Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) from Makkah to Medina.)

Muharram: the 10th day of the first month in the Islamic Calendar

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Al-Isra wa al-Miraj (Ascension) on the 27th of Rajab.(The journey from Medina to the Al-Aqsa Mosque and Ascension to the Heavens by Prophet Mohammad (pbuh).)

Laylat ul-Qadr (Night of Power) on the 27th of Ramadhan. (The last of the 10 nights of Ramadhan)

Shabi Barat on 15th of Shabaan: Change of direction of Qibla from Palestine to Makkah and also the night of Forgiveness.

5.21 The Islamic calendar is based on the lunar year. The start date of the Holy month of Ramadhan and festivals are subject to the sighting of the new moon. Because of this, notification of the precise dates of the start of Ramadhan and the Eid-al-Fitr festival (end of the fasting month) can only be made once the new moon has been sighted. This also means that Muslim festivals fall about eleven days earlier each year. (Notification of the Eid-al-Adha festival later on in the year should be possible ten days in advance as it is based on the 10th day of the month.)

5.22 Notification of precise dates of Ramadhan and of the festivals will be made by the Muslim Advisor’s Office to all establishments. Copies of the timetables for Ramadhan may be obtained from the Muslim Advisor’s Office or from the local Muslim Chaplain. (Please note: there may be a variation of opinion on the starting dates because of the different views held on sighting of the moon; the Muslim Chaplain should also be consulted and his/her advice followed.)

Religious texts and artefacts

6.1 Muslims treat the Holy Qur’an, whether in Arabic or any other language, with great reverence and store it on a high shelf; likewise religious articles are also given reverence.

6.3 Religious items which can be allowed in personal possession are:

the Qur'an and books on Islam which contain special supplications/extracts from the Qur’an, and other religious books that contribute to a better understanding of Islam. For further advice consult the Muslim Chaplain or Muslim Adviser’s office.

Clear plastic pouch - for storage of Qu’ran Prayer mat Small piece of clay from Karbala (Iraq) for head rest – for Shi’a

Muslims only prayer beads - Tasbee Skull cap or turban Scarf and loose clothing to wear during and after prayers - for

female Muslim prisoners Miswak/Salvak stick (small toothbrush size twig for religious and

dental benefits) Plastic jug - for personal hygiene

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Alarm clock - to be used to awaken for morning prayer and Ramadhan

A pendant, which has extracts from the Quran or name of Allah (God).

Musk or Itar – non alcohol perfume in small plastic bottle

Dress

Men

8.1 There are no general requirements except that men cover their heads whilst at prayer. A prayer cap is used during prayers; some Muslim men prefer to wear a cap all the time. Some men may also wear a turban or clothes from the area from which they originate.

8.2 The most important factor for Muslims is that they are required to avoid nakedness from the navel to the knees at all times. Where there is no modesty screen in communal showers, Muslims will wish to wear swimming trunks or a bathing costume.

Women

8.3 Some Muslim women may choose to be veiled at all times while others may choose to wear a headscarf (called the hijab).

Men and Women

8.4 An important item is the taviz or amulet (which may be made of metal or cloth), which may be found tied around the neck or arm. Where this article is worn, it should be respected by staff because of its religious significance.

Personal Hygiene

9.1 Muslims are required to observe high standards of personal hygiene at all times. At certain times it becomes obligatory for a Muslim to take a shower. Washing, following the use of the toilet is required. If facilities are not available, inmates should be able to take a jug of water to the toilet.

9.2 Muslims are required to remove pubic and underarm hair and clip hand and toenails within 40 days. Muslim prisoners will need to have a razor or hair removing cream and nail clippers for this purpose.

9.3 Like many Asian women, Muslim women prefer to be examined by female doctors and would wish to uncover only parts of their body at a time.

Deaths and burials (See also PSO 2710)

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11.2 When death is imminent, family members, or the Muslim leader, will simply recite verses from the Qur’an by the bedside of the dying person; who may if possible repeat the Shahadah. If there is no family member or Muslim Chaplain available, any practising Muslim may be asked to offer help.

11.3 All Muslims are buried. Cremation is forbidden for Muslims. Funeral prayers are read in the Mosque or in the graveyard. The coffin is taken to the Mosque where funeral prayers are said, washing and shrouding of the body are carried out. (Women attend to a female corpse and men to a male corpse). A period of mourning follows.

Annex D (ii)

ABOUT ISLAM

INTRODUCTION

1. Islam is the religion of the Unity/Oneness of Allah (God) and tolerance towards all mankind. As such, Islam stands for purity, peace and complete submission to the will of Allah. A Muslim is one who submits to Allah's Will and sincerely professes the Declaration of Faith (Shahadah) "I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) is His Messenger".

2. Islam has its primary source of teaching and law in the Qur’an. This is the actual message of Allah giving His final statement on the meaning, purpose and conduct of human existence. The Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) during the last twenty-three years of his life, early in the seventh century (CE).

3. A second source of Islamic teaching and law is the Hadith/Sunnah. These are sayings, actions and approvals of the Prophet. Other sources of Islamic law are the consensus [ljma] among scholars and jurists, and interpretations and expositions [Qiyas] of the law.

4. Islamic faith, worship, religious requirements and daily life are enunciated and regulated by sacred laws, called the Shariah that are based on the Qur’an, Hadith, ljma and Qiyas.

5. Worship in Islam has a very wide scope that could be private or communal. Much of this is encapsulated in the five pillars (or fundamental beliefs) of Islam:

Al Shahadah: sincere faith from the heart and verbal testimony that there is none worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad (pbuh) is His Messenger.

The fundamental articles of Islamic belief are:

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i) Faith in Allah and in the Oneness of Allah, the Creator and Sustainer of the Universe.

ii) Belief in all the Prophets and Messengers of Allah, beginning with Adam, including Abraham (Ibrahim), Isaac (Ishaq), Jacob (Yaqub), Moses (Musa), Solomon (Sulaiman), Jesus (Issa), and ending with Muhammad (Peace be upon them all).

iii) Belief in all the Revelations of Allah, concluding with the Qur’aniv) Belief in Angels as servants of Allahv) Belief in Life after Death and the Day of Judgementvi) Belief in the accountability of humans for their own actions

Salah: praying five times a day, before sunrise, noon, late afternoon, sunset and late evening, is essential. Obligatory ritual washing precedes prayer. Preferably prayer will be performed in congregation in the Mosque led by the Imam, but when this is not possible a Muslim can pray almost anywhere, wherever it is clean and quiet. During prayer, Muslims face towards Makkah ( in Saudi Arabia), which from Britain is generally in the Southeast direction.

Zakah: a specific obligatory contribution that is to be used primarily for the poor and needy.

Sawm - fasting during the month of Ramadan. The Muslim abstains totally from food, drink, smoking and sexual relations between dawn and sunset, as a form of discipline, a means for helping one to observe Allah’s instruction, and as an expression of thanksgiving. A Muslim may be exempt from fasting if he/she is ill, but must make up for the days missed when recovered, unless he/she suffers from an incurable disease then s/he can feed one poor person in lieu of every fasting day.

Hajj - pilgrimage to Makkah. All Muslims who can afford it must make this pilgrimage at least once in a lifetime. Muslims visit sacred sites in and around Makkah and Madinah (in Saudi Arabia).

Sacred Writings

6. The Holy Qur’an is the Muslims’ most Sacred book. It contains the precise message from Allah revealed through the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), written down without alteration, in the words in which it was revealed. It is the final source of guidance on the whole meaning, purpose and conduct of human existence.

7. An additional source of guidance is found in Hadith (traditions) containing words of advice and acts (Sunnah) of Muhammad (PBUH). There are various books of Hadith of which Bukhari and Muslim are the most famous.

Ministry

8. There is no ordained priesthood or centralised authority in Islam since the individual's bond with Allah is direct and needs no intermediary. In Britain,

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most Mosques will have an Imam in charge responsible for leading prayers, teaching and performing religious functions. Any Muslim knowledgeable of the Qur’an can, however, lead the prayers. An Imam is normally present at religious events such as marriage, death and burial.

Other beliefs

10. Guidance on the rights and obligations of every Muslim within the family is given in the Qur’an. Marriage and the raising of children are fundamental to the Muslim life and are the religious duty of all Muslims. In Islam, marriage is a civil contract and is a mutual agreement, made between the man and the woman before Allah and witness by Muslims. Marriage encompasses religious, practical and social, legal and economic aspects of family life. All family members have responsibilities to care for any elderly and relative who is ill.

11. Sexual morality is strict to ensure protection of the family and community and the sexes are segregated after puberty. am does not call for suppression of sexual desire, but encourages marriage. Those who do not marry are advised to protect themselves from sinful indulgence.

The Shi’a School of Thought on Islam

12. The majority of the world’s Muslims belong to the Sunni school of thought but the largest minority within Islam are Shi’a Muslims. The Shi’a differ with their Sunni brethren on the question of the succession to the Holy Prophet Muhammad, maintaining that Imam Ali, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, was appointed by the Prophet by divine command to succeed him. Imam Ali, according to Shi’a belief, was the first of a succession of 12 Imams, the last of whom is Imam Mahdi (the son of the 11th Imam) who is believed to be in a state of occultation.

13. The Shi’a like all Muslims, believe that the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was the FINAL MESSENGER AND PROPHET sent by God to mankind, and therefore after him, no one has the right to claim to be a prophet or messenger. The Holy Qur’an is the same for both Shi’a and Sunni Muslims.

14. Shi’a and Sunni Muslims do not differ on major common practices, such as the obligatory five daily prayers, fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, Hajj and payment of Zakat (alms). However, Shi’a Muslims usually join the noon and afternoon prayers (although they can pray them separately at different times, like the Sunnis). Similarly, they also usually join the sunset and evening prayers. There are slight variations in terms of ritual and practice, particularly with regard to marriage and death.

15. Shi’a Muslim commemorate ‘Ashura, an annual mourning commemoration in remembrance of the Prophet’s grandson, Imam Husayn, who was martyred. Arba’een (40 days after ‘Ashura) is also a day of mourning.

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JudaismCorporate Worship 

2.1 The Sabbath (Shabbat), the most important of Jewish holy days is observed weekly

from sunset on Friday until nightfall on Saturday. It is set apart from the rest of the

week for worship, rest and peace. The devout Jew does not work or transact

business on the Sabbath.

Private worship

3.1 Regular and frequent prayer is an essential part of Jewish daily life. Jews may pray

whenever they wish, but for the devout there are three set occasions for prayer:

morning, afternoon and evening. The head is covered during prayer with an ordinary

hat or skullcap (yarmulke or kippah). In the morning a prayer shawl (talith) is worn

and on weekdays phylacteries (tefillin) may be worn. The tefillin are black leather

boxes containing four passages of scripture, which are strapped to the forehead and

left upper arm. The Shema (Deuteronomy 6. v.4.6) is recited morning and evening.

The Orthodox Jew may continue to cover his head throughout the day as a sign of

reverence to God. Married women cover their heads at prayer.

  

RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS

4.1 There are a number of religious festivals found within the Torah that are observed

within Judaism following similar practices as for the Sabbath. All begin at sunset of

the previous day and end at nightfall the following day(s).

 

4.2 The Jewish calendar is lunar, but to keep in step with the Gregorian calendar, leap

months are intercalated (ie inserted) at regular intervals since the festivals are tied to

the agricultural seasons. Observant Jews do not work on the major Jewish festivals,

but rather, worship together on these days.

 

MAJOR FESTIVALS

Rosh Hashanah (New Year) (September/October)

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4.5 The Jewish year begins in late September/early October with Rosh Hashanah, the

New Year Festival, which lasts 2 days. For Jews, this is a time of divine judgement in

which the fate of the world in the coming year is determined. Jews repent of their

sins, the ram's horn (shofar) is sounded to remind them of their shortcomings and a

call to spiritual awareness. It is also a time to eat sweet foods as a symbol of the

good year to come and to greet relatives and friends. The period between New Year

and Atonement is a time of soul searching and penitence, culminating in Yom Kippur,

the Day of Atonement. The Jewish date for the New Year falls on 1st and 2nd of

Tishri.

Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) (September/October)This is the most solemn day in the Jewish calendar: a day of fasting, devoted to

prayer and worship, seeking atonement (ie 'at one' with God) from God for past sins.

The Jewish date is 10th Tishri.

 Tabernacles (Sukkot) (September/October) 

4.8 This occurs five days after Yom Kippur. It is primarily a Harvest Festival, but linked

with the exodus of the Children of Israel from Egypt. For the period of the festival,

Jews live in a little shack or booth (sukkah) covered with branches and remember the

time that their Israelite ancestors wandered through the wilderness after the exodus

protected only by the mercy of God. The Jewish date is 15th to 23rd Tishri.

 

Rejoicing of the Torah (Simchat Torah) (September/October)

4.9 Tabernacles concludes with the festival of Shemini Atzeret on 22nd Tishri and

Simchat Torah on 23rd Tishri. Simchat Torah is a particularly joyous occasion with

special appeal to children. It commemorates the conclusion of the reading of the

Torah in the Synagogue.

 

Pesach: the Festival of Passover (March/April) 4.10 Pesach is the Festival of the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, also known as the

Feast of Unleavened Bread, remembering the period when in their haste to leave

Egypt they only had time to make bread without yeast. The staple food eaten during

Passover is unleavened bread (matzah). On the first two nights a ritual ceremony

(Seder) is held, a tradition maintained even among Jews who do not keep up with

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other Jewish traditions. Orthodox Jews will possess a completely separate set of

kitchen and tableware for Passover. The Jewish date is 15th to 22nd Nisan.

 

4.11 For Passover, the first two and last two days are full festival days on which Jews do

not work; on the intermediate days, however, most Jews would normally work.

Pentecost (Shavuot) (May/June) 

4.12 This is celebrated seven weeks after Passover and lasts 2 days. It is known as the

Festival of Weeks because it is held seven weeks after Passover and commemorates

the giving of the Ten Commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai. It used to be

associated with the harvests of Israel when people brought to the Temple the first

crops of barley, wheat and fruit. Most synagogues today are still decorated with

flowers and plants in thanksgiving to God. The Jewish date is 6th and 7th Sivan.

 

MINOR FESTIVALS 

The Festival of Dedication (or of Lights) (Chanukah)

4.13 This is a minor festival commemorating the victory of the Maccabees over Antiochus

of Syria in the 2nd Century BC in preservation of their faith and lasts for eight days.

On each night an extra candle is lit in the eight-branched candelabrum (menorah)

until all eight candles are burning. The Jewish date is 25th Kislev. Where the Jewish

Chaplain or another member of staff is present, Chanukah candles may be kindled

(lit) in the Chapel or multi faith room.

Feast of Esther (or lots) (Purim) 

4.14 This carnival-like festival commemorates how the Jews of the Persian Empire were

saved from the villainous Haman as recounted in the Book of Esther. It is a joyful

festival with parties, presents to the poor and fancy- dress parades. The Jewish date

is 14th Adar. The Jewish Chaplain may wish to attend to read the Megilah; this

involves bringing in a parchment scroll of the Book of Esther and chanting it aloud to

the prisoners. Some prisoners would read it themselves. This takes about 30 – 40

minutes.

 

Tishah B'Av

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4.15 This is a fasting day, and tragic day of mourning commemorating the

destruction of the Temple in 586 BC and again in 70 AD. The Jewish date is 9th Av.

Orthodox prisoners may wish to fast for a period of 25 hours starting the night before.

DIET

5.1 Food eaten by Orthodox Jews is determined by strict adherence to the Jewish

dietary laws. Some Jews will observe the dietary requirements only partially or

reject them completely, as in the case of some Reform Jews, although many will

tend to eat kosher- style food developed from traditional cuisine.

 

Dress and hygiene

6.1 Orthodox Jews will, and non-Orthodox Jews may, wish to wear skull caps (kippah)

and prayer shawls for private and corporate worship. Some of each group may wish

to wear the cap at all times. Some Jewish male prisoners may wish to wear the tzitzit,

a four cornered garment with wool fringes attached.

6.2 Jewish dress varies greatly. Some men often have their heads covered and some

married women cover their hair.

 

6.3 Some Jews (especially Orthodox) observe hand washing rituals on rising and before

meals.

 Funerals 10.1 There are no special rites for a dying person. However a prisoner of the Jewish faith

should not die alone.  

10.2 In accordance with religious practice, delay in burial is prohibited, and subject to the

Coroner’s permission arrangements for burial should be made immediately after

death occurs. The prisoner's family and the Jewish Chaplain should be consulted

concerning preparation for burial. Orthodox Jews are always buried in a Jewish

cemetery. Non-Orthodox Jews are normally buried. Reform Judaism does not object

to cremation. Unless accompanying officers themselves are Jewish, they will not be

expected to take any part in the service. After the funeral, special mourning rites are

observed by the bereaved, ie children, spouse, brothers and sisters. These last for

seven days and take place at home, often where the deceased used to live.

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PART 2: GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT JUDAISM Theology

1. Judaism, the religion of the Jewish people, has, at its heart an underlying premise,

the belief that there exists only one indivisible God who is the Creator and ruler of the

universe and all that is in it; transcendent and eternal, knowing and seeing

everything.

 

2. God has revealed the Law (Torah) to his specially appointed people, the Jews, which

on the one hand forms the central part of the particularistic covenant, or bond, between

them. On the other hand the Torah contains a message from God to humanity,

mediated through the Jewish prophets but of universal validity. Through Abraham, the

biblical patriarch, the Jewish faith was given its first expression and the blessing and

inheritance from God to the Jewish people, especially the promise of the land, Israel,

that maintains a central place in Jewish thought and practice.

3. The essence of the Jewish faith is contained in a prayer called the Shema, which is

found in the Torah and recited daily by the devout Jew: it begins:

“ Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord: and you shall love the Lord your God

with all your heart, and with all your soul and with all your might. And these words which

I command you this day shall be upon your heart".

(Deuteronomy, Chapter 6. verses 4-6)

 

4. The basic doctrines and tenets of Judaism concerning its beliefs, philosophy, law and

ritual are contained in the Torah (which means “teaching”), the five law books of

Moses (the Pentateuch) which are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and

Deuteronomy.

5. The Jewish Bible consists of three parts: the Torah, the Prophets and the Writings.

  The Torah consists of the five lawbooks of Moses (the Pentateuch): Genesis,

Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

The Prophets are divided into two sections: early Prophets -Joshua, Judges, Kings.

Samuel, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel; later Prophets include the twelve minor

Prophets - Amos, Hosea, Micah, and others.

 

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The Writings are a variety of books including the Psalms, Proverbs, Ruth, Esther,

Daniel, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, etc.

The Talmud explains the laws written in the Torah.

6 The detailed interpretation and explanation of the law written in the Torah is found in the

Talmud and covers the many aspects of Jewish life and thought including laws about

agriculture, festivals, marriage and divorce, civil and criminal laws and the laws

concerning food and drink.

Different groups within Judaism

 

7. Within Judaism there are a number of different groupings based on common ancestry,

religious identification and mutual concern. In each of these groups there are variations

in respect to religious belief and practice, ritual observances, lifestyles and degree of

acculturation.

Orthodox Judaism is the traditionalist approach which believes that a complete revelation

of God's eternal will has been conveyed through the Bible and Rabbinic law and

therefore is fully authoritative.

Conservative Judaism emphasises and is committed to the historical elements of the

Jewish tradition, but with adjustment and change in response to theological and ritual

concepts as objects of continuing and evolving change.

Reform Judaism holds to an historical religious experience inspired by the

progressive revelation of God's will for each generation emphasising ethical concepts

rather than ritual Law.

  In Reform congregations, women play an active part in synagogue management and

in some cases act as full-time Rabbis or Cantors.

The synagogue8. In a synagogue, a minimum of 10 adult male worshippers must be present for a

service to take place. There are many variations in form and customs in synagogues

reflecting the particular religious views of the congregations. In Orthodox

synagogues, men and women sit separately but in Reform synagogues mixed

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seating is normal. The ritual and participants also vary accordingly. In Orthodox services, the

men wear their skull-caps, talliths and tefillin with the women seated in the galleries. In

Reform services women share the conduct of the service.

9. A synagogue can be a simple room and contain the two main items of the ark and

bimah. The ark is a decorated cupboard or cabinet to contain the scrolls on which the

Jewish Law, the Torah, is written. The bimah is simply a raised platform with a

reading desk on which the scrolls are placed when read aloud during worship. A

menorah, the seven-branched candlestick, and a lighted lamp hanging near the ark

are normally installed. All these items can be portable. Normally a Rabbi (teacher)

and Cantor or Reader lead the worship, but any layperson can officiate in their

absence.

10. The synagogue is, however, a totally lay institution and therefore any adult male Jew

may lead the prayers, read from the Torah and perform other synagogue rituals.

11. Jews will attend the synagogue for corporate worship services, which are held at the

onset of the Sabbath on Friday, and on Saturday morning afternoon and evening at

the termination of the Sabbath. The observant Jew does not work or travel on the

Sabbath.

Aspects of social functioning12. A child is considered a Jew if born of a Jewish mother.

Circumcision 13. Boys are normally circumcised on the 8th day after birth and are then given a Hebrew

name.

Age 14. Until the age of twelve for a girl and thirteen for a boy, a child is regarded as a minor.

After instruction in Jewish religious law and the Hebrew language, the child at the

age of twelve or thirteen is regarded as an adult. This is marked by the ceremonies

of a Bar Mitzvah for a boy and a Bat Mitzvah for a girl.

 

15. Old age is given great respect in Judaism. Children have a duty to honour and look

after their parents. In established Jewish communities old people's homes are often

well endowed to provide a comfortable and Jewish atmosphere.

The Jewish Home  

16. The Jewish home is the centre of Jewish life and ritual. Traditionally the Jewish

family will fix a mezuzah (a small parchment scroll on which is written the first two

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paragraphs of the Shema and contained in a metal case) to each doorway of their

home. A traditional Jewish home may have a plaque on a wall facing Jerusalem,

known in the west as mizrach (ie.'east').

 

17. On Sabbaths and festivals the family endeavour to eat their meals together, which

are accompanied by benedictions and hymn singing. Before food is eaten, their

hands should be ritually washed as they are on rising in the morning. A number of

other ritual observances are customary in the Orthodox Jewish home. Life is

structured around religious observances, which affect both family and individuals.

Diet 

18. Jewish dietary laws prohibit the eating of all animals which do not have cloven hoof

and chew the cud, all birds which are birds of prey and all sea creatures which do not

have fins and scales. Food which can be eaten is known as kosher. To be Kosher,

animals must be religiously slaughtered, certain parts removed and the meat salted

to remove the blood before it can be eaten. Kosher fowl (not birds of prey) must also

be slaughtered and dressed in the prescribed manner.

 

19. Meat and dairy products cannot be cooked, served or eaten together. Milk products

may not be eaten with or immediately after meat products; an interval of time

depending on the custom of the community must elapse between meat and milk.

Meat products, on the other hand, may be eaten after milk products, after a short

interval.

 

20. Fish (kosher if with scales and fins) does not require special preparation. Fish can be

eaten with dairy products, if prepared with non-meat shortening or if broiled.

 

21. Fish, meat, milk and their products, eggs, fats, oil and shortenings are all considered

kosher only if derived from the above-mentioned animals or from plants and

vegetables.

 

22. Utensils used for the preparation and serving of non-kosher food may not be used for

kosher food or vegetables. Separate utensils are used for meat and milk foods.

 

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23. During the eight days of Passover, Jews do not eat leavened products nor would

they wish to touch any leavened products. Instead they eat special foods including

matzos (unleavened bread).

 

Marriage and Funerals

Marriage 

24. Marriage signifies the setting up of a new family -the family being the basic unit of

Jewish ritual. It is a holy thing instituted by God and it reminds the Jew that the home

is a sanctuary in which God dwells. Judaism does not accept marriage with a non-

Jewish spouse, and marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew cannot be performed.

The ceremony is called Kiddushin, meaning 'to be holy', and takes place usually in a

synagogue. The legal essentials are that the Secretary for Marriages of the

Synagogue is present as a witness and registrar.

 

25. An essential part of the service is the act of marriage contracts and vows, which take

place under the marriage canopy. Men must have their heads covered at all times.

During the ceremony under the canopy there are 2 occasions in which the bride and

bridegroom drink wine as prayers are said. The marriage service lasts about 30

minutes.

Funerals

26. Orthodox Jews are always buried; burial should be in a Jewish cemetery. Reform

Judaism does not object to the practice of cremation. The ceremony will last about

one hour and include prayers in Hebrew and a sermon in English. All male mourners

will be expected to put three shovels of earth into the grave. All must keep their

heads covered: both men and women can attend. It is essential for the sons of the

deceased to be present and to recite a special prayer (Kaddish). Next-of-kin

undergo an intense period of official mourning for the first week after the burial. The

mourning then decreases in intensity during the next 12 months.

PART 2: ABOUT JUDAISM

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Theology1. Judaism, the religion of the Jewish people, has, at its heart an underlying

promise, the belief that there exists only one indivisible God who is the Creator and ruler of the universe and all that is in it; transcendent and eternal, knowing and seeing everything.

1. God has revealed the Law (Torah) to his specially appointed people, the Jews, which on the one hand forms the central part of the particularistic covenant, or bond, between them. On the other hand the Torah contains a message from God to humanity, mediated through the Jewish prophets but of universal validity. Through Abraham, the biblical patriarch, the Jewish faith was given its first expression and the blessing and inheritance from God to the Jewish people, especially the promise of the land, Israel, that maintains a central place in Jewish thought and practice.

3. The essence of the Jewish faith is contained in a prayer called the Shema, which is found in the Torah and recited daily by the devout Jew: it begins:

“ Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord: and you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul and with all your might. And these words which I command you this day shall be upon your heart".

(Deuteronomy, Chapter 6. verses 4-6)

4. The basic doctrines and tenets of Judaism concerning its beliefs, philosophy, law and ritual are contained in the Torah (which means “teaching”), the five law books of Moses (the Pentateuch) which are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

5. The Jewish Bible consists of three parts: the Torah, the Prophets and the Writings.

The Torah consists of the five lawbooks of Moses (the Pentateuch): Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

The Prophets are divided into two sections: early Prophets -Joshua, Judges, Kings. Samuel, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel; later Prophets include the twelve minor Prophets - Amos, Hosea, Micah, and others.

The Writings are a variety of books including the Psalms, Proverbs, Ruth, Esther, Daniel, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, etc. The Talmud explains the laws written in the Torah.

6 The detailed interpretation and explanation of the law written in the Torah is found in the Talmud and covers the

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many aspects of Jewish life and thought including laws about agriculture, festivals, marriage and divorce, civil and criminal laws and the laws concerning food and drink.

Different groups within Judaism

7. Within Judaism there is a number of different groupings based on common ancestry, religious identification and mutual concern. In each of these groups there are variations in respect to religious belief and practice, ritual observances, lifestyles and degree of acculturation.

Orthodox Judaism is the traditionalist approach which believes that a complete revelation of God's eternal will has been conveyed through the Bible and Rabbinic law and therefore is fully authoritative.

Conservative Judaism emphasises and is committed to the historical elements of the Jewish tradition, but with adjustment and change in response to theological and ritual concepts as objects of continuing and evolving change.

Reform Judaism holds to an historical religious experience inspired by the progressive revelation of God's will for each generation emphasising ethical concepts rather than ritual Law.

In Reform congregations, women play an active part in synagogue management and in some cases act as full-time Rabbis or Cantors.

The synagogue

8. In a synagogue, a minimum of 10 adult male worshippers must be present for a service to take place. There are many variations in form and customs in synagogues reflecting the particular religious views of the congregations. In Orthodox synagogues, men and women sit separately but in Reform synagogues mixed seating is normal. The ritual and participants also vary accordingly. In Orthodox services, the men wear their skull-caps, talliths and tefillin with the women seated in the galleries. In Reform services women share the conduct of the service.

9. A synagogue can be a simple room and contain the two main items of the ark and bimah. The ark is a decorated cupboard or cabinet to contain the scrolls on which the Jewish Law, the Torah, is written. The bimah is simply a raised platform with a reading desk on which the scrolls are placed when read aloud during worship. A menorah, the seven-branched candlestick, and a lighted lamp hanging near the ark are normally installed. All these items can be portable. Normally a Rabbi (teacher) and Cantor or Reader lead the worship, but any layperson can officiate in their absence.

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10. The synagogue is, however, a totally lay institution and therefore any adult male Jew may lead the prayers, read from the Torah and perform other synagogue rituals.

11. Jews will attend the synagogue for corporate worship services, which are held at the onset of the Sabbath on Friday, and on Saturday morning afternoon and evening at the termination of the Sabbath. The observant Jew does not work or travel on the Sabbath.

Aspects of social functioning

12. A child is considered a Jew if born of a Jewish mother.

Circumcision

13. Boys are normally circumcised on the 8th day after birth and are then given a Hebrew name.

Age

14. Until the age of twelve for a girl and thirteen for a boy, a child is regarded as a minor. After instruction in Jewish religious law and the Hebrew language, the child at the age of twelve or thirteen is regarded as an adult. This is marked by the ceremonies of a Bar Mitzvah for a boy and a Bat Mitzvah for a girl.

15. Old age is given great respect in Judaism. Children have a duty to honour and look after their parents. In established Jewish communities old people's homes are often well endowed to provide a comfortable and Jewish atmosphere.

The Jewish Home

16. The Jewish home is the centre of Jewish life and ritual. Traditionally the Jewish family will fix a mezuzah (a small parchment scroll on which is written the first two paragraphs of the Shema and contained in a metal case) to each doorway of their home. A traditional Jewish home may have a plaque on a wall facing Jerusalem, known in the west as mizrach (ie.'east').

17. On Sabbaths and festivals the family endeavour to eat their meals together, which are accompanied by benedictions and hymn singing. Before food is eaten, their hands should be ritually washed as they are on rising in the morning. A number of other ritual observances are customary in the Orthodox Jewish home. Life is structured around religious observances, which affect both family and individuals.

Diet

18. Jewish dietary laws prohibit the eating of all animals which do not have cloven hoof and chew the cud, all birds which are birds of prey and all sea creatures which do not have fins and scales. Meat which can be eaten is known as kosher. To be Kosher, animals must be religiously slaughtered, certain parts

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removed and the meat salted to remove the blood before it can be eaten. Kosher fowl (not birds of prey) must also be slaughtered and dressed in the prescribed manner.

19. Meat and dairy products cannot be cooked, served or eaten together. Milk products may not be eaten with or immediately after meat products; an interval of time depending on the custom of the community must elapse between meat and milk. Meat products, on the other hand, may be eaten after milk products, after a short interval.

20. Fish (kosher if with scales and fins) does not require special preparation. Fish can be eaten with dairy products, if prepared with non-meat shortening or if broiled.

22. Fish, meat, milk and their products, eggs, fats, oil and shortenings are all considered kosher only if derived from the above-mentioned animals or from plants and vegetables.

22. Utensils used for the preparation and serving of non-kosher food may not be used for kosher food or vegetables. Separate utensils are used for meat and milk foods.

24. During the eight days of Passover, Jews do not eat leavened products (ie without yeast), nor would they wish to touch any leavened products. Instead they eat special foods including matzos (unleavened bread).

Marriage and Funerals

Marriage

24. Marriage signifies the setting up of a new family -the family being the basic unit of Jewish ritual. It is a holy thing instituted by God and it reminds the Jew that the home is a sanctuary in which God dwells. Judaism does not accept marriage with a non-Jewish spouse, and marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew cannot be performed in a synagogue. The ceremony is called Kiddushin, meaning 'to be holy', and takes place usually in a synagogue. A convenient room is also acceptable as the legal essentials are that the Secretary for Marriages of the Synagogue is present as a witness and registrar.

25. Jewish marriage ceremonies are usually held in a synagogue but can also take place in a hall or hotel before the Secretary for Marriages of the synagogue. An essential part of the service is the act of marriage contracts and vows, which take place under the marriage canopy. Men must have their heads covered at all times. During the ceremony under the canopy there are 2 occasions in which the bride and bridegroom drink wine as prayers are said. The marriage service lasts about 50 minutes.

Funerals

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26. Orthodox Jews are always buried; burial should be in a Jewish cemetery. Reform Judaism does not object to the practice of cremation. The ceremony will last about one hour and include prayers in Hebrew and a sermon in English. All male mourners will be expected to put three shovels of earth into the grave. All must keep their heads covered: both men and women can attend. There is no special part for the eldest son to play, although he should be present. Next-of-kin undergo an intense period of official mourning for the first week after the burial. The mourning then decreases in intensity during the next 12 months.

Sikhism

Corporate Worship

2.1 In the Sikh faith, corporate worship can take place on any day. A Multi-faith Prayer Room or any quiet room set aside for this purpose is acceptable. The Sikh Chaplain should be consulted and may wish to lead worship, although worship may be led by any knowledgeable Sikh acceptable to the group and the Sikh Chaplain. Paragraphs 2.38 to 2.40 of Chapter 2 provide further instructions and guidance on corporate worship where the relevant faith chaplain is not available.

2.2 A typical Sikh service consists mainly of reading scriptures (Gurbani) and singing hymns (Kirtan) from the Guru Granth Sahib, followed by a religious discourse on divine name and the concluding corporate prayer Ardas (supplication). Then a random reading of a passage from the Guru Granth Sahib (Hukum Nama) which is considered the message of the day. The service concludes with sharing of holy food.

2.3 This sharing of food specially prepared and blessed at the Gurdwara (temple) kitchen is an important and integral part of communal worship. The food is known as Langar (a vegetarian meal), which symbolises equality and Kara Prashad (a specially blessed sweetmeat). In the Sikh tradition this practice is an essential part of worship, uniting the prisoner congregation with the local Sikh congregation in the Gurdwara.

Religious Festivals (Gurpurb)

4.1 Sikhs throughout the world celebrate the following festivals; they are festivals on which prisoners of the Sikh faith are entitled to be excused from work.

Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh (in December/January)

Vaisakhi: Khalsa Initiation (April)

Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev (June)

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Birthday of Guru Nanak (November)

Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (November)

4.2 Other Sikh Festivals, which do not require prisoners to be excused from work are:

First reading of Guru Granth Sahib (September)

Formal Installation of Guru Granth as Guidance for Sikhs (October)

Bandi Chor or Diwali (October)On this day Guru Hargobind Sahib (6th Guru) was released from Gwalior fort by the Mugal Emperor Jahangir. He successfully insisted that 52 Hindu princes also falsely imprisoned, also be released. Sikhs celebrate this day by worship and prayers of thanksgiving at the Gurdwara and by fireworks. This day coincides with the Hindu Festival of Lights (Diwali)

Hola Mohalla (February/March)This was introduced in 1680 by Guru Gobind Singh to replace the Hindu festival of Holi. It is a spring festival “Mela” when Sikhs engage in Gatka (martial art and related sport activities).

Details of these and all other religious festivals are published annually in a PSI.

Sikh Names

5.1 A Sikh's given name or first name can be given to male or female (eg Mohinder, Surinder, Davinder, Ranjit, Hardeep).

5.2 A Sikh family name or surname will be a religious surname in accordance to the Sikh Code of Conduct. Guru Gobind Singh has made it obligatory for male followers call themselves Singh (Lion) and female followers to call themselves Kaur (Princess) eg Mohinder Singh, Ranjit Kaur.

5.3 Upon initiation males take the name Singh and females take the name Kaur. At this time the Sikh person vows to avoid alcohol, tobacco and drugs and devote themselves to prayer and living in harmony.

5.4 However, many Sikhs also use an additional family name as well as Singh or Kaur eg Mohinder Gill, Harbans Sahota.

Amrit: initiated Sikhs

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6.1 Amritdharis (Initiated) members of the Khalsa will wear the "Five Ks" and additionally men will wear a turban. When a man enters prison without long hair, beard and turban he cannot claim to be among the Amritdhari (initiated), since once the hair is cut he must go through the process of Amrit again.

6.2 Consideration should be given to baptism (Amrit) being administered in prison where this is requested by a Sikh prisoner and after consultation with the Sikh Chaplain.

6.3 Sikh prisoners will have their own turban. The turban is generally about 5 yards long and 45 inches wide and should cover the hair on the head completely with the tops of the ears customarily under the turban. Great care and sensitivity should be exercised in searching a turban (see Chapter 2: security issues)

6.4 There are 5 K's by which initiated male Sikhs can be recognised. These are:

Kesh (uncut hair): tied in a knot and kept tidy symbolising spirituality and obedience in accepting God’s Will.

Kangha (comb): to keep the hair neat and clean symbolising cleanliness and discipline.

Kirpan (Sword): for prisoners this will be a symbolic one; they are allowed to have a representation of a kirpan inlaid in metal on the comb (khanga).

Kacha (Shorts): An inmate may request to wear specially made shorts and if he has his own he should be allowed to wear them and to wash them himself.

Kara steel bracelet. A thin version may be worn which is usually obtainable from the local Sikh community.

6.5 A prisoner who wishes to move towards keeping one or more of the Five Ks should be permitted to do so after consultation with the Sikh Chaplain who will discuss this with the prisoner.

6.6 Sikh prisoners may be permitted a special letter to write off for a Kara (bracelet) and Kanga (comb) which may be acquired from private cash or earnings or sent in to him.

Diet

7.1 Many Sikhs are vegetarians by choice. Those who do eat meat are prohibited from eating halal and kosher meat.

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7.2 If it is not possible to know what meat is being served or the type of cooking oil used, many Sikhs will stick to vegetarian food. Because of the Indian subcontinent origin of Sikhism, many Sikhs will not eat beef.

Dress and hygiene

8.1 The majority of Sikh men will wear western clothes with a turban. Initiated Sikhs, (Khalsa), will always have the five symbols, while others may wear one or more of the Sikh Symbols.

8.2 Most women will wish to wear a salwar kameez (salwar: trousers, kameez: shirt) or sari and a chunni or dupattah (long scarf). Wedding bangles and rings have the same significance as British wedding rings and should be treated accordingly.

8.3 Like many Asian women, Sikh women prefer to be examined by female doctors and would wish to uncover only parts of their body at a time.On hygiene generally, there are no special requirements, though Sikhs, like many Asian people, prefer showers to baths.

Artefacts

Gutka/Nitnem - (a prayer book) extracts from the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy book. Copies are available from Chaplaincies.

Turban - Worn by initiated Sikhs

Khanga - (comb) to keep hair neat and clean symbolising cleanliness and discipline.

Kara - (Steel bracelet). Only a very thin version may be worn in prisons; this is usually obtainable through the local Sikh community.

Kacchera - (shorts or underpants)

Kirpan - (small sword); prisoners are allowed to have the representation of a kirpan inlaid in metal on the comb.

Sikh Holy Book - the Guru Granth Sahib. Any requests to bring in this Holy Book need to be discussed with the Sikh Chaplain.

Marriage

10.1 The marriage ceremony is considered a sacred institution and an essential component of a couple’s social and religious life.

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10.2 The Sikh marriage is not regarded as a social contract but a spiritual state. Living in this world and discharging family duties is advocated as the Sikh way of life. Sikhs go through a civil marriage ceremony but consider it incomplete until the marriage is solemnised under the auspices of the Sikh Religious Order. Today most Gurdwaras in UK are registered for civil marriages. Therefore, the couple can have their religious marriage and civil marriage at the same time. The marriage takes place in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib preferably at the Gurdwara.

Death

11.1 A devout Sikh who is dying may receive comfort from reading hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib. If the inmate cannot recite the hymns himself, a family member or reader (granthi) may read them instead. Any practising Sikh can be asked to help.

11.2 All Sikhs, including the stillborn or babies who die within a few hours of birth, are cremated. After death the body is washed and dressed in new clothes (with the Panj Kakar (the Five Ks) if one is initiated). The coffin is brought to the family home where relatives and friends get a last glimpse of the body. Prayers are said followed by Ardas (supplication). Family members help to place the coffin in the hearse for the journey to the crematorium.

11.3 Traditionally the eldest son or other close relative lights the pyre (in UK crematoriums this is done by pressing the button). After cremation everyone returns to the Gurdwara for final prayer. The ashes are later collected and scattered in a river or in the sea. Some Sikhs wish to have the ashes taken back to India – their birth place.

Annex F (ii)

ABOUT SIKHISM

INTRODUCTION

1. The Sikh religion preached by the Ten Gurus is strictly monotheistic requiring belief in one Supreme God. From the birth of its founder, Guru Nanak (1469), to the death of Guru Gobind Singh (1708) the father of the Khalsa, there was a period of 239 short years.

2. Sikhism is a way of life shown to mankind by the ten Sikh Gurus. Each succeeding Guru was believed to be NANAK himself with the spirit of Nanak descending in every one of them but in different physical garb. Sikhism is a practical religion teaching mankind not how to avoid evil but how it is to be met and overcome. Sikhs believe that every human soul possesses the potentiality of perfection and is capable of attaining direct union with God.

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3. Guru Gobind Singh’s introduction of the Amrit Sanskar (initiation ceremony), established the Khalsa (the pure), which gave the Sikhs their unique and distinct identity. With the creation of the Khalsa and its code of ethics, Guru Gobind Singh made Sikhism complete in itself and quite distinctive from Hinduism, Islam and other world faiths.

4. Guru Nanak’s composition of Japji is the essence of the whole teaching of the Sikh Gurus. The Hymn starts with Mool antar – the root foundation of the Sikh faith, on attributes of God and emphasis on Holy name:

“There is One God; The Supreme Truth; the Creator;Without fear or enmity; timeless;Beyond birth and death; self created;Realised through God’s grace.”

5. In order for Mankind to realise the true destiny of living eternally with God, in this present life it is necessary to meditate upon and to repeat Nam Simran or Nam Japna (God’s name); to share one's earnings with the poor (Wand Chakna) and to earn ones living by honest labour (Kirat Karni).

6. Human souls are freed from the suffering resulting from physical existence and attachment to material things by living according to God's will. The law of Karma accords reward and punishment for all man’s thoughts and deeds and determines the cycle of rebirth. For the soul to be released from the cycle of rebirth and suffering and to merge with God. Release or Mukhti can be achieved through the Grace of God. God’s grace is available to those who seek to lead honest lives; having faith in God, doing His Will serving others (Sewa); living in peace and being tolerant of the ways and beliefs of other people. A soul without God’s grace is lost in the wilderness of egoism and passionate desire and is unable to win its way from that misery to God’s company where there is Peace and Joy – the ultimate bliss.

PRACTICES IN THE COMMUNITY

Who is a Sikh? - Definition of a Sikh

7. A Sikh is a disciple of the Ten Gurus. Any person who believes in the One God; The Ten Gurus (from Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh); The Guru Granth Sahib; the scriptures and teachings of the Sikh Gurus; believes in the necessity and importance of the Amrit of Guru Gobind Singh and one who does not believe in any other religion or rituals is a Sikh.

Identifying signs and symbols

The Khalsa (the pure)

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8. The tenth and last living Guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) instituted the Khalsa Panth (the Sikh community) symbolising a casteless society with two main principles – to seek truth (NAM) and to do selfless service (Sewa). Practising Sikhs, male or female, are enjoined to wear the Five K’s (Panj Kakar) which are symbols of their faith.

9. There are 5 K's by which initiated Sikhs can be recognised. These are:

Kesh (uncut hair) tied in a knot and kept tidy symbolising spirituality and obedience in

accepting God’sWill. Kangha (comb) to keep the hair neat and clean

symbolising cleanliness and discipline. Kara (steel bracelet) worn on right wrist. Symbolises

oneness and unbreakable bond with God. Kacha or Kacchera (shorts or underpants) symbolising

morality and considered an appropriate garment for an active life.

Kirpan (small sword) an emblem of power and dignity – symbolising self-respect, fearlessness

and independence.

10. The Sikh Turban is a distinct religious entity – an inseparable complementary factor bestowing spiritual wholeness on the Khalsa personality and character. All the Sikh Gurus wore turbans and when Guru Gobind Singh initiated the Khalsa he made it obligatory for all his followers to do so. The Sikh turban is a unitary emblem of the Sikh faith.

11. There are four prohibitions which all Sikhs must observe, known as Char Kurehtan or the Four Injunctions. These are:

Not to cut or trim ones hair Not to use tobacco, intoxications or drugs Not to eat halal meat (this includes kosher or other meat

involving ritual killing) Not to commit adultery

Private worship (Nitnem)

12. Generally each day begins with an early morning bath followed by meditation, prayers and reciting of hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib. Devout Sikhs will pray at least three times a day – before sunrise, at sunset and before going to bed. Sikhs will wish to maintain their prayer routine wherever they are.

Corporate Worship (Diwan)

13. Gurdwara or Darbar Sahib (Guru’s abode/gateway) : The Sikh place of worship is called Gudwara where the Guru Granth Sahib is housed, on a Maji Sahib (dais/throne) covered in brightly coloured Romala (covers) under the

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Palki (canopy) with utmost respect. For the Sikhs the Guru Granth Sahib is the living Guru (the Supreme Authority).

14. Gurdwaras in the UK vary in size and style. Only a few are purpose built.

The Darbar Sahib (prayer hall) is a bare hall with no images or seats. Before entering the prayer hall (or any other place where the Guru Granth Sahib is present) shoes must be removed and those not wearing turbans must cover their heads as a mark of respect.

15. Sikhs will then walk towards the Guru Granth Sahib, make their offerings in the offertory box (Golak) and with reverence bow to the ground with folded hands. They then move back to sit on the carpeted floor exemplifying the teaching of equality. Males and females often sit separately, but this segregation has no religious connotation. Alcohol and tobacco, in any form is not permitted within Gurdwara premises.

16. Sikh Gurdwaras throughout the world are recognised by the Sikh religious flag (Nishan Sahib) a tall flagpole draped in saffron cloth bearing the Sikh emblem (Khanda Kirpan) in black or navy blue. Sikhs respect the Nishan Sahib greatly.

Sacred Writings

17. The Guru Granth Sahib contains writings of the Sikh Gurus and other Saints. It is the ultimate guidance for Sikhs. Sikh scriptures are known as Gurbani – the Guru’s word.

18. Guru Arjan (5th Guru) compiled the Sikh scriptures in 1604 which he formally installed at the Darbar Sahib – Amritsar (Golden Temple). After the formation of the Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh gave the final shape to the scriptures by including the compositions of Guru Tegh Bahadur (9 th Guru). In 1708 Guru Gobind Singh himself carried the 1430 pages volume to Sri Hazoor Sahib in Nander and conferred the perpetual Guruship on the Granth. From then on this volume is called Guru Granth Sahib.

19. Gutka/Nitnem Gutka (a prayer book) - are extracts from the Guru Granth Sahib.

Ministry

20. In the Sikh religion there is no ordained priesthood or religious hierarchy. Sikhism lays emphasis on equality. Therefore any devout initiated Sikh, male or female, may read the Guru Granth Sahib or lead prayers in the Gurdwara.

21. The Granthi – reader of Granth. In the UK almost every Gurdwara employs a Granthi as a permanent caretaker or reader. He will conduct services on regular basis. But, he does not have the same pastoral role within the community as a Christian Minister.

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22. Gurdwaras are managed by an elected committee, headed by a president and a secretary.

Rites of passage

23. Every important Sikh ceremony is performed in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib and the holy congregation (Sangat).

Aspects of Social Functioning

Family

24. Providing for the family and caring for all its members’ needs, spiritual and emotional, are religious duties for Sikhs. There is a strict code of sexual morality to ensure protection of families and communities. Families are close knit and have strong responsibilities for any sick, elderly or infirm relatives. Men and women are considered equal in Sikh tradition, including equal roles in worship and other functions in the Gurdwara.

25. Sikh families attend worship at the Gurdwara together for communal worship and holy days.

Birth and naming ceremony

26. As soon as possible after birth the whole family, relatives and friends go to the Gurdwara for the naming ceremony. This is done by opening the Guru Granth Sahib at random and taking the first letter of the hymn, on the top left hand page, with which the family then choose to start the baby’s name. To this will be added the suffix ‘Singh’ for a boy or ‘Kaur’ for a girl. The chosen name is announced to the holy congregation either immediately or on a subsequent occasion.

The Initiation Ceremony (Amrit)

27. This can take place at any time providing the recipient understands the implication of the vows and is able to fulfil the discipline of the Khalsa. Vaisakhi is the most popular occasion although the ceremony can take place on any other festival day or occasion. On completion of the initiation ceremony the participants are reminded of the significance of the Panj Kakar (five K’s) and explained their importance.

Funerals

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28. Antam Sanskar: death/last rites: In Sikhism death is not the end of life but the door to pass through in order to enjoy the bliss of God’s presence. Therefore, no lamentations or mourning should take place.

29. A devout Sikh who is dying may receive comfort from reading hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib. Any practising Sikh can be asked to help.

30. All Sikhs, including the stillborn or babies who die within a few hours of birth, are cremated. After the death the body is washed and dressed in new clothes (with the Panj Kakar if one is initiated). The coffin is brought to the family home where relatives and friends get a last glimpse of the body. Prayers are changed followed by Ardas. Family members help to place the coffin in the hearse and is taken to the crematorium.

31. Traditionally the eldest son or other close relative lights the pyre (in UK crematoriums this is done by pressing the button). After cremation everyone returns to the Gurdwara for final prayer. The ashes are later collected and scattered in a river or in the sea. Some Sikhs wish to have the ashes taken back to India – their birth place.

Weddings

32. The marriage ceremony is considered a sacred institution and an essential component of a couple’s social and religious life.

33. The Sikh marriage is not regarded as a social contract but a spiritual state. Living in this world and discharging family duties is advocated as the Sikh way of life. Sikhs go through a civil marriage ceremony but consider it incomplete until the marriage is solemnised under the auspices of the Sikh Religious Order.

34. Today most Gurdwaras in UK are registered for civil marriages. Therefore, the couple can have their religious marriage and civil marriage at the same time. The marriage takes place in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib preferably at the Gurdwara.

The CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER DAY SAINTS (MORMON)

Private worship

2.3 Members of the Church are encouraged to give time for prayer in the morning and evening. The practice is of individual choice. These prayers can be said in cells or rooms within the normal prison routine.

Holy Days

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2.4 The weekly day of worship is Sunday, and the Latter-day Saints observe the major Christian Holy Days.

Diet

3.1 The Mormon creed requires its members (called Saints) to follow the health code included in the “Doctrines and Covenants”, which demands total abstinence from tea and coffee, tobacco, alcohol and drugs (except drugs prescribed for medical purposes).

Dress

4.1 There are no special requirements, but modesty is suggested.

Tithe

5.1 Each saint is required to give a tenth of his earnings in tithe to the Church.

Artefacts

6.1 A practising member of the Church will wish to have copies of four books of scripture:

The Bible (King James Version is preferred) The Book of Mormon The Doctrine and Covenants The Pearl of Great Price

Funerals and Marriage

Funerals

7.1 Burial is the normal custom. Cremation is not forbidden but is not encouraged.

ABOUT THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER- DAY SAINTS (MORMON)

Theology

1. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (commonly known as the Mormon Church) is built on a foundation of prophecy and revelation. Mormons believe the prophesies in the Old and New Testaments that the Church and gospel of Jesus Christ would be taken from the earth through unrighteousness but that they would be returned in the Lord's due time.

2. That due time was in the early 1800s when a 15 year old boy, Joseph Smith, prayed to know which church he should join. He received a vision of God and Jesus Christ, who revealed to him that none of the churches at that time were

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true, but that he would be an instrument in God's hands to restore the Church and gospel of Jesus Christ. A key part of the restoration of the gospel was the

translation of the Book of Mormon from plates of gold material, whose whereabouts were revealed to Joseph Smith by an angel, Moroni.

3. Joseph Smith, as a prophet of God, summarised the beliefs of the church into 13 statements as follows:

The 13 Articles of Faith of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints

1. We believe in God the Eternal Father, and in His Son, Jesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost.

2. We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam's transgressions.

3. We believe that through the Atonement of Christ, all mankind may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the gospels.

4. We believe that the first principles and ordinances of the gospel are: first, Faith in Lord Jesus Christ; second, Repentance; third, Baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; and fourth, Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost.

5. We believe that a man must be called of God, by prophesy, and by the laying on of hands by those who are in authority, to preach the gospel and administer in the ordinances thereof.

6. We believe in the same organisation that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, teachers, evangelists, and so forth.

7. We believe in the gift of tongues, prophesy, revelation, visions, healing, interpretation of tongues and so forth.

8. We believe the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly; we also believe the Book of Mormon to be the word of God.

9. We believe all that God has revealed, all that He does now reveal, and we believe He will yet reveal many great and important things pertaining to the Kingdom of God.

10. We believe in the literal gathering of Israel and in the restoration of the Ten tribes; that Zion (the New Jerusalem) will be built upon the American continent; that Christ will reign personally upon the earth; and that the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory.

11. We claim the privilege of worshipping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where and what they may

12. We believe in being subject to kings, presidents, rulers and magistrates in obeying, honouring and sustaining the law.

13. We believe in being honest, true, chaste, benevolent, virtuous and in doing good to all men; indeed we may say that we follow the admonish of Paul – we believe all things, we hope all things, we have endured many things and hope to be able to endure all things. If there is anything virtuous, lovely or of good report, or praiseworthy, we seek after these things.

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PRACTICES IN THE COMMUNITY

Holy Days

4. The Latter-day Saints observe the major Christian Holy Days and Sunday as the Sabbath, the weekly day of worship and do not work on these days.

WORSHIP

Private worship

5. Members are encouraged to give time for prayer in the morning and evening, individually and the family. The practice is of individual choice.

Corporate worship

6. Group worship with the congregation on Sunday is expected. The main service is the Sunday sacrament service using bread and water to represent the body and blood of the Saviour. Children attend Sunday schools and teenagers are encouraged to attend religious education classes.

Scriptures

7. The Church accepts the Bible as the word of God, bearing witness of the Saviour, Jesus Christ. In addition, the Church has another book of scripture, the Book of Mormon, which supports and complements the Bible as a second witness of Jesus Christ. Whereas the Bible relates God's dealings with his people in the eastern world, i.e. the Middle East, the Book of Mormon tells of God's concurrent dealings with his people in the western world, i.e. the American continent. Two further books, the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price are also considered as revealed scripture. A practising member of the Church would be expected to have copies of all four books of scripture with the King James Version being the preferred rendering of the Bible.

Diet

8. The Mormon creed requires its members (called Saints) to follow the health code included in the "Doctrines and Covenants" which demands total abstinence from tea and coffee, tobacco, alcohol and drugs (except drugs prescribed for medical purposes).

Dress

9. There are no special requirements.

Ministry

10. The Church has a hierarchical organisation presided over by prophets and apostles. The Church is divided geographically into stakes and wards, run by a

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lay ministry. Stakes are presided over by a stake president and are split into wards presided over by a bishop. Wards typically contain between 200 -500 members. The bishop is responsible for calling both men and women as local church officers and all are concerned with the welfare of individuals' material and spiritual needs. Women do not hold the priesthood.

Aspects of social functioning

11 Each saint is required to give a tenth of his earnings in tithe to the Church. The Church emphasises the social aspects of its membership and makes provision for many social facilities of gymnasiums, theatrical stages, kitchens etc in its churches. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir has enhanced its international reputation.

12 Great emphasis is placed upon the family, the marriage relationship being regarded as particularly sacred -revealed in the doctrine of celestial marriage. Saints marry, not only for life but for eternity. Couples and families are believed to be reunited after death.

FUNERALS and MARRIAGE

Funerals

13. Burial is the normal custom. Cremation is not forbidden but is not encouraged.

Marriage

14. Marriage takes place in chapels before a license officer of the Church; afterwards couples are sealed for time and eternity in the Temple.

PaganismUse of wine

2.3 Wine forms an integral part of some Pagan rituals, across the traditions. Some groups/individuals will use water for this while other groups will use red wine.

Private Worship

3.1 Private practice may include prayer, meditation, chanting, reading of religious texts and ritual.

Religious Festivals/ Holy Days

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4.1 Where possible, the festivals should be celebrated on the exact date. Main observances are usually on Full Moon and sometimes New Moon Days and at seasonal festivals throughout the year. Depending on the tradition of the prisoners, different emphasis will be placed on these dates.

4.2 Most Pagans celebrate the 8 festivals set out below, but depending on the particular tradition would attach particular significance to certain days. Because of variations in emphasis between different Pagan Traditions it has been agreed with the Pagan Federation that prisoners may choose two festivals on which they should not be required to work. All others may be observed within normal routines.

Festivals

1st February - Imbolc 21st March - Spring Equinox 30th April - Beltane 21st June - Midsummer 1st August - Lammas or Lughnasadh 21 Septembe - Autumn Equinox 31st October - Samhain 21st December - Yule

The date of the solstices and equinoxes may vary by a day or two each year. Work

5.2 Following the principle of not taking from society without giving, some followers of the Northern Tradition will not eat unless they contribute by working.

Diet

6.1 Many Pagans will require a vegetarian diet. Some may request a vegan diet. Strict vegetarians will not use toiletries containing animal fats.

Dress and hygiene

7.1 In everyday life, Pagans do not usually wear special forms of dress. Ritual jewellery is however very common and may have deep personal religious significance.

7.2 The wearing of a chain and symbol appropriate to the tradition is common. The ankh/crux ansata (cross with top arm replaced by a loop) or

pentacle (five-pointed star, often surrounded by a circle) is common in Wicca,

The triskell (three joined loops) in Druidry or Celtic Wicca The hammer of Thor in the Northern Tradition.

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7.3 The wearing of a ring which symbolises the person's adherence to Paganism or a particular Pagan path is common. The removal of such a ring may cause considerable distress. These are usually of silver and inscribed with a pentacle or runes (the letters of the Norse/German alphabet which are considered sacred in the Northern and some Wiccan traditions).

7.4 Most Pagans wear ordinary dress for worship. Some traditions however have special dress for worship (e.g. hoodless robe - see artefacts list below).

7.5 Washing prior to ritual is considered very important in some traditions.

Artefacts

Incense and holder (lavender and frankincense are the fragrances most commonly used)A religious piece of jewellery (e.g. pentagram necklace or ring) Hoodless Robe (only to be used during private or corporate worship)Flexible twig for wand Rune stones (wood, stone or clay tablets with the symbols of the Norse-German alphabet) and bag or box to carry them Chalice (cup)An altar (desk, small table, box or similar)

Tarot Cards

8.3 Some Pagans use Tarot Cards for meditation and guidance.

Sacred Writings

8.4 Paganism is essentially an oral tradition and there is no ultimate revelation made at a particular time and place, which is treated as scripture. Pagans use a number of source texts, some of which are listed in the reading list.

8.5 In addition, in some Pagan traditions, there is a sacred book of devotional practice, which is copied by hand by each practising member. These books are of great significance to the individual. In Wicca, the main sacred writing is the "Book of Shadows".

8.6 Prisoners should be permitted to have in their possession books of Pagan writings. Advice on suitable writings can be sought from the Pagan Federation or the Pagan Chaplain. It should be noted that some Pagan religious symbols may also resemble those used by some groups with racist tendencies. These are not connected to Paganism.

8.7 In addition to sacred writings, most Pagans keep in touch with community activities through the receipt of Pagan magazines. The inmate should be permitted to receive these in order to help maintain his community contacts.

8.8 If there is any doubt about a particular publication the Pagan Federation should be consulted.

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ABOUT PAGANISM

INTRODUCTION

1. Paganism has its roots in the traditions of ancient Nature religions and is practised in a number of different forms around the world today. These include European traditions, African Traditional Religion, Shinto in Japan, Afro-Caribbean religions practised in the Americas, and the Native American traditions.

2. Paganism in Europe is a group of religions venerating primarily the Celtic, Norse, German, Anglo-Saxon, Greek and Roman deities of Europe. Individual practitioners may also have a personal devotion to a particular deity such as one of the Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Pagans also honour and respect the deities of other pantheons and all are regarded as aspects of the Divine. Paganism is practised all over Europe and is, with Christianity, one of the two official state religions of Iceland.

3. Pagans follow a Nature-based spirituality. All life, the turning wheel of the seasons, the lives of men and women, the cycles of life and death and love, are seen as part of the Divine mystery. For Pagans, all of creation, both animate and inanimate, is seen as aspects of the Divine Force. Nature is considered sacred and Pagans have a strong sense of guardianship of the Earth. Ecological awareness is strongly emphasised within the Pagan community.

HOW IS PAGANISM ORGANISED

4. The Pagan movement is made up of individuals and small autonomous groups linked by common traditions. There are many organisations that represent particular paths such as Druidry, Wicca or Asatru. There are also a number of umbrella organisations that serve the needs of the Pagan community. In Britain, the principal of these is the Pagan Federation.

5. People come to Paganism in many ways: through reading the myths of our ancestors; through experiencing a sense of the Divine in Nature - a feeling that spiritual forces inhabit the trees, forests, fields and hills; through an awareness that their inner response to the Divine is not just to a male God, but also to a female deity, the Great Goddess; or through participating, sometimes purely by chance, in a Pagan festival, ceremony, conference or workshop. This may be at some gathering formally designated as Pagan, or at some other event where Pagan celebration may arise spontaneously, such as at folk festivals.

6. There are no particular admission ceremonies that make people Pagans. People consider themselves Pagans if their beliefs match those of Pagan thought. Particular Pagan denominations may have entry through a ceremony of dedication, profession or initiation; but people can be Pagans without any of these ceremonies.

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Ministry

7. Some Pagan traditions do not have a distinct ministry and corporate worship and ritual may be conducted by an adult member or elder with sufficient experience. Other traditions have a distinct priesthood. Chaplains are known as: Priest or Priestess - Wicca Gothi (male or female) or Seidkona or Volva (female) - Northern Tradition Druid (male or female) – Druidry

Teaching

8. Paganism teaches that many answers to the problems of the present lie in the forgotten wisdom of the past, but that our understanding of the Divine is ever-unfolding. In Paganism, there is no once and for all revelation of the right way to approach the Divine. The choice of spiritual path is one of personal preference. Since there are no ultimate revelations in Paganism, there is little dogma. Pagans believe that truth is revealed to each of us from deep within ourselves. It is found through meditation and inner reflection.

Religions and Denominations within Paganism

9. Within Paganism, the different Pagan religions are usually referred to as 'Traditions'. Some of the most widely -practiced Pagan Traditions are:

Druidry : Based on the Celtic deities.

Asatru also known as Odinism or The Northern Tradition: Based on the Norse German Gods.

Wicca: The religion of Witchcraft or Wise-craft, which worships the Great Goddess and the Horned God.

Shamanism: Shamanism is more properly a technique rather than a religion, but it is at the heart of many Pagan religions. Those practising Shamanism may draw on European and Siberian religious practice, or possibly Native American spirituality.

10. Within the traditions, there may be a number of branches with slightly different forms of religious practice. In addition, some Pagans take an eclectic approach to their faith, preferring to use material from a number of Pagan Traditions to evolve their own spiritual practice, rather than subscribing to one pantheon and a set ritual approach.

11. There are also Goddess groups venerating the Goddess in a variety of ways, using ideas drawn from Wicca, Greece, Rome, the Egyptian mysteries, other Goddess traditions, and combinations of all of these. Increasingly, there are also men's groups who worship ancient male deities, often in gatherings, which are fairly tribal in feel.

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12. The different Pagan denominations have their own spiritual philosophies, but these are generally in accord with the Three Principles of Paganism as defined by the Pagan Federation:

1) Love for and kinship with Nature. Reverence for the life force and its ever-renewing cycles of life and death.

2) A positive morality, in which the individual is responsible for the discovery and development of their true nature in harmony with the outer world and community. This is often expressed as ‘Do what you will, as long as it harms none'.

3) Recognition of the Divine, which transcends gender, acknowledging both the female and male aspect of Deity.

Festivals

13. Observance of these is considered very important. All Pagan traditions are founded upon a vision of Deity manifest in Nature. Drawing upon the traditions of our Pagan ancestors, Pagans celebrate this vision in seasonal festivals. The turning pattern of the seasons is seen as a wheel. Each aspect of seasonal change is understood as a mystery of the Divine. As the wheel turns, so Nature reveals the many faces of the Gods. Pagans shape rituals to express what they see and feel in Nature. In doing so, they share in the mystery of the turning cycle and join more closely with the vision of their Gods. Pagans celebrate the cycles of sowing and reaping, the passage from Winter to Spring then to Summer and Autumn.

14. Most Pagans celebrate eight major festivals, but some branches have some additional festivals. It is not possible to look at all these variations, but some idea of the underlying themes celebrated during seasonal rites can be described. The cycle of eight seasonal festivals is the most typical, with four solar festivals marked by the equinoxes and solstices and four Celtic festivals: Imbolc, Beltane, Lughnasadh and Samhain.

Dates of Religious Observance (The Wheel of the Year)

Samhain - 31st October (pronounced Sow-in): For many this is the Celtic New Year. However, some Pagans no longer celebrate Samhain as the New Year, in the light of findings of recent academic research. Some Pagans like to celebrate Samhain with cider for the celebration of the apple harvest.

Yule - 21st December (archaic form Geola, pronounced Yule): Yule is the time of the winter solstice, when the sun child is reborn, an image of the return of all new life born through the love of the Gods.

Imbolc - 1st February

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Imbolc, also called Oimelc and Candlemas, celebrates the awakening of the land and the growing power of the Sun. Often, the Goddess is venerated in her aspect as the Virgin of Light and her altar is decked with snowdrops, the heralds of spring.

Spring Equinox - 21st March: Now night and day stand equal. The Sun grows in power and the land begins to bloom. By Spring Equinox, the powers of the gathering year are equal to the darkness of winter and death. For many Pagans, the youthful God with his hunting call leads the way in dance and celebration. Others dedicate this time to Eostre the Anglo-Saxon Goddess of fertility.

Beltane - 30th April: The powers of light and new life now dance and move through all creation. The Wheel continues to turn. Spring gives way to Summer's first full bloom and Pagans celebrate Beltane with maypole dances, symbolising the mystery of the Sacred Marriage of Goddess and God.

Midsummer- 21st June: At summer solstice is the festival of Midsummer, sometimes called Litha. The God in his light aspect is at the height of his power and is crowned Lord of Light. It is a time of plenty and celebration.

Lammas or Lughnasadh 1st August (pronounced Loo-nassa): The time of the corn harvest, when Pagans reap those things they have sown; when they celebrate the fruits of the mystery of Nature. At Lughnasadh, Pagans give thanks for the bounty of the Goddess as Queen of the Land. Some Pagans celebrate with beer brewed from grain at Lammas.

Autumn Equinox - 21 September. Day and night stand hand in hand as equals. As the shadows lengthen, Pagans see the darker faces of the God and Goddess. For many Pagans, this rite honours old age and the approach of Winter.

15. Pagans prefer to celebrate the festivals on the exact date, but often they will be celebrated on the nearest convenient date. Work on the Sabbats is avoided where possible, but this cannot always be arranged in secular life.

Ritual Practice

16. This usually takes place in front of an Altar placed in the North or around a central Altar. Altars are usually specially made of wood or stone. When these are not available, tables or shelves are used covered with an altar cloth. The altar will usually have a statue or image of one or more of the deities; although some branches of Paganism frown on images and replace these with a symbolic banner. The presence of the deity may also be symbolised by a crystal or other devotional object. Flowers, lighted candles and incense are generally used. Ideally, pagan worship will take place outdoors.

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17. The ceremony of “Wine & Cakes” forms an integral part of many Pagan rituals, across the traditions. It is seen as the physical manifestation of the bounty of the Goddess, representing Her blood and life-force, and Her body. However, some groups/individuals do not use alcohol at all, preferring to substitute water.

18. For conducting rituals, Pagans may use a small bowl of clean water, a small dish

of salt and a ritual knife (not permitted in prison establishments) or wand. In some branches, a bowl, or earth and/or a disc of metal or wood carved with symbols (a pentacle) are also used.

19. Other items used by Pagans are: altar cloth images of the god and/or goddess, items for the altar such as feathers, seashells, stones, pictures, seeds etc. A pentacle for the altar, Crystals, two Bowls (for water and salt), supply of water and salt, lunar calendar, tapes and CDs for pathworking / meditating.

20. Ritual cleanliness is considered very important. Before a rite, the space around and/or in front of the Altar is usually purified by asperging it with water to which salt has been added and over which a blessing has been said. The ritual space will then be purified by the burning of incense. Ritual usually takes place within a circle, which is consecrated, anew for each rite. The boundaries of the circle are usually delineated by placing a candle at each of the four cardinal points. The space will then be symbolically separated from the mundane world by the drawing of a circle in the air using a ritual instrument - a wand or a ritual knife (athame). Prayers and devotions to the deity will follow. This is often accompanied by chanting, singing and the playing of musical instruments, in particular drums and flutes.

21. In some traditions, healing spells and prayers for humans, animals or the land

may follow. At seasonal celebrations there may be an enactment of the seasonal myth. The rite will usually end with the consecration of wine and small moon-shaped biscuits (referred to as cakes). In the Northern Tradition, this may be replaced by bread and ale or mead.

Feasting

22. At seasonal celebrations in many traditions a feast will follow. This is a religious rather than secular meal and is seen as part of the rite. The rite will end with bidding farewell to any ancestral or elemental guardians who have been summoned to guard the rite and a thanking of the deities. In some traditions a libation of wine or ale will be poured on the earth at the end of the ceremony and some of the cakes or bread will be scattered. Consecrated water is also usually disposed of by pouring it on the earth.

Aspects of Social Functioning 23. Social ethics are strongly emphasised in Paganism. Giving, honour and

truthfulness are very important in underpinning these. A sense of obligation to society is fostered by an awareness that however strong and powerful we may be, wealth, health and strength are all transient. It is also a matter of

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honour for the strong to help weaker members of society. To fail to provide for the needy is to fail in honour. The attitudes of hospitality and generosity are therefore encouraged in Pagan society. These are important for the well-being of the community, but also for the spiritual evolution of the giver. Attachment to material possessions binds us to the world of the transient. These things are to be experienced and enjoyed, but they are not to be clung to; for in the end all passes, all changes. Paganism teaches:

That in the darkest time, there is hope of another day; that in the time of suffering, we shall know release; that all beauty is transient, and though we honour it while it flowers, yet do we give greater honour to that which endures and abides: Love, Honour, Wisdom, Truth, Courage and Compassion.

24. Giving is important in Pagan society. The giving and taking of gifts creates bonds of love and friendship. It is also a way of expressing mutual respect. The purpose is to give unconditionally, to make everything better for everybody and everything. Society helps us, protects us and gives us its gifts. In return, we must protect and help society. Pagans consider that Western society in recent years has emphasised an individualism which taken to extremes can do much harm. The delusion that we can stand alone without the support of others and harm them with impunity is alien to Pagan thought. It leaves us with a "me first", grabbing and grasping society, in which the strong, under a delusion of separateness, tread down the weak. Paganism sees individuals as like waves on the ocean of being. We see ourselves as separate and individual, but it is the sea which gives rise to us and gives us form. One wave alone disappears to be absorbed by the sand and dried by wind and sun. Together we are strong, powerful and eternal.

25. Honour implies integrity. We can only have integrity if we practise truthfulness. To lie, cheat and steal create mistrust and deceit which destroy the fabric of society. Deception also undermines our inner strength - our will. One's word is very important. Oath-giving is a serious matter because at stake is our integrity - that which makes us whole and what we are.

26. One of the three "Principles of Paganism" which many Pagans follow is "Do what you will as long as it harms none”. This ethic is a simple one and many would argue that it cannot apply in all circumstances. No formula, whether complex or simple, can cover all situations. The more we try and create codes which will cover all eventualities, the more mechanical and unrealistic our ideas of morality become. Simple precepts provide a moral guide to which we can turn and then make the best judgements we can. The emphasis in modern Paganism is not on obeying complex sets of laws, but to teach ourselves to be in tune with the Divine centre of all things, and so to make moral judgements on the basis of "what is eternal and abides".

27. Much of Pagan ethics is about harmony and balance. This is not a striving for an impossible perfection which causes only guilt and despair when we inevitably fail, but a kinder and gentler ethic: a desire to live in a way which does not harm those around us - human beings or others whose environments we impact upon - the animal, plant and mineral life of the Great

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Mother's kingdom. European Paganism shares ideas similar to those of Native American philosophy: that it is important to live in harmony with our environment and not to cause unnecessary suffering.

Dress/ Ritual Dress

28. Some Pagans wear special clothes usually a long hoodless robe. These can be of any colour or material. More common colours are black red or white. (It should be noted that the colour black has no negative connotations in Paganism.) Some following the Northern Tradition will wear modified traditional Norse/German dress. Some parts of the Wiccan tradition perform indoor ceremonies skyclad (naked). Other Pagans wear ordinary clothes but remove shoes when performing ritual indoors. The wearing of shoes in sacred space is strictly forbidden in many of the Wiccan traditions. Outdoors, special sandals kept for ritual use only may be worn.

Diet

29. Just over half of the Pagan community is vegetarian, interpreting the first and second principles of the Pagan Federation "Love for and kinship with Nature" and "If it harms none, do what you will", as precluding the eating of meat or fish and are vegetarians. Some are also vegans.

Weddings

30. Pagan marriage services are not yet legally recognised in Britain, although they are in many other countries. Pagans will generally have a religious wedding service performed within the Pagan community. This may or may not be accompanied by a secular register office ceremony. Marriage is frequently known as handfasting. Generally a marriage would be validated when it is consummated unless there are exceptions such as illness or physical disability.

Funerals

31. Most Pagans believe in reincarnation. The emphasis in funerals is on the joyfulness for the departed in passing on to a new life, but also consolation for relatives and friends that the person will be reborn. Disposal of the body may be by burning (cremation) or burial. Funeral services will take place in crematorium chapels, at the graveside or at the deceased's home. In some traditions, any religious items of significance to the deceased must be buried or burned with the body. Where the deceased used ritual dress or robes, it is usual for him or her to be dressed in these. Ritual jewellery, personal ritual items such as the Wiccan athame, and the person's religious writings (such as the Book of Shadows) are commonly buried with or burned with the body. A wake (mourning ceremony) carried out around the body by friends and relatives is common in some traditions.