To the Editor: I was very pleased to read the article by Gennaro et al.

(IMAGE, Fall 1992) addressing the important issue of health policy dilemmas relating to high technology infertility services.

Whilst the funding mechanism for health care in the United Kingdom is significantly different from that operating in the United States, the dilemmas faced in the UK are no less acute. The introduction of the National Health Service reforms in 1990 have required that District Health Authorities who commission and purchase services on behalf of the local population look at the needs of that population, decide on priorities and then commission services accordingly. The analysis by Gennaro et al. is therefore a welcome contribution to this process although I feel there is a significant omission in relation to the analysis. The authors do elude to this omission in the final sentence of the paper. Whilst there is detailed analysis of the cost of the technical procedures, there is no similar analysis as to the costs of not entering individuals into the GIFT, IVF or ET programs. Many couples experience significant psychological distress and social trauma. In some cases, stable relationships can totally disintegrate, placing financial burden on both partners. In some cases, the psychological effect of being unable to conceive a child can result in manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Clearly the cost of this psychological and social distress needs to be estimated and offset against the cost of undergoing the various procedures mentioned in the paper.

I would also like to draw the attention of the authors to a recent publication by the School of Public Health, University of Leeds, which provides a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of the various approaches that can be used in the management of sub-fertility :

Bulletin on the effectiveness of health service intervention for decision makers. School of Public Health, 32 Hyde Terrace, University of Leeds, Lee& LS2 9wV, England.

The effectiveness bulletins are produced by a research team of Public Health experts, health economists and clinical experts in the field under investigation. A detailed and rigorous protocol is used for reviewing and synthesizing the literature which results in a publication that not only describes the current state of the science but also identifies opportunities for further research. On both these counts, these publications are a valuable tool for anyone researching the field.

David C. Benton RGN, RMN, MPhil Director of Quality Assurance

Tower Hamlets Health Authority London E3 2AN, England

To the Editor: Re: “On the Dangers of Invisibility” Editorial (Fall 1992) Being a Canadian nurse directly involved with, and familiar

with acute care funding and nursing care costs, I read the editorial of the Fall 1992 edition of IMAGE with great interest. Two points in particular from the editorial should be addressed.

As I live in the province of Alberta, I’m speaking from an Albertan albeit Canadian perspective. It is not a fact that nurses in long-term care in Canada earn higher salaries than nurses in acute care. Perhaps this statistic was suggested because the registered nurses who work in long term care facilities function primarily in administrative positions and consequently their average salaries would appear to be higher when compared to all acute care nurses.

The second point “nursing staffing levels in acute care institutions in Canada are set by a negotiated formula which determines the target hours of nursing per patient day are more or less 3.5, everywhere, every hospital, no difference,” is also not the case in Alberta. Nursing sMing levels are set based on a formula which takes into account the amount of nursing hours required to care for each patient oq the individual units in the acute care facilities. The hours of care range anywhere from 3.5 hours per patient day to 27 hours per patient day depending on the acuity of the patients and the facility they are in. I couldn’t agree more that across-the-border collaboration between nurses is what is required in order to glean the best from both nursifig worlds, but as with any comparison, clear baselines are required prior to further assessment.

Colleen Nods , RN, BScN, MN, Mu Sigma Edmonton, Alberta

Canada

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C L A S S I F I E D

POSITIONS

FACULTY POSITIONSOPEN in expanding NLN accredited baccalaureate and masters programs. Doctorate in Nursing or related discipline and Masters in Nursingrequired. Rankcommensurate with experience and academic credentials. To apply send letter and vita to Dr. Mary Horan, Director, KirkhofSchoolof Nursing,GrandValley State University, Allendale, MI 49401. EOVW ADA

TENURE TRACK FACULTY POSITION available in Medical-Surgical/Physiologic Nursingto teach undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. Oncology specialization required. Doctoral degree with master's degree in nursing required. Rank dependent on qua1 ifications and experience. Candidates must demonstrate competency in teaching, research, andcommunity service. Please contact Dr. Ada M. Lindsey, Dean, School of Nursing, 2-256 Factor Bldg., University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1 702. Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

DIRECTOR OF THE BACCALAUREATE NURSING DIVISION - Thomas Jefferson University invites applications and nominations for the Director of the Baccalaureate Nursing Division. This upper-division, NLN accredited program comprises generic and advanced placementprogramswithdayand eveningoptions, as well as a Master's Degree program. Twelve month appointment with academic rank. Qualificationsinc1ude:Master's Degree in Nursing, earned Doctorate in Nursing or a related field, demonstrated scholarship, successful administrative and teaching experience in a baccalaureate nursing program, and eligibility to PA licensure. Commitmenttoadiversified student population is needed. Salarycommensurate with experience and qualifications. Applications accepted Until March 31,1993. Selection process is expected to be completed by lure 30, 1993. Send letter of interest, curriculum vitae and the names and addresses of at least three references to: Professor Margaret Griffiths, Chair, Faculty Recruitment and Selection Committee, Department of Nursing, College of Allied Health Sciences,ThomasJefferson University, 130South 9th Street, Suite 1200, Philadelphia, PA 191 07. ThomasJeffenon University isanequal opportunity employer.

ADULT-HEALTH NURSING - The University of Virginia School of Nursing invitesapplications for a full-time, tenure track faculty position in Adult- Health Nursing for Fall, 1993. A Doctorate in Nursing or related field and a Master's Degree in nursing are required. An established record of scholarly activity, research, and teaching experience is expected. Responsibilities include clinical research and teaching primarily with master's and doctoral students in acutekritical careareas. Salaryandfaculty rankcommensurate with education, experienceand xholarshiprecord. Applications will beaccepted until the position is filled. Please send vita and names of three referencesto Sara Arneson, RN, PhD, Coordinator ofFaculty Recruitment, SchoolofNursing,McLeod Hall, Box 520, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903-3395. The University of Virginia i s an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.

NURSING FACULTY -Join a NLN accredited College of Nursing with a reputation for quality education, faculty involvement in decision- making, supportive group processes. Financial support and release time available for research. Endowed professorship available. University enrollmentofover16,OOOwith 1 ,lOOBSNmajors, MSN program. Excellent clinical facilities. Opportunity todevelop creative solutions to health care problems inSun Beltcity. Master'sinclinical nursingplustwoyearsof nursingpracticerequired. Doctorate and BSN teaching experience preferred. Competitive salaries and benefits. Contact: Dr. Evelyn A. Redding, Dean, College of Nursing, University of Southwestern Louisiana, P.O. Box 42490, Lafayette, LA 70504. Phone (31 8) 231 - 6808. EO/AAE

THE SCHOOL OF NURSING at the State University of New York at Buffalo is seeking a dynamic nurse leader to serve as Associate Dean for Graduate Studies. Qualified applicants must hold a doctorate in nursing or related field, a masters' degree in nursing and be eligible for licensure as a registered nurse in New York. Distinguished academic credentials sufficient to beappointedtoatenuredposition intheuniversity are required. Responsibilities include providing leadership to assure the highestquality of graduate education and to facilitate faculty and student research. Contact Dr. Mecca S. Cranley, Dean, School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, 101 0 Stockton Kimball Tower, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 1421 4-3079. The State University of New York at Buffalo i s an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

THE SCHOOL OF NURSING at the State University of New York at Buffalo is seeking applicants for tenured and tenured track faculty positions in nursing administration, informatics, child health nursing, psychiatridmental health nursing. Exciting opportunities for professional growth in a highly livablecomrnunity. Doctorate in nursing or related field; masters in nursing; eligibilityfor licensureas registered nurse in New York are requirements. Rank and salary commensurate with qualifications. Contact Dr. MeccaS.Cranley, Dean,School ofNursing,State Universityof New Yorkat Buffalo, 101 0 Stockton Kimball Tower, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 1421 4-3079.TheStateUniversityof New Yorkat Buffalo isan Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

Volume 25, Number 1, Spring 1993 81

ADULT HEALTH NURSING FACULTY POSITION - The Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Georgia State University, has a full-time 12-month faculty positionavailable, beginningSeptember 1,1993. TheSchool of Nursingoffers BS, MSand Doctoral degrees. Minimum requirementsfor all applicants include a mastersdegree in nursing and a doctoral degree in nursing or a related field. Rank and salary are negotiable, but will be commensurate with experience and scholarly productivity. Evidence of research abil ity, grant-writinglfunding, and publication is preferred. All inquiries should be addressed to Dr. Carolyn C. Kee, Department ofAdult Health Nursing, GeorgiaState University, P.O. Box 4019, Atlanta, GA 30302-4019, Tel. (404) 651 -3044, prior to May 15,1993. Georgia State University, a unit of the university system of Georgia, is an equal opportunity education institution, and is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer.

24th ANNUAL NURSING RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE - Reaching Across Boundaries: Strength Through Collaboration in Nursing Research. May 20-22, 1993, Sheraton University Inn and Conference Center, Syracuse, New York. From the opening keynote address by Angela McBride to the final panel on maintaining collaborative research relationships, national leaders will explore issues relevant to the development of nursing research programs in academic and practice settings. Speakers will include representatives from The National Centerfor Nursing Researchand private foundations. This annual conference provides networking for Deans and Directors of Nursing Research in practice and academia as well as nurses interested indeveloping research programs. For information contact Dr. Linda Beeber or Dr. Kay Wiggins, College of Nursing Syracuse University, 426 Ostrom Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13244. (31 5) 443-981 5 or (31 5) 443-9827.

CONFERENCES

PSYCHIATRIC NURSING CONFERENCES - April 14-17, 1993, Chicago, ILandMay 12-15, 1993, Anaheim, CA. These national conferences wil l present the latest ideas, research findings and clinical interventions on the cutting edge of Psychiatric Nursing. Special preconference workshop: Psychopharmacology. ANA approved for 27.5 CEH's. Contact: Contemporary Forums, 11 900 Silvergate Drive, Dublin, CA94568; 510- 828-7100 Ext. 3.

NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES- April 20-23,1993, San Francisco, CA. Third annual conference sponsored by The Society of Pediatric Nurses. Nationallyrecognizedfaculty. Poster session and exhibits. 19.5 CEH's. For complete brochure contact: Contemporary Forums, 11 900 Silvergate Drive, Dublin, CA 94568;510-828-7100Ext. 3.

PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY NURSING -April 28- 30, 1993, Long Beach, CA. This conference is targeted at pediatric emergency nurses, the E D nursegeneralist and nurses practicing in pediatric settings in order to understand the differences between emergency careofchildren versus adults. ANA accredited for 19.5 CEH's. For complete brochurecontact:Contemporary Forums, 1 1900 Silvergate Drive, Dublin, CA 94568; 51 0-828- 71 00 Ext. 3.

THE CHILD WITH SPECIAL NEEDS - Issues in Early Development-Birth to Five Years - April 29-May 1,1993, Washington, DC. National faculty will discussclinical issuesand trends in intervention fordevelopmentally delayed infantsandchildren. MDand RNcreditavailable. Forbrochurecontact: Contemporary Forums, 1 1900 Silvergate Drive, Dublin, CA 94568; 51 0-828-71 00 Ext. 3.

CALL FOR ABSTRACTS

THE EIGHTH ANNUAL RESEARCH DAY, "21 st Century: A Turning Point for Nursing Research" wil l be heldon September24,1993 in Louisville, Kentucky. Louisvillechapters of SigmaThetaTau are sponsoring. DEADLINE i s April 23, 1993. Contact Dr. Vicki Owsley, Bellarmine College, Lansing School of Nursing, Newburg Road, Louisville, KY 40205,502-452-8215.

UNIVERSITY OF TULSA School of Nursing and Zeta Deltachapter, SigmaThetaTau wil l present their Research Day on September 24, 1993. Abstracts arebeingrequestedforClinica1 Nursing Research: Development and Application. For an abstract guideline write: Dr. Donna Marie Wing, University of Tulsa School of Nursing, 600 S. College,Tulsa, OK741 04-31 89.Abstractdeadline: Junel, 1993.

ABSTRACTS OF RESEARCH or clinical projects related to critical care are invited for presentation or poster session at the third annual Critical Care Regional Conference entitled "Critical Choices for the 21 st Century: Managing Quality and Cost Through the Continuum" sponsored by the Northeastern University Collegeof Nursing to be held September 17, 1993, in Boston, MA. Submissiondeadline isApril 1,1993. Forabstract submission guide1 ines or conference information, contact: Or. Elizabeth Howard, Northeastern University College of Nursing, 408A Robinson Hall, Boston,MA02115.(617)437-4590.

FIFTH ROGERIAN CONFERENCE AND SYMPOSIUM, June 24-26,1992. Mail one page abstracts to: Elizabeth Ann Manhart Barrett, RN, PhD, FAAN, 41 5 E. 85th Street, New York, NY

10028. Telephone contact: Susan Orshan, MA,

June 1,1993. RN, C (201) 626-5484. ABSTRACT DEADLINE:

TEACHERS OF NURSING are invited to submit abstracts for presentation at the First Australian Nursing Academic International Congress to be held in Canberra, February 8-10, 1994. This Congress brings together nurses involved with the promotion of teaching, learning, scholarshipand research. Its aims are to develop and enhance collaboration at national and international levels. Abstracts accepted until August 1,1993. Contact Professor Jennifer James, Abstract Review Committee, University of Canberra, School of Nursing, P.O. Box 1, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia or FAX +61 6 (06) 201 -5999.

ABSTRACTS ARE INVITED for presentation or poster session for PSYCHOSOCIAL NURSING RESEARCH CONFERENCE to be held in Huntington, lndianaon September 17,1993.The sponsor isMarion Veterans Affairs Nursing Service. The keynotespeaker is Holly Skodol Wilson, RN, PhD, FAAN, Distinguished Lecturer, SigmaTheta Tau International, 1992-1 993. Deadline: June 7, 1993. For more information and abstract guidelines, contact Dr. Linda Haber, Nursing Service, Marion VAMC, 1700 E. 38th Street, Marion, IN 46952. Phone (31 7) 677-31 39.

GAMMA ZFTA CHAPTER, Sigma Theta Tau International, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, the Greensboro and Northwest AHECs invite abstracts for the September 24, 1993 Research Forum XIV, entitled "Creating A Shared Vision for Nursing: The Challenge of Performance, Education and Research." Deadline for submission is May 1, 1993. For abstract guidelines, contact Laurie Kennedy-Malone, PhD, RN, C, School of Nursing, UNC-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412-5001, or call 919-334- 501 0.

EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

GERIATRIC NURSE PRACTITIONER PREPARATION - The University of Arizona College of Nursing announces a Master of Science program preparing Geriatric Nurse Practitioners. It consists of 36 units of academic and clinical course work plus six units of internship. Courses include study in advanced nursing practice, gerontology and research. Course work can be pursued full- or part-time. Prospective students interested in primary care of older adults should apply. Contact: Christine Sheehy, DPA, RN, Director GNP Option, College of Nursing, The University af Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. (602) 626-2354, (800) 876-0728. AA/EEO

82 IMAGE: journal of Nursing Scholarship