toa1 6 perception2

8/12/2019 TOA1 6 Perception2

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VISUAL ACUITY AND

PERCEPTIONTheory of Architecture 01 – Part 2

Ar. Diane A. Jose



PERCEPTIONTheory of Architecture 01 – Part 2

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Is the process of selecting, organizing, andinterpreting sensory data in a way that

enables us to make sense of our world.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Is a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects ofthe available sensory data and ignore others.

According to Vernon, 1955 perceptual set works in twoways:

(1) The perceiver has certain expectations and focusesattention on particular aspects of the sensory data:

This he calls a ‘Selector’.(2) The perceiver knows how to classify, understandand name selected data and what inferences to drawfrom it. This he calls an 'Interpreter'.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



It has been found that a number of variables, orfactors, influence perceptual set, and set in turninfluences perception. The factors include:

• Expectations

• Emotion

• Motivation

• Culture

Ar. Diane A. Jose



WATCH THIS

Ar. Diane A. Jose



C a n y o u r e a d t h i s t e x t w h e n i t i s u p s i d e d o w n ?



A. Gestalt Laws of Grouping1. Proximity2. Similarity3. Continuity4. Closure5. Common Fate

6. Simplicity

B. Figure and Ground

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The law of proximity states that the closer objects are to

one another, the more likely we are to mentally groupthem together.

In the illustration below, we perceive as groups the boxesthat are closest to one another. Note that we do not see

the second and third boxes from the left as a pair, because

they are spaced farther apart.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The law of similarity leads us to link together parts of the

visual field that are similar in color, lightness, texture,shape, or any other quality. That is why, in the following

illustration, we perceive rows of objects instead ofcolumns or other arrangements.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The law of continuity leads us to see a line as continuing in

a particular direction, rather than making an abrupt turn.In the drawing on the left below, we see a straight line

with a curved line running through it. Notice that we donot see the drawing as consisting of the two pieces in the

drawing on the right.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



According to the law of closure, we prefer complete forms

to incomplete forms. Thus, in the drawing below, wementally close the gaps and perceive a picture of a duck.

This tendency allows us to perceive whole objects fromincomplete and imperfect forms.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The law of common fate leads us to group together objectsthat move in the same direction. In the following

illustration, imagine that three of the balls are moving in

one direction, and two of the balls are moving in theopposite direction. If you saw these in actual motion, youwould mentally group the balls that moved in the same

direction. Because of this principle, we often see flocks of

birds or schools of fish as one unit.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Central to the approach of Gestalt psychologists is the law of prägnanz, or simplicity. This general notion, which encompasses all other Gestaltlaws, states that people intuitively prefer the simplest, most stable ofpossible organizations. For example, look at the illustration below. You

could perceive this in a variety of ways: as three overlapping disks; as onewhole disk and two partial disks with slices cut out of their right sides; oreven as a top view of three-dimensional, cylindrical objects. The law ofsimplicity states that you will see the illustration as three overlappingdisks, because that is the simplest interpretation.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The term figure-ground perception is used to describe thetendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into themain object that we are looking at (the figure) andeverything else that forms the background (or ground).

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The concept of figure-ground perception is often illustratedwith the classic "faces or vases" illusion, also known as theRubin vase. Depending upon whether you see the black orthe white as the figure, you may see either two faces inprofile (meaning you perceive the black color as the figure)or a vase in the center (meaning you see the white color asthe figure).

Ar. Diane A. Jose



VISUAL ACUITY and

PERCEPTIONTheory of Architecture 01 - Continuation

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Various kinds of information are fed into thesensory system through receptors, which can beclassified into two groups:

Exteroceptors – receive information about stateof the world outside the body and so include theeyes, ears, and touch receptors in the skin.

Interoceptors – inform the individual about thebody’s internal state, for example its state ofhunger or the fullness of the bladder.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



A specific subgroup of intereceptors which is of directinterest to ergonomists is the proprioceptors whichare concerned with motor functions.

These give information about the position of the bodyor parts of it in space and basically form two groups:

Kinesthetic Receptors in the muscles and tendonsthat supply information about the muscle and jointactivity;

and the Vestibular System in the ears which informsthe individual about the body’s orientation in space.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Sensation usually refers to the immediate,relatively unprocessed result of stimulation of

sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, nose,tongue, or skin. Perception , on the otherhand, better describes one’s ultimateexperience of the world and typically involvesfurther processing of sensory input.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



VISUAL ACUITYTheory of Architecture 01 - Continuation

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Trivia

Did you know that among the five (5)senses of human, our brain dedicated

30% attention or activity to our sense ofsight?(Source: National Geographic. Test your Brain)

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Of all the senses, vision has been the most thoroughly studied, which is useful because it is

probably the system that is most overload at work.

In essence, the system consists of two (2) eyes, each connected to the visual cortex of the brain by an optic nerve.

Ar. Diane A. Jose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg












The two (2) nerves meetat the optic chiasma atthe base of the brain tothe eye from which it

originated.

In fact, fibers from theleft-hand side of eachterminate in the leftvisual cortex and thosefrom the right-hand sideof each eye terminate inthe right visual cortex.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The effects of this

crossing of fibers may

prove to be important

when information ispresented in very shortperiod of time or when

extremely fast

responses are required.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The eye is a complex biological device. The functioning of a camera isoften compared with the workings of the eye, mostly since bothfocus light from external objects in the field of view onto a light-sensitive medium.

In the case of the camera, this medium is film or an electronic sensor;in the case of the eye, it is an array of visual receptors. With thissimple geometrical similarity, based on the laws of optics, the eyefunctions as a transducer (an electrical device that converts one formof energy into another), as does a camera.

Light entering the eye is refracted as it passes through the cornea. Itthen passes through the pupil (controlled by the iris) and is furtherrefracted by the lens. The cornea and lens act together as acompound lens to project an inverted image onto the retina.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enablesorganisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-imageforming photoresponse functions.

It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the

surrounding world. The visual system accomplishes a number of complex tasks, including the

reception of light and the formation of monocular representations;

The construction of a binocular perception from a pair of two dimensionalprojections;

The identification and categorization of visual objects; assessing distances toand between objects; and guiding body movements in relation to visualobjects.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The psychological manifestation of visual information

is known as visual perception, a lack of which is called

blindness. Non-image forming visual functions,

independent of visual perception, include the pupillarylight reflex (PLR) and circadian photoentrainment.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Perceiving the spatial relationships between a series of

objects in the visual field is normally accomplished by

one or both of the processes.

Visual cues are provided by different objects in thevisual field and proprioceptive feedback comes from

accommodation and convergence of the eyes.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Close one eye and look around you. Noticethe richness of depth that you experience.

How does this sharp sense of three-dimensionality emerge from input to a singletwo-dimensional retina? The answer lies inmonocular cues, or cues to depth that areeffective when viewed with only one eye.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Two kinds of Visual Cues:

Binocular – images received by the two eyes

Monocular – images received by one eye

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The process by which we can see fine details: to recognize thepresence of an object in the visual field; to localize and todistinguish between two close objects in space and so on.

Three (3) Kinds of Acuity: Line Acuity – the ability to see two spots or lines known

thickness.

Space Acuity – the ability to see two spots or line as being

separate. In other words, to see a space between the lines.

Vernier Acuity – the ability to detect discontinuity in a line whenpart of it is slightly displaced.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Sometimes our sensation deceives ourperception.

What we see sometime is not the true imageor object. We tend to fully trust our vision inperceiving information, then later on werealized “what we see is not what we saw”.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Ar. Diane A. Jose



IUMBINC TQ GQNGLUSIQN

Ar. Diane A. Jose



The first half of the

February is often thefastest freezing and most

frigid time of the year.

Ar. Diane A. Jose



Ar. Diane A. Jose

toa1 6 perception2

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