tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in slovenian … · 2016. 8. 9. · foreword tobacco, alcohol...

TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE in Slovenian Population and Inequalities and Combinations of Use

FOREWORD

TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE AMONG ADULT SLOVENIAN POPULATION

TOBACCO

ALCOHOL

ILLICIT DRUGS

COMBINATIONS OF TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND CANNABIS USE

1

2

4

8

14

20

CONTENTS

The numbers in the monograph are mostly rounded.In some cases, total percentages may exceed 100 % due to rounding up.

1

Tobacco smoking, excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages, binge drinking and the use of illicit drugs are related to serious harmful consequences for health and wellbeing of the population, to morbidity and premature mortality as well as to high fi nancial costs for the individual and the society. In order to effectively design, implement and monitor comprehensive programmes for the reduction of the use of psychoactive substances and their consequences, it is necessary to regularly monitor the prevalence and characteristics of the use in population and to identify risk groups.

EVERY FIFTHuses any kind of combination2 of tobacco, alcohol (excessive drinking, binge drinking) or cannabis.

EVERY FOURTHsmokes tobacco.

EVERY TENTHdrinks alcoholic beverages excessively.

EVERY OTHERengaged in binge drinking at least once in the past year1.

EVERY SIXTH used one of the illicit drugs or new psychoactive substances at least once in lifetime. The most commonly used illicit drug is cannabis, which is followed by ecstasy/amphetamine, cocaine and heroin.

HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF MEN THAN WOMEN smokes or engages in excessive or binge drinking or uses illicit drugs or any combination of these.

The percentages of tobacco use, excessive drinking and continuation of cannabis use3 are higher in groups with lower socio-economic position compared to groups with higher socio-economic position.

2

TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUG USE AMONG ADULT SLOVENIAN POPULATIONTobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use is common among adult Slovenian population.

RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA, AGED 15-64 YEARS

24.0

26.8

21.1

10.5

13.0

7.7

46.5

55.8

36.6

16.1

19.8

12.2

15.8

19.5

11.8

21.1

26.6

15.1

3


Image 1: Prevalence of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use among residents aged 15-64 years, in total and by gender

1. Binge drinking is drinking six units of alcohol or more on one occasion for men and four units or more on one occasion for women.2. The use of tobacco, alcohol or cannabis in combinations could occur at the same time on one occasion or on different occasions.3. The residents, who are continuing using cannabis, are those who used cannabis in the past 12 months out of all who ever used

cannabis.

SMOKINGevery day or occasionally

EXCESSIVE DRINKINGin the past 12 months

BINGE DRINKINGat least once in the past 12 months

ILLICIT DRUG USEat least once in lifetime

CANNABIS USEat least once in lifetime

A COMBINATION OF AT LEAST TWO RISK BEHAVIORS(smoking, excessive drinking, binge drinking, cannabis use)

Total

Men

Women

24 % current smokers

23 % ex smokers

53 % never smoked tobacco

The percentage of smokers is HIGHER AMONG MEN compared to women.

TOBACCO

4

MEN 15-64

smokers

27 %

ex smokers

25 %

never-smokers

48 %never-smokers

58 % ex smokers

21 %

smokers

21 %

WOMEN 15-64


Image 2: Prevalence of smoking among men and women aged 15-64 years

men

with

seco

ndary

education or lower unemployed men and women

men

and

wom

en fr

om lo

wer

cla

ss

5

Population groups, which are less likely to quit smoking, are men and women aged 15-24 years, those in education process, men and women with lowest educational level and men and women, living without a partner.

GROUPS WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF TOBACCO

SMOKERS

and

women

w

ith se

condary education

acc

ordin

g to

mat

eria

l sta

tus

men living without a partner

m

en liv

ing

alon

e

TOBACCO

Socio-economic inequalities in smoking are more prominent among men than among women. They are more prominent among younger population (aged 25-44 years) compared to older population (aged 45-64 years), which indicates recent increase in inequalities in smoking.

6

SUBSTANTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES ARE PRESENT IN TOBACCO USE

AGE GROUP 25-44 YEARS

Residents with lower socio-economic position and those with higher number of indicators of lower socio-economic position are more likely to be ever smokers, to be current smokers and are less likely to quit smoking.

The percentage of smokers is 3-times higher among men with lowest education compared to those with highest education, while it is 2-times higher in case of women.

The percentage of those, who have ever smoked, is more than 2-times higher among men with lowest education compared to men with highest education, while it is 1.5-times higher in case of women.

The percentage of residents, who have smoked in the past and have later quit, is more than 2-times lower among men with lowest education compared to men with highest education, while it is 1.5-times lower in case of women.

3x 2x

153547 385564 6036270

10

20

30

40

50

(%)

60

70

80

90

100

the percentage of smokers the percentage of ever smokers

the percentage of those, whohave quit smoking out of all who

have smoked at any point in their lives

Primary school or less Secondary school Higher vocational collegeor more

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

142932 365255 634542

(%)

the percentage of smokers the percentage of ever smokers

the percentage of those, whohave quit smoking out of all who

have smoked at any point in their lives


7

MEN 25-44

WOMEN 25-44

Image 3: Percentage of smokers by education among men and women aged 25-44 years

68 % are moderate drinkers

11 % are excessive drinkers*

21 % are abstainers

Prevalence of excessive drinkers* is HIGHER AMONG MEN than among women.


ALCOHOL

8

MEN 15-64 WOMEN 15-64

Image 4: Percentages of abstainers, moderate and excessive drinkers among men and women, aged 15-64 years

Abstainers

27 %

Moderate drinkers

66 %

Abstainers

17 %

Moderate drinkers

70 %

Excessive drinkers Excessive drinkers

13 % 8 %

9

GROUPS WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGES OF EXCESSIVE

DRINKERS*

* Under-aged persons, who drink alcohol, are defi ned as excessive drinkers.

men and women in education process

m

en an

d wom

en liv

ing

with

out a

par

tner

men

and w

omen with primary men and women aged

men

from

low

er c

lass

,

educ

ation

or lower 15-17 years and 18-24 years

a

ccor

ding

to m

ater

ial s

tatu

s

ALCOHOL BINGE DRINKING

10

MEN 15–64

Image 5.2: Frequency of binge drinking in females, aged 15-64 years, in the past 12 months

Image 5.1: Frequency of binge drinking in males, aged 15-64 years, in the past 12 months

daily or almost every day

daily or almost every day

0,1 %

1 %

1 %

3 %

7 %

13 %

1- to 3-times per week

1- to 3-times per week

1- to 3-times per month

1- to 3-times per month

less than once per month

less than once per month

did not engage in binge drinking in the past year

did not engage in binge drinking in the past year

abstainers

abstainers

WOMEN 15–64

28 %39 %

16 %

29 %

In the past twelve months, 47 % of Slovenian residents, aged 15-64 years, engaged in binge drinking at least once. The prevalence was higher among men compared to women.

40 %

24 %

48 % OF RESIDENTS ARE HAZARDOUS DRINKERS (ARE EXCESSIVE DRINKERS AND/OR HAVE ENGAGED IN BINGE DRINKING AT LEAST ONCE ON ONE OCCASION IN THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS).

11

GROUPS WITHHIGHER PERCENTAGE OF RESIDENTS, WHO

HAVE ENGAGED IN BINGE DRINKING AT LEAST ONCE

IN THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS

in education process eastern part of th

e cou

ntry

with

out a

par

tner

men and women women livi

ng in

men

and

wom

en li

ving

m

en w

ith se

condary education men and women

m

en fr

om m

iddl

e cl

ass

and

and w

omen with secondary aged 18-24 years

w

omen

from

upp

er c

lass

,

ed

ucatio

n or higher

a

ccor

ding

to m

ater

ial s

tatu

s

ALCOHOL

12

Socio-economic inequalities are present in men and women, in younger and in older residents. Socio-economic inequalities are most obvious in relation to educational level. Among the residents with lowest education, the percentage of abstainers is 3-times higher, the percentage of excessive drinkers is 1.6-times higher and the percentage of persons, who have engaged in binge drinking at least once on one occasion in the past twelve months is 1.4-times lower compared to those with highest education.

SUBSTANTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES ARE PRESENT IN ALCOHOL USE


Residents of Slovenia, aged 25-64 years, with lower socio-economic position are more likely to be excessive drinkers, while those with higher socio-economic position are more likely to engage in binge drinking.

The percentage of abstainers is almost 3-times higher among men and more than 3-times higher among women with lowest education compared to those with highest education.

The percentage of excessive drinkers is 1.7-times higher among men with lowest education compared to those with highest education, while it is 1.6-times higher among women with lowest education compared to those with secondary education.

The percentage of persons, who have engaged in binge drinking at least once on one occasion in the past 12 months, is 1.3-times higher among men with secondary education compared to those with lowest education, while it is 1.7-times higher among women with highest education compared to least educated women.

1.7x

1.3x

1.6x

1.7x

13

101727 8913 5255440

10

20

30

40

50

(%)

60

70

80

90

100

abstinence excessive drinking binge drinkingin the past 12 months


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

152650335

363221

(%)

abstinence excessive drinking binge drinkingin the past 12 months


MEN 25-64

WOMEN 25-64

Image 6: The percentages of abstainers, excessive drinkers and persons, who have engaged in binge drinking at least once on one occasion in the past 12 months, according to education among men and women, aged 25-64 years

ILLICIT DRUGS

14

16 % used illicit drug at least once in lifetime

72 %

The percentage of illicit drug users is HIGHER AMONG MEN compared to women.


The most commonly used illicit drug among Slovenian population is cannabis, which is followed by ecstasy/amphetamine, cocaine and heroin.

Age period for the initiation of most illicit drugs use is 18-22 years.

of those, who have ever used an illicit drug, quit the use

15

MEN 15-64

WOMEN 15-64

Image 7.2: The percentage of women, aged 15-64 years, who have ever used illicit drug and those among them, who have continued with the use in the past year

Image 7.1: The percentage of men, aged 15-64 years, who have ever used illicit drug and those among them, who have continued with the use in the past year

24 %have quit using

76 %

30 %have quit using

70 %

have never used

80 %

have never used

88 %12 %

20 %

have used at least once have continued using

have used at least once have continued using

ILLICIT DRUGS CANNABIS

16

15.84.42.3

0 10 20 30 40 50(%) 60 70 80 90 100

15-64 years

15-24 years

25-34 years

Last month

Last year

Lifetime7.5

27.315.0

29.76.9

3.7

3.3

5.9

19.5

1.2

2.8

11.8

0 10 20 30 40 50(%) 60 70 80 90 100

Last month

Last year

Lifetime

men

women

THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE BY AGE GROUPS

THE PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE BY GENDER

Image 8: The percentage of lifetime, last year and last month cannabis use by age group and gender

Average age of fi rst cannabis use is 18 years.

The prevalence of cannabis use is higher among younger Slovenian population compared to older and among men rather than women.

17

There are some differences in groups with highest percentages of last year and last month4 cannabis use compared to groups with highest percentages of lifetime cannabis use. By age, the youngest age group, 15-25 years, has the highest percentage of last year and last month cannabis use; by education, residents with secondary or lower education stand out; by employment status, unemployed stand out next to those in education process; none of the classes stand out by material status.

GROUPS WITHHIGHER PERCENTAGE

OF LIFETIMECANNABIS USE

4. The groups with highest percentages of last year and last month cannabis use cannot be shown by gender due to small shares.

part of the country households living without a partner

d

ing to

mat

eria

l sta

tus

living in western men from one-parent men and women

fro

m upp

er c

lass

acc

or-

m

en a

nd w

omen

m

en and women

men

and

wom

en

men and women men and women men and wom

en

an

d 25

-34

year

s

or higher populated areas

a

ged

15-2

4 ye

ars

with high education in education process living in densely

ILLICIT DRUGS CANNABIS

18

Residents with lower socio-economic position and those with higher number of indicators of low socio-economic position are more likely to continue using cannabis.

Socio-economic inequalities are generally more prominent by education. They are also more prominent among women, aged 15-34 years, compared to men.

The percentage of those, who are continuing with cannabis use among all who have ever used cannabis, is 2.4-times higher among men with lowest education compared to men with highest education; in women it is 3.8-times higher.

The percentage of lifetime cannabis use among men with highest education is 1.5-times higher compared to men with lowest education; in women it is 1.8-times higher.

SUBSTANTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES ARE PRESENT IN CANNABIS USE

Residents, aged 15-34 years, who have highest education, are from upper class according to material status, are unemployed and those, living without a partner are most likely to use cannabis at least once in lifetime.

The percentage of those who quit using cannabis, among all who have ever used cannabis, is 2.3-times higher in men and women with highest education compared to those with lowest education.

19

413226 294169 7159310

10

20

30

40

50

(%)

60

70

80

90

100

the percentage of those whohave ever used cannabis

the percentage of those,who have continued to use

cannabis among all who have ever used cannabis

the percentage of those who havequit using cannabis among allwho have ever used cannabis


MEN 15-34

WOMEN 15-34

Image 9: The percentage of ever cannabis users and those among them, who have continued with the use in the past year and those who have quit using cannabis, by education among men and women, aged 15-34 years

282415 173365 8367350

10

20

30

40

50

(%)

60

70

80

90

100

the percentage of those whohave ever used cannabis

the percentage of those,who have continued to use

cannabis among all who haveever used cannabis

the percentage of those who havequit using cannabis among allwho have ever used cannabis


20


42 %do not smoke, did not engage in excessive drinking in the past 12 months or binge drink-ing at least once in the past 12 months, and did not use cannabis in the past 12 months

37 % report one of the observed risk behaviours*

21 % report two observed risk behaviours or more (combination)

The percentage of combination users is HIGHER AMONG MEN compared to women.


MEN 15-64 WOMEN 15-64

Image 10: The percentage of men and women, aged 15-64 years, by number of observed risk behaviours*

two or more

15 %two or more

27 %one

33 %one

41 %

none

52 %

none

33 %

21

GROUPS WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF

COMBINATION USE*

* Observed risk behaviours are smoking, excessive drinking in the past 12 months, binge drinking at least once in past 12 months and cannabis use in the past 12 months. If individual reports two or more selected risk behaviours, we used terms ‘’combination of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use’’ and ‘’combination use’’.

men and women in education process m

en and women livi

ng w

ithou

t a p

artn

er

and women with secondary education or less

yo

unge

r men

and w

omen

(15-34 years) men with primary school education or less

22



Socio-economic inequalities are also seen in the prevalence of combination use (smoking, excessive drinking in past 12 months, binge drinking at least once in the past 12 months, cannabis use at least once in the past 12 months).

The percentage of combination use is 2-times higher among men with lowest education compared to those with highest education, while it is 1.7-times higher among women this age.

2x 1,7x

1216201828370

10

20

30

40

50

(%)

60

70

80

90

100

the percentage of combination use among women

the percentage of combination use among men


MEN AND WOMEN 15-64

Image 11: The percentage of combination use by education among men and women, aged 15-64 years

Residents with lower education are more likely to be combination users than those with higher education.

National Institute of Public Health (NIJZ) is the leading national institution with main objective to study, protect and increase the level of health of the Slovenian population by means of raising public awareness and other prevention measures. Beside the main role in the public health in Slovenia, NIJZ actively participates in international projects, which cover different fi elds of health and general public health problems. NIJZ also represents an expert level to support decisions, which are made by the country on national and local level and have indirect or direct impact on health.

National Institute of Public HealthTrubarjeva cesta 21000 LjubljanaTelephone: +386 1 2441 400Fax: +386 1 2441 447

www.nijz.si, e-mail address: [email protected]

Data portal

TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND ILLICIT DRUGS USE IN SLOVENIAN POPULATION AND INEQUALITIES AND COMBINATIONS OF USE

Authors: Helena Koprivnikar, Maja Zorko, Marjetka Hovnik Keršmanc, Andreja Drev

Design: Gorazd Učakar

Translation: Mihaela Tornar

Published by: National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana

Place and date of publishing: Ljubljana 2016

Electronic source.

Web page http://www.nijz.si/

Adapted from:

Koprivnikar H, Zorko M, Drev A, Hovnik Keršmanc M, Kvaternik I, Macur M. Uporaba tobaka, alkohola in prepovedanih drog med prebivalci Slovenije ter neenakosti in kombinacije te uporabe. Ljubljana: Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje, 2015.

The research “Survey on tobacco, alcohol and other drugs” was fi nanced by the Ministry of Health.

Copyright

© 2015 NIJZ

All rights reserved. Reproduction in part or whole in any way and by any media without the written consent of the author is prohibited. Violations are sanctioned in accordance with copyright and criminal law.

tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in slovenian … · 2016. 8. 9. · foreword tobacco, alcohol...

Documents