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Oracle/PLSQL: To_Char Function

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In Oracle/PLSQL, the to_char function converts a number or date to a string.

The syntax for the to_char function is:

to_char( value, [ format_mask ], [ nls_language ] )

value can either be a number or date that will be converted to a string.

Examples - Numbers

The following are number examples for the to_char function.

to_char(1210.73, '9999.9') would return '1210.7'

to_char(1210.73, '9,999.99') would return '1,210.73'

to_char(1210.73, '$9,999.00') would return '$1,210.73'

to_char(21, '000099') would return '000021'

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Examples Dates

The following are date examples for the to_char function.

to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy/mm/dd'); would return '2003/07/09'

to_char(sysdate, 'Month DD, YYYY'); would return 'July 09, 2003'

to_char(sysdate, 'FMMonth DD, YYYY'); would return 'July 9, 2003' to_char(sysdate, 'MON DDth, YYYY'); would return 'JUL 09TH, 2003'

to_char(sysdate, 'FMMON DDth, YYYY'); would return 'JUL 9TH, 2003'

to_char(sysdate, 'FMMon ddth, YYYY'); would return 'Jul 9th, 2003'

You will notice that in some examples, the format_mask parameter beginswith "FM". This means that zeros and blanks are suppressed. This can beseen in the examples below.

'

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to_char(sysdate, 'FMMonth DD, YYYY'); would return 'July 9, 2003'

to_char(sysdate, 'FMMON DDth, YYYY'); would return 'JUL 9TH, 2003'

to_char(sysdate, 'FMMon ddth, YYYY'); would return 'Jul 9th, 2003

In Oracle/PLSQL, the to_date function converts a string to a date.

The syntax for the to_date function is:

to_date( string1, [ format_mask ], [ nls_language ] )

to_date('2003/07/09', 'yyyy/mm/dd') would return a date value ofJuly 9,2003.

to_date('070903', 'MMDDYY') would return a date value ofJuly 9, 2003.

to_date('20020315', 'yyyymmdd') would return a date value ofMar 15,

2002.

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In Oracle/PLSQL, the to_number function converts a string to a number.

The syntax for the to_number function is:

to_number( string1, [ format_mask ], [ nls_language] )

For example:

to_number('1210.73', '9999.99') would return the number 1210.73

to_number('546', '999') would return the number 546

to_number('23', '99') would return the number 23

to_number('1210.73'') would return the number 1210.73

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Oracle/PLSQL: CURSOR FOR Loop

The syntax for the CURSOR FOR Loop is:

FOR record_index in cursor_name

LOOP

{.statements.}

END LOOP;

You would use a CURSOR FOR Loop when you want to fetch and process every record in a

cursor. The CURSOR FOR Loop will terminate when all ofthe records in the cursor have been

fetched.

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CREATE OR REPLACE Function TotalIncome

( name_in IN varchar2 )RETURN number

IS

total_val number(6);

cursor c1 is

select monthly_income

from employeeswhere name = name_in;

BEGIN

total_val := 0;

FOR employee_rec in c1

LOOP

total_val := total_val + employee_rec.monthly_income;END LOOP;

RETURN total_val;

END;

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