Page 1
Today: Biotechnology
Page 2
Over 600 recent transposon insertions were identified by examining DNA from 36 genetically diverse humans.
Tbl 1 Which transposable elements are active in the human genome? (2007) Ryan E. Mills et al. Trends in Genetics 23: 183-191
Page 3
DNA fingerprinting using RFLPs
Page 4
Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes
Sequence 1
Sequence 2
Page 5
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
Fig 18.1
Page 6
EnzymeRecognitionSequence Cut
EcoRI 5'GAATT C3'CTTAAG
5'---G AATT C---3'3'---CTTAA G--- 5'
BamHI 5'GGATCC3'CCTAGG
5'---G GATCC---3'3'---CCTAG G---5'
HindIII 5'AAGCTT3'TTCGAA
5'---A AG CTT---3'3'---TTCGA A---5'
TaqI 5'TCGA3'AGCT
5'---T CGA---3'3'---AGC T---5'
AluI 5'AGCT3'TCGA
5'---AG CT---3'3'---TC GA---5'
Examples of some restriction enzymes…tbl 18.3
Page 7
Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes
Sequence 1
Sequence 2
Fig 20.5+.6
Page 8
Separating DNA on a gel by sizeFig 20.6
Page 9
• Gel electrophoresis Fig 24.21
Page 10
The different sized bands can arise from different cut sites and/or different number of nucleotides between the cut sites.
Fig 22.23Sequence 1
Sequence 1
Sequence 2
Sequence 2
Page 11
DNA fingerprinting
Page 12
DNA fingerprinting
Page 13
DNA fingerprinting
Page 14
Can DNA be obtained from hair?
Page 15
How can DNA be obtained from such a small sample?
Page 16
The inventor of PCR
Page 17
Polymerase Chain Reaction:amplifying DNA
Fig 18.6
Page 18
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Fig 18.6
Page 19
Polymerase Chain Reaction:Primers allow specific regions to be amplified.
Fig 18.6
Page 20
The inventor of PCR
PCR animation http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html
Page 21
Areas of DNA from very small samples can be amplified by PCR, and then cut with
restriction enzymes for RFLP analysis.
Page 22
Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA
Fig 18.2
Page 23
Bacteria can be modified or serve as intermediates
Fig 18.2
Page 24
a typical bacteria
Bacterial DNA
plasmid DNA
Page 25
A typical bacterial plasmid used for genetic engineering
tbl 18.2
Page 26
Moving a gene into bacteria via a plasmidFig 18.2
Page 27
Bacterial DNA
plasmid DNA
What problems exist for expressing eukaryotic gene in bacteria?
Page 28
Reverse transcriptase can be used to obtain coding regions without introns.
Fig 18.4
Page 29
After RT, PCR will amplify the gene or DNA
Fig 18.6
Page 30
Moving a gene into bacteria via a plasmid
RT and PCR
Fig 18.2
Page 31
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
Fig 18.1
Page 32
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific sequence
Fig 18.1
Page 33
Cutting the plasmid and insert with the same restriction enzyme makes matching sticky ends
Fig 18.1
Page 34
A typical bacterial plasmid used for genetic engineering
Page 35
Using sticky ends to add DNA to a bacterial plasmidFig 18.1
Page 36
Transformation of bacteria can happen via several different methods.
tbl 6.1
Page 37
Bacteria can take up DNA from the environment
Fig 9.2
Page 38
Tbl 6.1
Transformation of bacteria can happen via several different methods all involving perturbing the bacterial membrane:
•Electroporation
•Heat shock
•Osmotic Stress
Page 39
How can you know which bacteria have been transformed, and whether they have the insert?
Fig 18.1
Page 40
Resistance genes allow bacteria with the plasmid to be selected.
Bacteria with the resistance gene will survive when grown in the presence of antibiotic
Page 41
Fig 20.5 Is the insert present?Plasmids with the MCS in the lacZ gene can be used for blue/white screening…
Fig 18.1
Page 42
A typical bacterial plasmid used for genetic engineering
Page 43
Intact lacZ makes a blue color when expressed and provided X-galactose
Page 44
When the lacZ gene is disrupted, the bacteria appear white
Page 45
Blue/white screening:
Transformed bacteria plated on antibiotic and X-gal plates.Each colony represents millions of clones of one transformed cell.
Fig 18.1
Page 46
Successful transformation will grow a colony of genetically modified bacteria
Fig 18.1
Page 47
Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid
RT and/or PCR
Fig 18.1
Page 48
Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Bacteria can be used to transform plantsGlobal area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html